Water facts - sugroup.com.uasugroup.com.ua/files/Flygt_Noy_Hau/1409227.pdf · Water Facts ITT Industries’ Place In The Cycle of Water 3 “We must develop new and innovative approaches

Water facts

Everything But The Pipes2

Water Facts

3ITT Industries’ Place In The Cycle of Water

“We must develop new and innovative approaches in water develop-ment and management. Let us rededicate ourselves to using waterwisely and responsibly, for the sake of our children and grandchildren."

– Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General

MEETING BASIC NEEDS� While 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, 97.5% of the world's water is salt water and 2.5%

fresh water. Most of this fresh water is trapped in polar icecaps, with much of the rest found as soil moistureor kept in underground aquifers.

� According to the World Health Organization, less than 1% of the world's freshwater, or 0.007% of all thewater on Earth, is readily available for human world consumption.

� 8% of fresh water resources go towards human consumption and sanitation purposes; the majority of freshwater resources - 70% - is allocated for agricultural purposes, with the remaining 22% used by industries.

� 1.2 billion people - or almost 1 out of 5 people in the world - are without access to safe drinking waterand half of the world's population lacks adequate water purification systems.

� 2.4 billion people, or 40% of the world's population, do not have access to adequate sanitation.

� To ensure our basic needs, we all need 20 to 50 liters of water free from harmful contaminants each andevery day.

� In 1998, 31 countries faced chronic freshwater shortages. By the year 2025, however, 48 countries areexpected to face shortages, affecting nearly 3 billion people - 35% of the world's projected population.

� Residents of developing nations pay on average 12 times more per liter of water than those getting theirwater through municipal systems.

� According to the UN and the World Health Organization, 80% of diseases in developing nations stem fromconsumption of and exposure to unsafe water, which kills more than 25,000 people each day.

� Did you know that people pay $366 billion a year - equal to 1% of the world's GDP - on water purificationand consumption?

� The demand for water from 1900 to 1995 increased sixfold - more than twice the rate of populationgrowth during the same time interval.

� The UN estimates that in less than 25 years, if present water consumption trends continue, 5 billion peoplewill be living in areas where it will be impossible or difficult to meet basic water needs for sanitation, cooking and drinking.

Water Facts


contents:

3 Water Facts

7 Forward

11 The Cycle of Water

35 Market Drivers: Regulations and Legislation

59 Charts and Data

62 ITT Fluid Technology: An In-Depth Look

69 Useful Links

77 Contacts


Forward


Forward


Water is the essential element on earth. It giveslife to all nature and purpose to all human

endeavor. How we use this precious resourceand return it for reuse will help define the

future of humanity.

ITT Industries is deeply involved in the cycle ofwater use and reuse. We firmly believe that the

participation of our scientists and engineersalong with our products and systems places

ITT in an important position in the flow of this natural resource.

What will the world look like in 20 yearswithout great advancements in the conser-vation, treatment and movement of water?How can populations survive and the economythrive without new technologies that enhancethe way we consume and treat water? Theycan’t. That is why companies that serve theworld’s $275 - $300 billion water and waste-water market are on the cusp of great potential.

The world’s growing population in developedand developing regions is placing a heavyburden on the delivery, consumption andtreatment of healthy, affordable water. Andwhile global demand increases for thesewater-related services, the world’s infrastructureis continuing to age, creating a looming crisisfor managing our most precious resource.

In essence, the solution requires a joint collaboration between businesses, educators,and municipal it ies. Businesses have a responsibility to create effective water solutions.Educators have a responsibility to fosterengineering and science curricula. And

municipalities are forced to meet the realdemand for safe water by increasing theprice of their services. If they fail to do so, today'smulti-billion dollar gap between current rateof water and wastewater investments andwhat is needed to just maintain today’s levelof security will continue to grow and safewater will be reserved for the few.

Changing Nature of the Water Business

Among players in the water industry there is a critical need for full-solution companies able to move, treat and pump industrial,commercial and residential water. Typically,we have niche companies that specialize in pumps, filtration, or other pieces of the puzzle. Businesses need to be designed to meet growing global demand for cleanwater, and to satisfy new regulations governingmunicipal and industrial water treatmentthrough solutions including instrumentation,filtration, biological treatment, disinfectionand oxidation.

Forward


ITT Industries, for one, began to expand itscore competencies years ago beyond thepump industry. Through strong organicgrowth and strategic acquisitions, includingmost recently the acquisition of WEDECO -the world's largest manufacturer of ultravioletand ozone water disinfection technology -and Hengtong - a China-based water filtrationcompany, ITT’s water business is well positionedto grow in all regions of the world.

Where We’re Headed – Where We Need to Go

Like many technology giants such as Microsoftand Intel are revered as leaders in developingproducts that change our lives, great innovatorsof water technology are essential to theprogress of urban development, providingpeople, governments and industry withfaster, safer, affordable water.

Unfortunately, we are all just now waking upto the growing water challenge and the integralrole it plays in society. Most important, theyare coming to grips with the future and thegrim reality we all face without the prospectof breakthrough technologies that changethe way we think about water and how weuse it.

It is essential to think globally to help tacklethe mounting problems that we all facewhen needing to move water from where itis to where it needs to be. Water problemsvary from region to region so it’s essential tocreate innovative solutions that apply to specific applications and needs around the world.

These solutions necessitate investments oftime and money. Life Cycle Costing enables a customer to look at the entire life of theproduct they are buying and calculate how much energy and maintenance costs theycan save by using advanced pumps, controllersand logic systems. While it may seem simple,Life Cycle Costing is affording developingcountries like China to upgrade its infrastructureto bring much-needed water to a growingpopulation, while creating cost-efficienciesnever thought imaginable in years past.

Filling the Talent Pipeline

Further, we must renew the industry 'scommitment to education, to research,and to developing the next innovations.

To combat this issue, we must educate futureengineers and scientists about the opportunitiesthat await them in the world of water. Andwe must target these future innovators

Forward

before they begin their university education.Organized by the Stockholm InternationalWater Institute (SIWI) and sponsored in partby ITT, the Stockholm Junior Water Prize(SJWP) is a competition recognizing exceptionalachievements in water research among students.

In addition to recognizing aspiring talent inthe field of water science, the SJWP is anexample of what needs to be done to educateand promote young people’s interest in thefield of water study. These students are animportant part of our pipeline of new ideasto tackle the evolving demands of theworld’s water markets.

Although the water business is highlycompetitive, we all strive for a uniform goal.The water industry must renew its commitmentto research and development, addressingemerging technology areas that deal withissues such as sludge, water recycling andreuse, and local water treatment. In doingso, we will continue to generate new ideasthat will keep pace with the world's growingpopulation and dwindling supply of potablewater.


Robert Ayers President, ITT Fluid TechnologySenior Vice President, ITT Industries


The Cycle of Water

EVERYTHING EXCEPT THE PIPES

The “cycle of water” is a good place to truly appreciate the range of fluid handling productsand systems from ITT Industries. Our pump systems draw water from lakes, rivers andseas. Our membrane filtration systems treat it and desalt it and UV, Ozone and chlorinedosing systems disinfect it, making it fit for use. Our pump systems move water to andfrom treatment plants to storage facilities and on through the distribution systemto industrial, commercial, municipal and residential consumers. Inside those buildings,homes and factories, ITT pump packages equipped with intelligent control systems movewater to heat and cool buildings, provide utility service, and to thousands of industrialapplications. Our packaged fire pump systems stand ready to power water for emergencyuse. And in those homes, farms and industrial applications off the distribution grid, ITT’swide range of submersible and turbine pumps supply water from underground wells.

Once the water has served its human purpose, effluent stations equipped with ourpumps and mixers collect and move wastewater to treatment facilities where submersiblepumps and mixers and monitoring and control systems form the heart of wastewater treatmentplants. As the water moves through the wastewater process, our aeration and sequencebatch reactor systems provide advanced biological treatment, And, before the treatedwater is returned to nature, ITT’s UV, Ozone and chlorine dosing systems are used again for disinfection.

In the cycle of water, ITT Industries provides everything but the pipes – and sometimeseven the pipes!

Follow along on the attached poster for a visual reference as you study this section of the book. Each station on the poster has a short description while the book has acorresponding and more detailed presentation of each process and usage of ITT's productsand systems.


The Cycle of Water

Everything But The Pipes

Raw Water Intake

12

Making the Most of Modular Pumps

When the City of El Dorado in Arkansas faced a watershortage during peak usage times, they turned to ITTIndustries' Flowtronex unit to design and manufacturean efficient, modular, skid-mounted pumping systemto draw water from five new deep wells.

Surface water from lake, river or sea enters a water treatment intakefacility before flowing to a pump station. It is then held in animpounding reservoir before treatment. Through a combinationof actions such as sedimentation, natural coagulation andchemical interactions, storage can improve water’s physical andmicrobiological characteristics and therefore help defendagainst the transmission of waterborne diseases.

ITT Products and Systems for Water Intake

� Skid-mounted, packaged water booster pump stations (Flowtronex, Lowara and Vogel).

� Large, submersible propeller, turbine and mixed flow pumps (Flygt).

� Dry-mounted pumping applications including Large End Suction Pumps, Chemical Feed, VerticalIndustrial Turbine Pumps and Single Stage Double Suction Pumps (Goulds Pumps).

� A wide range of stainless steel centrifugal, cast iron centrifugal and submersible pump systems and accessories as well as submersible borehole pumps and line shaft turbines (GouldsPumps, Lowara, Red Jacket Water Products, and Vogel).

� Stainless steel centrifugal and submersible pump systems and accessories (Lowara Pumps).

case s to ry

The Cycle of WaterDesalination

Desalination is done either by using Thermal or Membrane technologies. Thermal plants usedistillation techniques to vaporize pure waterfrom its saltine source, leaving salt and other contaminants behind. Membrane plants operateby pushing seawater and brackish water throughultra-thin, semi-permeable membranes to sepa-rate salt and other impurities from fresh water.

Distillation is a highly energy-intensive process.However, membrane technology has improvedand reverse osmosis (RO) and other membrane-based systems have increasingly become thetechnology of choice.

Current estimations of the desalination market show that it will generate $3 billion per year in new businessover the next decade, which is the result of increasing demand for desalinated water and reduced cost for it.

Contracted capacity of new desalination plants doubled between 1998 and 2001, from 400 milliongallons per year to 800 million gallons per year.

Worldwide, approximately 9,500 desalination plants have an aggregate capacity of 8,500 million gallonsper day.

ITT Products and Systems for Desalination

� Seawater RO systems for off-shore drinking water and process systems, crude oil desalting -and more (C'treat).

� Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) membrane technologies including standard systems, custom engineered systems and products/components to produce high purity orpotable water from brackish water and seawater. (WET). WET RO systems are used for purewater production for commercial development and various industries, often followed by DI(deionization) for further purification in high-purity applications.

� End suction centrifugal, horizontal split-case, multi-stage vertical and multi-stage boosterpumps for desalinization services (Goulds Pumps).

ITT Industries’ Place In The Cycle of Water

case s to ryITT Yields Fresh Water on Short Notice

When a municipal water utility was faced with apending shortage of drinkable Water, it employeda relatively new technology for a reverse osmosissystem to tap a previously unusable backishground water supply. With design, technical supportand operator training from ITT Industries' WaterEquipment Technologies unit, the municipalitywas able to quickly augment its safe drinkingwater supply and enhance the quality of its over-all water supply as well. 13

The Cycle of Water


Filtration and Advanced Filtration

Filtration is the process where particulate matter is separat-ed from a liquid by passing it through a permeable media(typically sand but sometimes a dual or multi-layermedia), with perforated underdrains to remove the filtered water. The type of media will depend on thecharacteristics of the raw water. Filtration is usually preceded by coagulation, flocculation and settling.Activated charcoal filters work through adsorption.

The advanced filtration system market is currently $4 to $5 billion per year, with a 12% CAGR. Due to lowercartridge costs and reduced energy exposure, the overallmembrane market - a component of the overall filtrationsystems market - is expected to grow from $2.5 billion in

2003 to about $4 billion in 2007. The ultra (UF) and micro-filtration (MF) market is expected to grow fromapproximately $600 million in 2003 to about $1 billion in 2007 with a 21% CAGR.

The primary advantages of membrane filtration include no added chemicals or residuals, low maintenance andimproved throughput at reduced pressures due to improved technologies.

ITT Products and Systems for Advanced Filtration

� Reverse Osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranetechnologies including standard systems, custom engineered systems and products/ components(WET, PCI). The membrane is chosen to match the filtration requirements. Where the challenge isprimarily pathogens, or turbidity, MF or UF is appropriate, but where the requirement is to reducesalinity, RO or NF would be selected depending on the type of salt, and the level of desalinationrequired. MF is also an effective pretreatment to RO. For filtration, WET applies Microfiltration (MF)where there is a need to separate particulates from liquid.

� To treat poor quality water sources to potable standards, the Fyne process is a proven simple, singlestage process that employs advanced membrane filtration technology, together with coarsescreening and disinfection. The Fyne process does not require coagulants as the membranes operateat a molecular level, hence the process does not generate sludge and is impervious to both suddenand substantial changes in raw water quality (PCI).

� Mobile, turnkey membrane filtration systems for emergency and military use (Stella-Meta).

� A complete line of pumps for filtration applications including Axial Flow Pumps Vertical SubmersiblePumps, Vertical Turbine Pumps, Single Stage, Double Suction Pumps, Chemical Process Pumps, solidshandling self priming and Multi-Stage Diffuser Type Pumps (Goulds Pumps).

� A wide range of stainless steel end suction and multistage pressure boosters and submersible pumpsystems and accessories as well as submersible borehole pumps and line shaft turbines. Metalurgyavailable to meet water quality requirements. (Goulds Pumps, Lowara and Red Jacket Water Products).

14

The Cycle of WaterFiltration and Advanced Filtration


case s to ry

15

Sanitaire Nanofiltration a Perfect Fit forSmall Utility

When a municipal water supplier was faced with a challenge to meet regulations imposed by the EnhancedSurface Water Treatment rule, it began the process ofimplementing a new technology called nanofiltration.With products and technical support from ITTIndustries’ Water Equipment Technologies, they wereable to successfully implement a new and cost effectivetechnology and conform to the regulations.

The Cycle of Water


Disinfection

16

case s to ryPortacel Responds to Water Crisis in IraqWith Fast Turnaround

With the water supply situation after the recent hostilities in Iraq in disarray, ITT Industries’ Portacelunit responded to a request by UNICEF for a quickdelivery of its chlorine dosing systems for water disin-fection – helping to provide citizens in the Basraregion with safe drinking water.

Disinfection is used in water treatment and usuallyfollows coagulation and sedimentation. Advanceddisinfection includes ozone (a powerful oxidizingagent with a rapid bactericidal effect) and ultra-violet irradiation (UV). Disinfection by UV is suitablefor most waters low of suspended matter, colorand turbidity and is most effective against Crypto,Giardia and most viruses. Chlorination, anothertype of disinfection is usually dedicated to providingdistribution pipeline residual disinfection.

The global market for UV and ozone disinfectionalternatives is expected to grow at 15% to 20%per year. Due to enhanced legislation such as theLT2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule in theU.S. to reduce disease incidence associated withCryptosporidium and other pathogens in drinkingwater as well as the by-products of chemical disinfection.

.

ITT Products and Systems for Disinfection

� Ultraviolet (UV) and Ozone technologies and systems for water disinfection (WEDECO).

� Chlorination dosing products and systems for water disinfection (Portacel).

The Cycle of WaterWater Distribution/Pump Station


case s to ry

17

Goulds Turbine Pumps in Jamaican WaterProject

In a long anticipated municipal water supply applicationin Jamaica, ITT Industries' Goulds Pumps Vertical Turbineunit supplied the pumps and the expertise to bring runningwater for the first time to the communities of Withornand Darliston. This new water supply project willimprove the health and the economic outlook of thesecommunities by providing clean, potable running water.

Pump stations move water from one location toanother through the water distribution network.Water distribution networks can be valued ataround 80% of a water company’s assets.Operation of the distribution network focuses ontwo main areas: customer service and leakagecontrol. Many systems operate with a combinationof gravity fed and pumped supplies, in somecases, both on the same main.

ITT Products and Systems for Water Distribution

� Skid-mounted, packaged water booster pump stations for applications throughout a municipal water distributionsystem such as pressurizing water supply mains. (Flowtronex, Lowara and Vogel).

� Dry-mounted pumping applications within a water distribution system including large end suctionpumps, process pumps vertical industrial borehole pumps and single stage double suction pumps(Goulds Pumps and A-C Pump).

� Stainless steel centrifugal, cast iron centrifugal and submersible pump systems and accessories as well assubmersible turbine pumps and line shaft turbines. Variable speed drives, and complete pump stationsalso available. Products are typically used when mainline system pressure is inadequate to serve out-lying customers or high rise buildings. (Goulds Pumps, Lowara, and Red Jacket Water Products).

The Cycle of Water


Elevated Water Storage

18

case s to ryAquavar-Equipped Goulds Pumps SupplyWater to Housing

In a new housing development on a hill in Massachusetts,pumps from ITT Industries' Goulds Pumps unit wereequipped with the Aquavar variable speed control system- providing an economical and reliable water pressuresolution from large water storage tanks to elevatedcustomer locations.

In flat regions, elevated water reservoirs are necessaryto provide sufficient pressure for delivery into the distribution system. Ancillary equipment includingbooster pumps are usually contained inside the cylindricalshaft. As systems are expanded, booster sets may needto be added to the distribution network to compensate forcustomers at higher elevations or at the end of long piping runs with high friction losses.

ITT Products and Systems for Elevated Water Storage

� High pressure pumps including two-stage, horizontally split-case pumps and single stage double suction pumps (Goulds Pumps) and horizontal end suction pumps (Lowara and Vogel).

� A wide range of stainless steel centrifugal end suction and multistage pressure boosters and submersiblepump systems and controls as well as submersible borehole pumps and line shaft turbines. Metalurgyavailable to meet water quality requirements. (Goulds Pumps, Lowara, and Red Jacket Water Products).

� Valves to provide durable and dependable control of water in elevated water storage tanks (EngineeredProcess Solutions Group).

The Cycle of WaterResidential

ITT Industries’ Place In The Cycle of Water 19

Residential water service usually refers to the supply of potable water or wastewater and effluenthandling through a distribution network. Homesare connected to the main supply pipe via house-hold connections. For homes not on the municipaldistribution system, household wells using sub-mersible pumps are employed for water supply.Some homes on the distribution network may alsorequire booster pumps to supply rooftop storagetanks, multiple appliances or irrigation systems.

ITT Products and Systems for Residential Market

� For residences on the municipal water distribution system - a complete line of variable speeddrive controls, cast iron and stainless steel centrifugal, multi-stage, sump, booster and jetpumps (Goulds Pumps, Red Jacket Water Products and Lowara).

� For single family and multi-family homes, circulators, booster pumps, valves, controls, tanks, airmanagement and other products used in hydronic heating systems, recirculating potable hot water,plumbing applications, and for increasing water pressure (Bell & Gossett, Flygt, Lowara).

� For residential water purification systems, high flow reverse osmosis systems are used for“under-the-sink” applications or at the main inlet pipe to the house (WET).

� Stainless steel submersible pumps for use in cellar/garage drainage as well as effluent handling (Vogel).

� For use in residences not on the municipal water grid - a wide range of water systems productsincluding submersible pumps for water supply, jet pumps for shallow or deep wells, and self-priming centrifugal pumps for use in lawn sprinkling and a complete line of stainless steelsump, effluent and sewage products for wastewater removal, and drainage (Goulds Pumps,Lowara, Red Jacket Water Products, Marlow Pumps and Vogel).

� Packaged grinder systems designed for high head sewage applications where a gravity system is not practical (Flygt, Goulds Pumps and Marlow Pumps).

� Micro pump stations and turnkey pump stations combined with grinder pumps system forpressure sewage handling requirements (Flygt, Goulds Pumps and Lowara).

� In-home ultraviolet disinfection units (WEDECO).

The Cycle of Water


Residential

20

case s to ry

Goulds Well Water Pumps Grow Alongwith U.S.

Even with the huge public utility infrastructure in theUnited States, there are many buildings that requirewater service that are outside the infrastructure gridof public water supply systems. Today there are morethan 15 million household wells in the United Statesand more than 380,000 public and community wells.In over a quarter of these wells, you'll find a GouldsPumps branded well water pump hard at work.

The Cycle of WaterCommercial/Municipal


case s to ry

Bell & Gossett Pumps H.V.A.C. and Water Supplyfor New Mile High Stadium

In the city of Denver, Colorado, a new sports stadium isrising to replace the venerable "Mile High" Stadium,which has been host of the National Football League'sDenver Broncos. Providing the water supply andH.V.A.C. needs of this huge edifice - including a heatingsystem for the playing field - are pumps and ancillaryproducts from ITT Industries' Bell & Gossett unit.

Commercial/Municipal water service is the supply of potablewater to larger users, e.g. offices or public buildings, and thehandling of wastewater and effluent, often requiring boosterpump systems to supply utility, HVAC and fire control systemswithin the buildings.

ITT Products and Systems for Commercial/Municipal Buildings

� A wide range of centrifugal pumps, valves, suction diffusers, heat exchangers, and control systems forHVAC system operation (Bell & Gossett).

� Packaged systems for water pressure boosting (Bell & Gossett) and skid-mounted, packaged waterbooster pumps, set and stations (variable speed) for pressure boosting in applications with insufficientpressure (Flowtronex, Lowara and Vogel).

� Hydrovar Control System for maintaining water supply system pressure (Goulds Pumps, Vogel Pumps).

� A wide range of stainless steel centrifugal and submersible pump systems and accessories.

� For pressure boosting applications, a complete line of variable speed drive controllers cast iron andstainless steel centrifugal multi-stage and jet pumps (Goulds Pumps, Lowara, Red Jacket WaterProducts, and Vogel).

� Fire pumps and packaged fire pump systems (A-C Fire Pump).

� Submersible drainage, dewatering and effluent pumps for all large infrastructure, construction and tunneling projects (Flygt, Goulds Pumps, Lowara and Vogel).

� Self-priming, centrifugal, sump, effluent and sewage pumps in a variety of sizes and materials (GouldsPumps, Lowara and Vogel).

� Fully-packaged water lift and booster pump stations and controls for turf irrigation (Flowtronex).

� Wet and Wedeco offer standard RO and UV systems respectively for point of entry or point of use requirements.

21

The Cycle of Water


Flood Control

22

case s to ryA-C Custom Pump Guards New OrleansAgainst Flooding

The City of New Orleans and surrounding area are wellbelow sea level - and sinking. Controlling flood watersis a serious business, especially when you're borderedby the mighty Mississippi and threatened by GulfCoast Hurricanes. Huge flood control pumps from ITTA-C Custom Pump unit are standing guard, protectingthis region from flooding.

With many cities and municipalities located on or nearbodies of water, there is a need for large, reliablepumping systems standing by to handle large volumesof water when rivers, lakes or seas are in flood stage.

ITT Products and Systems for Flood Control

� Mixed flow and axial flow pump, wet pit column and submersible propeller pumps designed forpumping large capacities over a wide range of lift requirements (A-C Custom Pump, Flygt).

The Cycle of WaterStorm Water & Effluent Collection/Lift Station


case s to ryFlygt Pumps Help Town Stop Sanitary SewerOverflows

"An expansion at an Indiana wastewater treatment plant -including 30 energy-efficient submersible pumps fromITT Flygt - will support the community's growth whileeliminating sanitary sewer overflows that occurred duringheavy storm events."

Effluent/storm water collection and lift stations areused for wastewater that may be collected in a combinedsewerage system, which carries both rainwater andmunicipal wastewater, or a separate system that hastwo sewers.

Conventional sewer systems are appropriate indensely populated areas. Most wastewater travels bygravity through a system of sewers and pumping stations. Alternatives include cluster systems, wherealternate sewers transport wastewater to a neighbor-hood treatment facility. These can be economical andsuitable for smaller communities distanced from the

central treatment system. Furthermore, some properties use septic tanks, where bacterial action takesplace in a below-ground tank, before being discharged to a large leach or absorption field.

Since most sewage is carried by gravity, lift stations are used when a neighborhood is located at a lowerelevation than the nearest collection system. Sewage is pumped ‘uphill’ to the treatment plant for processing.

Recent environmental legislation and public works projects are beginning to deal with Combined SewerOverflows (CSO's), which combine residential, commercial and industrial wastes and carry pollutants in theform of sewage solids, metals, oil, grease and bacteria. During periods of heavy rain, the water in theCSO's combine with the storm water running over the land. The CSO then becomes overwhelmed withwater which forces it to discharge untreated or partially treated wastewater into community watersheds.

ITT Products and Systems for Water/Effluent Collection Lift Station

� Compact submersible mixers and/or air/water ejectors that provides oxygen to keep the waste-water fresh (Flygt).

� Hydroejectors and mixers provide bulk flow in equalization tanks, keeping solids into suspension,providing odor control by introducing oxygen into the wastewater, and when emptying the tanks,flushing the floor to keep free from sediments (Flygt).

� A wide range of submersible pumps for pumping sewage to wastewater treatment plants(Flygt, Lowara and Vogel).

� Solids handling self-priming centrifugal pumps are mounted in packaged lift stations strategicallypositioned to handle residential wastewater (Goulds Pumps).

23

The Cycle of Water


Industrial Water Treatment

24

Ultra-pure water is crucial to many industries suchas food and drink, chemicals and manufacturing.Process water must be of impeccable quality toensure health and safety, as well as the accuracy ofchemical analysis. Taking water from municipalsupply pipes would be impractical.

A number of technologies can be used to provideultrapure water including reverse osmosis,nanofiltration, ion exchangers, ultraviolet andOzone systems. The resulting water is extremelypure and contains low or no concentration ofsalts, organic/pyrogene components, oxygen,suspended solids or bacteria.

ITT Products and Systems for Industrial Water Treatment

� Reverse Osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF) microfiltration (MF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranesystems (WET and PCI). Membranes are often used in combination to reduce turbidity (MF orUF) and then reduce, or remove salts (NF or RO).

� PCI Membranes are used for industrial processing (e.g. fruit juice clarification, food industry)and wastewater applications. WET systems are used for pure water production for industries.

� Pumps for advanced filtration applications including axial flow pumps, vertical submersible pumps,vertical turbine pumps, single stage, double suction pumps, chemical process pumps, and multi-stage diffuser-type pumps (Goulds Pumps).


case s to ry

Filtration System From PCI Finds NewApplication in Pharmaceutical Process Industry

When a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility inIreland looked for a new way to provide process waterto its manufacturing facility as well as feedwater to apurified water generation system, it turned to ITTIndustries' PCI unit for a novel application of its "Fyne"filtration technology to remove color and other tri-halomethane precursors from organic-rich river water.

The Cycle of Water


case s to ryEnergy and Operating Costs Lowered inHydrogen Plant with PumpSmart

At a new hydrogen manufacturing plant, the coolingtower application was projected to have a wide variancein the amount of cooling required. In order to providea pumping solution for these demands, PumpSmart-equipped pumps from ITT Industries' Goulds Pump unitwere installed.

Industrial Water Use

Worldwide, industry accounts for approximately22% of all water used, with the power industrybeing the primary consumer. In addition to relyingon municipal supply for water, industries can drawraw water from local sources such as lakes, rivers,seas and underground wells.

ITT Products and Systems for Industrial Water Use

� Pump systems, mixers, valves and controls from Goulds Pumps, Flygt, Richter, Lowara, Vogel,Bell & Gossett and Engineered Process Solutions Group are used in a tremendous range ofindustrial water applications including Oil & Gas, Chemical Processing, Pulp & Paper, Power,Mining, Biopharm Manufacturing and Mineral Processing. ITT’s Goulds Pumps has the distinctionof providing the widest range of industrial pump systems with millions of installed productsaround the world. WEDECO has systems for Ozone bleaching of pulp and Hengtong providesfiltration systems for the steel industry and power industries.

For a more comprehensive look at ITT’s range of products and systems for the industrial market:http://www.ittindustrial.com

The Cycle of Water Industrial Water Re-Use

Industrial water re-use involves the treatment of waste-water produced by large manufacturers such as refineries,chemical companies and plant assembly lines. Effluents are often complex and difficult to treat and cannot be discharged directly to a municipal sewage treatment facility.There are a number of technology options available forindustrial wastewater treatment Including filtration, membraneseparation and biological treatment.

Pre-treatment involves producing low-turbidity water usingcoagulation, settlement, dual media filtration and eithercartridge filtration or ultrafiltration. Following pretreatmentthe pH value of the water may be raised and dosing is pos-

sible to prevent scaling. Chlorination may be required, depending on the membrane material.

Bioremediation is the controlled use of micro-organisms to detoxify contaminated water. This processtakes place in a bioreactor and has proven effective in remediating water polluted with fuel hydrocarbonsand organics.

Due to a number of factors including the cost of discharging wastewater to municipal plants and the costof water (which can be reused multiple times if treated on-site) there is a growing investment by industry tocreate "zero discharge” facilities.

ITT Products and Systems for Industrial Water Re-Use

� From main effluent sump to discharge, mid-sized submersible centrifugal pumps and mixers,and Flojet aeration system (Flygt).

� Fine bubble aeration systems with membrane and ceramic discs as well as full-scale sequencingBatch Reactor (SBR) systems (Sanitaire).

� Reverse osmosis (RO), ultraviolet (UF), microfiltration (MF) and nanofiltration (NF), and ultra-filtration membrane systems (PCI, WET).

� Ozone and UV disinfection and oxidation systems (WEDECO).

� Chlorination dosing products and systems for water disinfection (Portacel).

� Process/cooling water recycling and industrial filtration requires sump pumps, process pumps,double-suction and vertical turbine pumps (Gould’s Pumps).

� Circular clarifiers for primary clarification (Sanitaire).

case s to rySanitaire SBR Process Cleans Complex WasteStream

The DuPont Corporation operates a world-class chemicals and fibers manufacturing complex on thenorth coast of Spain. Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)technology from ITT Industries' Sanitaire unit wasselected to meet the challenging waste treatmentneeds for this growing site which has had environ-mental protection as a core objective and operatingprinciple from its inception in 1991.26

The Cycle of Water


Agriculture

Agriculture is the biggest user of water by some distance –approximately 70% worldwide. In Asia and the MiddleEast, irrigation uses up to 85% of available water supplies.Notable water-rich crops are cotton and rice. Agriculturaluse of water can involve a farmer sinking his own well andpumping water from a borehole. More sophisticated systemschannel surface water to farms via elaborate irrigation channels.Manure handling and treatment are also important applicationsfor agricultural water use.

ITT Products and Systems for Agriculture

� Submersible pumps including small & medium centrifugal pumps, large centrifugal pumps, andlarge submersible mixed flow pumps (Flygt).

� Water systems products including jet pumps for shallow or deep wells, self-priming centrifugal pumps for use in lawn sprinkling, irrigation, water transfer and dewateringapplications, cast iron and stainless steel centrifugal pumps and submersible and line shaftturbine pumps for water supply and irrigation (Goulds Pumps, Lowara and Red JacketWater Products).

case s to ryHydrovar-Equipped Lowara Pumps ProducePremium Strawberries

On a new strawberry farm in Queensland, Australia,the grower was faced with multiple and varieddemands on water requirements for crop irrigation andother tasks on the farm. Helping to cope with a widevariety of water needs is a set of all stainless steelLowara pumps equipped with the Hydrovar control system.

The Cycle of Water


Wastewater – Primary Treatment

Primary treatment physically removes coarseparticles and sand at screens and in grit chambers.Primary treatment is normally referred to primarysedimentation tanks that remove 40% of the sus-pended solids and 30% of the organic material.

Large numbers of wastewater treatment plantswere constructed in the U.S. during the 1970'sand 1980's when large sums of federal moneywas available for implementation of the CleanWater Act. With much of this equipment andinfrastructure reaching the end of its useful life,new plants and modifications to existing plantswill be constructed to meet stricter permitrequirements, increased capacity and integrat-ing new technologies. The EPA estimates that

over the next 20 to 30 years, approximately 2,300 new plants many have to be built.

ITT Products and Services for Primary Treatment

Pumps and systems for a wide range of applications including raw influent pumping, settling tanks,digestion tanks, aeration tanks, clarifiers, storage tanks, and chemical polishing.

� Submersible pumps and mixers (Flygt).

� Dry-mount non-clog, vortex, self-priming, centrifugal, slurry, and vertical turbine pumps(Goulds Pumps).

� Monitoring and control systems to supervise plant operations (Flygt).

� Circular Clarifiers for primary clarification (Sanitaire).

case s to ry

New Waste Treatment Plant in Fast-GrowingMissouri County Powered by Flygt Pumps

When a sleepy rural area of Missouri became the targetfor high-tech business expansion, the sewage facilitieswere quickly out-stripped. Plenty of forethought wentinto devising a system that included pumps and systemsfrom ITT Industries’ Flygt unit that would efficientlymeet the area’s needs for years to come.

The Cycle of Water


case s to rySanitaire SBR Provides Large Clean-up on Small Site

One of the largest capacity wastewater treatment plantsin Europe is under construction on a small plot of land atRingsend, on Dublin Bay in Ireland. Sequencing batchreactor (SBR) technology and 100,000 diffusers from ITTIndustries' Sanitaire unit were selected to meet the challenging waste treatment needs for this site.

Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is the biological removal of dissolved solids, wherebymirco-organisms convert non-settling solids into a form in which they can beremoved. Aeration plays a crucial role for the process. Sedimentation usuallyfollows. Activated sludge is one of the most common processes, whereby aculture of bacteria break down organic material with aeration and agitation,before the solids are allowed to settle out.

The major purpose of secondary treatment is to remove the soluble BOD thatescapes primary treatment and to provide further removal of suspendedsolids. Biological breakdown of soluble organic materials uses a variety oforganisms to convert these impurities into carbon dioxide and water.

Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) - incorporates both aerobic and anaerobicprocesses in a single reactor and is normally installed where no public seweror septic tank is available. The SBR process provides extended aeration forbiological degradation, and results in reduced BOD and high removal rates of

COD, nitrogen, ammonia and phosphorus. SBRs are able to handle varied flows, high sludge production andproduce high quality effluent.

Increasingly stringent regulations and higher costs make it probably that more industries will treat their ownwastewater before discharging or reusing it. The small footprint and expendability of SBR systems make thema good choice for municipalities and industry.

The EPA estimates that secondary treatment is expected to increase by 40% in the future.

ITT Products and Systems for Secondary Treatment

� Conventional biological treatment systems and technologies including energy efficient ceramic andmembrane fine bubble aeration systems, stainless steel coarse bubble diffusers, and in-place cleaningsystems (Sanitaire).

� The ABJ ICEAS Sequential Batch Reactor process can be used at both municipal and industrial waste-water treatment plants. The processes of biological oxidation, nitrification, denitrification, phosphorusremoval and liquids/solids separation are achieved continuously in a single basin and can be easilyexpanded (Sanitaire-ABJ).

� Submersible pumps are used in many applications in secondary wastewater treatment. Submersiblemixers are used in concert with aeration systems (Flygt).

� Monitoring and control instrumentation for secondary wastewater treatment processes (RoyceTechnologies).

29

The Cycle of Water


Tertiary Treatment/Disinfection

Tertiary treatment refers to any level of treatment beyond secondary. This includes the removal of nutrients (advancedtreatment), chemicals or metals and chemical polishing of thewater. Tertiary treatment will further remove fine suspended matterremaining in the effluent and reduce BOD. Tertiary treatment maycarried out by micro-strainers or advanced filtration.

Disinfection - usually the final process before discharge intoreceiving waters. Disinfection is used to destroy harmfulpathogens, but not complete sterilization. Disinfectants ofteninclude chlorine, chlorine and ammonia, and ozone. UV andozone disinfection can minimize the use of chlorine.

ITT Products and Systems for Tertiary Treatment

� Chemical-free water disinfection and water oxidation systems including ultraviolet (UV) and ozone(WEDECO).

� Chlorination dosing products and systems for water disinfection in the tertiary stage of waste-water treatment (Portacel).

case s to ryWEDECO Keeps New Zealand Waters Safe

When the city of Manukau in New Zealand movedto protect the environment of the flora and faunain the coastal waters as well as safeguard thehealth of bathers, they turned to a UV disinfectionsystem from ITT's WEDECO unit to install theworld's largest such system.

The Cycle of Water


Sludge Handling

Sludge handling is not directly a part of the waste-water treatment process, but is, rather, the processof handling and disposing of the residuals (biosolidsor sludge). Biosolids are primarily organic, accumu-lated solids separated from wastewater, that hasbeen stabilized by treatment and can be beneficiallyused. Sludge is the unstabilized solids separatedfrom wastewater, a term not interchangeable withbiosolids. Sludge is of vital interest to wastewatertreat plant operators because this aspect of theprocess tends to consume upwards of 30% of aplant’s operating budget. Equipment for sludge processing include digestion tanks, dewateringpresses for producing cake and incinerators todestroy pathogens. Traditionally, sludge was disposed to landfill, but methods of reusing sludgehave included land reclamation or agriculture, incor-porating it into construction materials and soil andsoil improvers.

However, the wastewater industry is moving away from the quickest and cheapest route forsludge disposal to a more holistic concept to accommodate the type of product that end-users will purchase or that might be more beneficial to the environment.

The U.S has many laws that control or limit the use and disposal of sludge as well as the contents of pollutants in sludge. Standards that limit the concentration of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in biosolids have recently been proposed. Sewage sludge biosolidsmay also be subject to state and local regulations.

In Europe, implementation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive is resulting in increased quantities of sewage sludge requiring disposal. It has been estimated that member states will produce 9 million tons by the end of 2005. The UWWTD requires sludgeto be reused wherever possible. The dumping of sludge at sea has been banned since 1998, following which disposal routes have been limited to incineration, landfill or use onagricultural land.

ITT Products and Systems for Sludge Handling

� Settled sand and organic materials are transported by submersible pumps equipped a vorteximpeller and N-Impeller respectively (Flygt).

� Wet-installed N-Pumps or F Chopper Pumps for sludge transport to dewatering units (Flygt).

� High efficiency propeller pumps or N-Pumps for pumping of return activated sludge andwaste-activated sludge (Flygt).

� Submersible compact mixers provide sludge homogeneity and release of remaining gases inthe sludge storage tank (Flygt).

� Dry-mount no-clog and vortex type solids handling pumps (A-C Pump).

The Cycle of Water


case s to ryFlygt N-Pumps Provide Solution for DigestedSludge

A wastewater plant in Germany was experiencing con-tinual pump stops due to digested sludge containingrags and abrasive mineral sand. Replacing a screwpump with and N-Pump from ITT Industries’ Flygt unithas resulted in a more reliable circulation process andsubstantially lower operating costs.

Sludge Handling

The Cycle of WaterWater Return

At the end of the wastewater treatment process,the treated effluent is returned to the environmentvia pumping stations or reused in applicationssuch as agriculture, golf courses or municipal irrigation.

ITT Products and Systems for Water Return

� Submersible and dry-mount pumps (Flygt, Goulds Pumps and A-C Pump).

� Skid-mounted, packaged water booster pumps and stations for pressure booster applications(Flowtronex).



Market Drivers


Regulations and Legislation

INTRODUCTION

Why is water important?

Water lies at the heart of a nation’s prosperity; without it industry and agriculture could notfunction properly. Human beings also need access to abundant supplies of freshwater fortheir daily needs.

Since the late 1940s, there has been a steady increase in the volume of water withdrawn fromthe world’s surface water and groundwater reserves to meet development needs. As countrieshave advanced, pollution of this precious resource by agriculture, industry and human wastehas also increased.

One notable trend since the end of the Second World War has been to increased urbanization,particularly in developing countries. Unfortunately, the water and wastewater infrastructurein these countries (and the developed economies of Europe and the United States) has notalways been sufficient to meet the increased demands from rising populations.

Why we need environmental legislation

To deal with this situation and to safeguard the resource for future generations, global plannersstarted to regulate the abstraction and use of water. The World Health Organization (WHO)has set standards for drinking water quality since 1955 in the belief that “all people have theright to have access to an adequate supply of safe drinking water”.

WHO standards have been the main drivers behind environmental legislation in the UnitedStates and the European Union.

There are two main reasons why countries have sought to regulate the use of water and thetreatment of wastewater. Firstly, withdrawals of freshwater have increased to such an extentthat they are starting to outstrip the recharge capacity of natural resources (aquifers andrivers). For example, over pumping of groundwater is now widespread in much of the westernUnited States, North Africa, the Middle East, parts of India and China.

Market Drivers


If over-abstraction of renewable water resources continues unchecked, then the prospect of regional shortages intensifies. The possible consequences of this include conflict in caseswhere two or more countries share a common resource. It is to prevent situations like thisfrom arising that rules are needed to control abstraction from rivers and aquifers and to makesure that what goes back into them will not have a long-term detrimental effect. The use ofeconomic regulation to control demand is also important in this context; in many parts of theworld, including the United States, the price of water does not reflect the cost of supplyingit. This has meant that the resource has frequently been taken for granted.

The second reason for regulation is simple: what comes out reflects what goes in. Dumpinguntreated municipal and industrial effluents into rivers stores up problems for those seekingto use water for human consumption and to irrigate the land.

Poor sanitation has obvious consequences for human health. In the 1980s, the United Nationsestimated that 73 million working days in India were lost as a consequence of poor healthrelated to inadequate sewage treatment. At the time, this had a dollar value of $600 million.In the United States, the total medical costs and productivity losses associated with the 1993waterborne outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee has been put at $96.2 million: $31.7million in medical costs and $64.6 million in productivity losses.

The potentially high economic and social cost of disease outbreaks makes the safety of publicdrinking water supplies a critical concern. By limiting what goes in, there is better chance ofknowing what comes out.

This document is a review of the main pieces of environmental legislation which have beenenacted in Europe and the United States and 14 other countries. It explains the main pointsof key environmental laws such as the Clean Water Act and the Water Framework Directiveas well as estimating the cost of implementing these rules and the opportunities they create for manufacturers and suppliers of the relevant equipment and services.


Market Drivers



UNITED STATESWater quality standards are estab-lished and enforced by the USEnvironmental Protection Agency(US EPA) under the authority of twomain pieces of legislation: the SafeDrinking Water Act (SDWA) and theClean Water Act (CWA). Each statealso issues its own environmentalstandards. A summary of the SDWAand CWA and their associated costsis given below:

Main legislation

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)1974 (amended in 1986 and1996) – this provides the authorityfor the US EPA to establish qualitystandards for drinking water, toregulate the injection of waste liq-uids into the ground and to protectthe nation’s surface water andgroundwater sources. The SDWAalso provides funds for a mecha-nism known as the State RevolvingFund (SRF) which assists municipal-ities with their financial obligationsunder the act.

Key points

� The act aims to protect publichealth by safeguarding drinkingwater and its sources againstman-made or naturally occurringcontaminants. It applies to watersystems with at least 15 serviceconnections, or those serving atleast 25 individuals for 60 days ofthe year.

� SDWA establishes national stan-dards for drinking water, takinginto consideration scientificresearch, available technologyand costs.

� It sets a maximum level for eachcontaminant and the requiredmethods of water treatment.

� The US EPA, states and water sys-tems collaborate to achieve com-pliance.

� Standards are set according to awater system’s size and type.

� Water systems must monitortheir water frequently and reportresults to the state.

� Multiple barriers against protec-tion are required including:source water protection, treat-ment, distribution system integri-ty and public information.

� States and water suppliers areresponsible for assessing the vul-nerability of water sources.

� SDWA also provides a frameworkfor the Underground InjectionControl program, which setsstandards for the injection ofwaste into groundwater.

� The 1996 amendment enhancedthe Act by:

-providing a new emphasis onpreventing contamination atsource;

-providing better informationfor consumers;

-making improvements in riskassessment;

-providing new funding for statesthrough a Drinking Water SRF.

� The US EPA publicizes additionalrules to address microbiologicalcontaminants and disinfectionby-products (DBPs). These include

the Long Term 2 (LT2) EnhancedSurface Water Treatment Ruleand the Stage 2 Disinfection By-product Rule:

LT2 Enhanced Surface WaterTreatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) – thisis currently proposed by the US EPAto reduce disease incidence associ-ated with Cryptosporidium andother pathogens in drinking water.The LT2ESWTR will supplementexisting regulations by targetingadditional Cryptosporidium treat-ment requirements to higher risksystems. The proposed regulationalso contains provisions to mitigaterisks from uncovered finishedwater storage facilities and toensure that systems maintainmicrobiological protection as theytake steps to reduce the formationof DBPs. The LT2ESWTR will applyto all systems that use surfacewater or groundwater under thedirect influence of surface water.

Key points

� High risk systems must provide 90-99.7% reduction of Cryptosporidiumlevels.

� Unfiltered systems must provide99% or 99.9% inactivation ofCryptosporidium depending onthe results of their monitoringprogrammes.

� The US EPA estimates the annualcost to water systems and statesof implementing the LT2ESWTRwill be in the region of $70-100million.

Market Drivers



Stage 2 Disinfectant/DisinfectionBy-product Rule (S2 D/DBPR) –The S2 D/DBPR focuses on publichealth protection by limiting expo-sure to DBPs, specifically total tri-halomethanes (TTHMs) and fivehaloacetic acids (HAA5), which canform in water through the additionof chemical disinfectants used tocontrol microbiological pathogens.The rule will apply to all communi-ty water systems and non-transientnon-community water systems thatadd a primary or residual disinfec-tant other than ultraviolet (UV)light or deliver water that has beendisinfected by a primary or residualdisinfectant other than UV.

Key points

� Water systems must conduct anevaluation of their distributionsystem to identify the locationswith high DBP concentrations.These locations will then be usedby the systems as sampling sitesfor compliance monitoring.

� Compliance with the maximumcontaminant levels for TTHMsand HAA5 must be calculated foreach monitoring location in thedistribution system. Thisapproach will be known as thelocational running annual aver-age (LRAA).

� The US EPA estimates the annualcost to water systems and statesof implementing the S2 D/DBPRwill be in the region of $50-60million.

SDWA cost of compliance

In 2002, the US EPA published astudy to gain a better understand-ing of the future challenges facing

the clean water and drinking waterindustries. Known as the CleanWater and Dr ink ing WaterInfrastructure Gap Analysis, thereport identified the gap betweenprojected clean water and drinkingwater investment needs over theperiod from 2000 to 2019 and cur-rent levels of spending. The analysisfound that a significant fundinggap could develop if the nation’sclean water and drinking water sys-tems maintained current spendingand operations practices.

The US EPA’s estimates of capitalspending needs for safe drinkingwater from 2000 to 2019 rangefrom $154 billion to $446 billionwith an average estimate of $274billion.

Another study estimated that$200-325 billion would be requiredto comply with the 1996 amend-ments to the SDWA.

Case study: Arsenic Standards

In 2001 the House of Representativesvoted to require the US EPA toreduce by 80% the allowablelevel of arsenic in drinking water.The proposal lowers the maxi-mum acceptable level of arsenicfrom 50 parts per billion (ppb) to10ppb.

A final decision was made on31st October 2001 to adopt thenew standard. Implementing thenew standard is likely to beextremely costly to small com-munities and is likely to lead toincreased demand for water filtration companies.

According to the US EPA, 97% ofthe water systems affected by

this rule are small systems thatserve less than 10,000 peopleeach and the estimated cost ofcompliance is $6 billion in totalcapital investment and $600 mil-lion in annual operating costs.

Who can afford it

As the US EPA notes, the financialburden associated with the SDWAfalls upon US municipalities. TheClean Water and Drinking WaterInfrastructure Gap Analysis sug-gests that municipalities need toincrease spending on clean waterand drinking water at a real rate ofgrowth of 3% per year.

To access these kinds of funds,water systems can apply for tariffincreases from the state public util-ity commissions. However, by worldstandards, water tariffs in theUnited States are low ($0.57/m3)compared with cost of providingwater ($1.50/m3). Traditionally,construction of new plants hasbeen financed by the governmentthrough grants.

Under the SRF system, the federalgovernment provides financialassistance to comply with drinkingwater mandates. For the SDWA,Congress provides over $800 mil-lion annually. States then use thefederal grant money as securityagainst a larger issue of municipalbonds, the proceeds of which forma pool from which funds are loanedat little or no interest to municipal-ities around the state for water andwastewater projects. Sources offunds to repay the loans include:water tariffs, general municipal rev-enues and income from taxation.

Market Drivers



What technologies are required

The trend towards protectionagainst waterborne pathogenssuch as Cryptosporidium andGiardia creates a need for betterlevels of filtration to remove solidsfrom water. This is driving the mar-ket for advanced filtration tech-nologies, notably membranes. Aswell as the supply of these tech-nologies, there is a need for com-panies which can design and buildmembrane filtration facilities.

Chemical disinfection of water cannever be completely ruled out as itremains a cost-effective way ofeliminating pathogens from publicwater supply. Regulations coveringDBPs seek to balance the use ofspecialized chemicals (coagulantsand softeners) with improved filtra-tion of raw water. This will affectthe water treatment chemicalsmarket by reducing the need forsome products but creating newdemand for others.

Finally, the increased emphasis onsystem evaluation is starting tobenefit manufacturers of samplingand monitoring equipment.

Federal Water Pollution ControlAct (1972) – this became common-ly known as the Clean Water Act(CWA) following amendments inthe 1970s. The act is concernedwith the discharge of various harm-ful pollutants into the nation’swaterways, based on best availabletechnology criteria, on effluentsfrom industrial facilities and pub-licly owned wastewater treatmentplants.

Key points

� Provided the structure for regu-lating discharges of pollutantsinto US waters.

� Enabled the US EPA to imple-ment pollution control pro-grammes.

� Funded the construction ofsewage treatment plants underthe construction grants pro-gramme. This was phased outunder revisions made in 1987and replaced with the StateWater Pollution Control RevolvingFund (known as the Clean WaterSRF).

� The Great Lakes Critical ProgramsAct of 1990 changed part of theClean Water Act; the US andCanada agreed to establish waterquality criteria for the Great Lakesaddressing 29 toxic pollutants.

Most systems are now in compli-ance with the CWA’s original man-dates. For example, the 1972 actrequired that all publicly ownedtreatment works provide secondarytreatment of wastewater. By theend of the 1990s, the US EPA reck-oned that fewer than 200 systems –out of 16,200 nationwide – had notmet this standard.

There are currently two issues asso-ciated with the CWA. Firstly, manyof the nation’s wastewater treat-ment plants and sewer networksare ageing. A large number oftreatment facilities were renovatedor upgraded in the 1970s and willneed new components in the next

15 years. This problem affects thesewerage system more seriously asthe vast majority of pipes wereinstalled after the Second WorldWar. Replacing both sewer pipesand the mechanical & electricalcomponents in plants creates aneed for continuing high investment.

The other main problem is that, inthe early decades of its implemen-tation, the CWA focused on regu-lating discharges from point sourcefacilities. It did not pay attention tonon-point source pollution such asurban and agricultural run-off andwet weather events

Efforts to address polluted run-offhave increased significantly since.For wet weather point sources,such as storm sewer systems, a reg-ulatory approach is now beingemployed. The US EPA’s draft policyon safeguards to combined seweroverflows recommends better control,monitoring and back-up storagefor stormwater events.

CWA programmes over the lastdecade have also shifted from asource-by-source, pollutant-by-pol-lutant approach to more holisticwatershed-based strategies. Underthe watershed approach, equalemphasis is placed on protectinghealthy water bodies and restoringpolluted ones.

Cost of compliance

In its Clean Water and DrinkingWater Infrastructure Gap Analysis,the US EPA estimates capital needsfor clean water from 2000 to 2019to be in the range of $331 billion to$450 billion with an average esti-mate of $388 billion.

Market Drivers



Who can afford it

Congress allocates a sum in excessof $1.6 billion to the Clean WaterSRF each year.

What technologies are required

Suppliers of wastewater systems,their associated component parts,and sewer pipelines stand to bene-fit from the repair, rehabilitation,replacement and maintenance ofwastewater treatment equipmentthat will be required over the nexttwo decades. An increased empha-sis on combined sewer overflowscreates a market for suppliers ofstorage and transfer facilities.Specific opportunities in the indus-trial market are discussed below:

US industrial wastewater market

Most of the nation’s wastewater isdischarged by large industries suchas electric utilities, mining opera-tions and steelworks. The CWA setspre-treatment standards for indus-trial plants discharging into pub-licly owned treatment works. Thereare also rules governing the dis-charge of wastewater by smallbusinesses not connected to cen-tral sewer lines.

Managing Class V Injection Wells

Class V injection wells are shal-low wells such as septic systemsand drywells, used to place non-hazardous fluids directly belowthe land surface. However, ClassV wells can also be deep, highlysophisticated systems. The USEPA estimates there are morethan 650,000 Class V wells in theUnited States.

All Class V wells are regulated byUnderground Injection Control(UIC) Programs, and states andUS EPA regions already have theauthority to prevent any Class Vwell from endangering under-ground sources of drinkingwater. Current federal require-ments prohibit any injectionactivity that may endangerunderground sources of drinkingwater. Also, the current federalregulations require all ownersand operators of Class V wells toprovide inventory information totheir state UIC authority.

To achieve compliance with CWAguidelines and rules such as thosegoverning the use of Class V injec-tion wells, thousands of businessesacross the US need to treat orreduce the volume of wastewaterthey discharge into drainage sys-tems (both private and public). Forlarger industries, this has created amarket for zero liquid dischargesystems, i.e., treatment systemsthat recycle and reuse industrialwastewater by separating out con-taminants. For smaller businesses,there is a market for specializedpoint-of-discharge (POD) facilities.

Typically, the larger zero liquid discharge systems have createdopportunities for suppliers of advancedmembrane filtration technology.The smaller POD facilities favormanufactures of on-site, packagedplants.

As stated previously, the globalmarket for the provision of servicesto industry is estimated to bebetween $40 billion and $80 bil-lion. Assuming an average marketsize of around $50 billion gives avalue of $15-20 billion for the US.

Note

US EPA’s Strategic Plan (2003-2008)

This comprises five long-term goalscentered around air & global cli-mate change, water, land, commu-nities & ecosystems and compli-ance & environmental stewardship.Over the next few years, the US EPAintends to develop further stan-dards for microbiological contami-nation, DBPs and pathogens.

The agency’s Clean and Safe Watermission statement says that by 2008:

� The rate of compliance withdrinking water standards shouldrise from 93-95%.

� Pollution in waters with fishshould be reduced to allowincreased consumption of fish in3% of problem areas. The numberof shell fishing acres approvedfor use will also increase from77% to 85%.

� At least 5% of polluted waterscurrently deemed unsafe forswimming will be restored andmade safe.

� Polluted waters will be restoredso that of the 2,262 major water-sheds throughout the US, at least80% of assessed water will meetstate water quality standards.

� There will be improvement in theseven indicators used to determinethe health of each of the fourmajor coastal ecosystems aroundthe country.

� There will be a net increase ofaround 400,000 acres of wetlands.

Market Drivers



Other legislation

Environmental legislation in othercountries is often based on US EPA,World Health Organization (WHO)or EU regulations. Short profiles ofregulations in 14 different coun-tries together with estimates ofcapital spending requirements(where data is available) are pre-sented below:

CANADAGuided by the findings of the1984/85 inquiry, the governmentdrew up its Federal Water Policy in1987. This has focussed the water-related activities of all federaldepartments and provides a frame-work for future action.

The Federal Water Policy (1987)promotes the realistic pricing ofwater to reflect the real cost ofwater services, thus encouragingwater conservation and efficiencythrough improved technology.

The Sustainable Water and SewageSystems Act, which received Royalassent in 2003, makes it mandatoryfor municipalities to recover the fullcost of water and wastewater serv-ices. Owners of water and sewersystems will be required to makedetailed analysis of CAPEX andOPEX, sources of revenue andinvestment requirements.

Territorial or municipal governmentsexercise pricing policy and are gen-erally responsible for the day-to-day management of water resources.Water conservation, licensing, andinter-basin diversion can bestrengthened through provinciallegislation such as the 1996 AlbertaWater Act.

Legislation under developmentincludes the Safe Drinking WaterAct, which will place licensingrequirements on water testing laborator ies and owners o f municipal water systems, andcreate more stringent standardsfor drinking water treatment and distribution.

Additional legislation relating to the water sector includes:

Canada Water Act (1970)

International River ImprovementsAct (1955)

Canadian Environmental AssessmentAct (1996)

International Boundary WatersTreaty Act (1911)

Canadian Environmental ProtectionAct (1999)

Navigable Waters Protection Act(1993)

There has been increasing demandon Canada's freshwater resourcesand escalating pollution in thesouth, where 90% of the Canadianpopulation lives.

Almost all the water used bymunicipal water systems comesfrom lakes and rivers, while 12%comes from groundwater. Smaller,remote or rural communities maynot have a piped-in water supply. Insuch cases water is obtained fromwells, or trucked-in.

Canada's residential water consumersaccount for more than half of allmunicipal water use. Householdswith water meters increased from52.4-54.3% between 1991 and 1994.

Municipal water use, by sector (1994)

Source: Environmental Canada Water site

Survey data has shown that dailyper capita water use within themunicipal sector has climbedslightly from 628 liters in 1996 to638 liters in 1999. This may be duein part to piped water systemsreplacing some groundwater-basedsystems (many cities are still oper-ating ageing water distribution sys-tems, built not long after the citieswere first settled). In 1998, 90% ofthe population had access topotable drinking water. 81.5% ofpotable water received some formof treatment before use.

Based on 1996 statistics, waterprices in Canada are low comparedto other countries. Monthly billsrange between $15-90, the highestbeing in the Prairie Provinces andnorthern Canada. Operating costsfor trucked-in water are high, butcan be off-set by lower capital costs.In such areas, water consumption isalso lower.

The percentage of Canadiansserved by sewage treatment hasbeen steadily rising to 85% in 1998.80% of this collected sewage wastreated to at least the secondarylevel, but during periods of heavyrainfall wastewater may advancestraight to a CSO, bypassing treat-ment. Much still needs to be doneand the state of the country'ssewage treatment infrastructurehas been subject to recent criticism.

EUROPEMain legislation

Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) – adopted in 1997 this isone of Europe’s most ambitiouspieces of environmental legislation.It is intended to provide a coordi-

Market Drivers



nated approach to water manage-ment within the EU by bringingtogether strands of EU water policyunder one piece of legislation. TheWFD was incorporated into mem-ber states’ national legislation atthe end of 2003. It replaces sevenolder directives:

Aims of the WFD

Â expanding the scope of waterprotection to all waters (surfacewater and groundwater)

Â achieving “good status” for allwaters by 2015

Â water management based onriver basins

Â establishing a combined approachof emission limit values and quality standards

Â getting prices right

Â getting citizens more closely involved

Â streamlining legislation

Main points

� Requires a River Basin ManagementPlan to be established for eachriver basin district and thenupdated every six years. Eachmember state must establish theobjectives for each body ofwater, determine how far fromthe objective it is, and thendesign measures to ensure theyare met. All elements of analysismust be set out in the plan andshould detail how the objectivesare to be met within the time -scale. The plan should also includean economic analysis of wateruse, to facilitate rational assess-ment of the cost-effectiveness of

potential measures.

� Five classifications (high, good,moderate, poor and bad) will be used to define surface water in relation to its chemical andecological status.

� The WFD prohibits direct dischargesto groundwater and requiresgroundwater bodies to be moni-tored in order to detect changesin chemical composition.

� Further legislation that shouldemerge is referred to as theGroundwater Daughter Directive.It will include the criteria forassessing “good status” indicators,the identification of a sustainedupward trend in pollution andthe point at which this trendmust be reversed.

� The WFD has developed a list of32 priority substances that havebeen identified as a source ofmajor concern for Europeanwaters. The European Commission(EC) proposes community-widequality standards and emission controls for these substances.

� Member states must ensure thatprices truly reflect the costs of allwater services. In addition theymust provide adequate incen-tives for efficient water use, dis-tribute costs equitably betweendomestic, industrial and agricul-tural sectors and promote thepolluter pays principle.

� A Common Implementat ionStrategy (CIS) has been agreedbetween the EC and memberstates as many European riverbasins cross territorial boundaries.The CIS aims to address this problem.

Cost of compliance

Forecasting compliance costs forthe WFD is difficult as memberstates themselves have yet to carryout a full analysis of the cost ofnecessary improvements. An estimatebased on provisional data publishedin the UK and Germany is that compliance could cost the EU’s 15member states around $90 billion.

This figure is probably on the high side as some of the WFD’srequirements are likely to be metby spending on existing directives.

Who can afford it

The directive is based on the principle of cost recovery for all thecompliance work. This requires EUgovernments to treat water as aneconomic good. On this basis,the costs will be recovered fromusers. In reality, only six EU memberstates (Germany, Denmark, TheNether lands , UK, France andSweden) charge the full cost ofwater. In other countries, notablySpain and Italy, the deficit is madeup by government subsidies.

Bathing water 76/160/EEC (underrevision) – this directive is concernedwith the quality of bathing water. Itincludes mandatory and guidelinecompliance levels for beaches andrequires the designation of bathingwaters that have to pass certainstandards for bacterial contamina-tion. A revised Bathing WaterDirective (BWD), which will haveprofound implications for watertreatment standards and methods

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of sampling, is currently beingapproved by the European Parliament.

Main points

The directive establishes 19 physical,chemical and microbiologicalparameters; values are the minimumby which member states can fixbathing water standards. Imperativestandards are:

� 10,000 total coliforms per 100mlof water

� 2,000 faecal coliforms per 100mlof water

Guideline standards are higher andmore desirable:

� No more than 500 total coliformsper 100ml of water

� No more than 100 faecal coliformsper 100ml of water in at least80% of samples

� No more than 100 faecal streptococci per 100ml of waterin at least 90% of samples

To achieve effective compliance,member states will need to stopdischarging untreated sewage intobathing waters.

The direct ive a lso sets the minimum sampling frequency andmethod of analysis and requiresmember states to present an annu-al report on implementation to theEC. A revised directive has beenproposed that will use only twobacterial parameters. Bathingwater qua l i t y w i l l a l so be determined over a three-year periodrather than one.

Cost of compliance

Long-term costs for implementingthe BWD vary from country tocountry; for member states such asthe France, Spain and Italy (i.e.countries with a large number ofbeaches designated for bathing),compliance costs are likely to be in the region of $6-7 billion. Forcountries such as Belgium, Austriaand The Netherlands (i.e. countrieswith smaller coastlines), the costswill be lower. It is not unreasonableto assume a figure in the region of $40 bil l ion for the 15 EU member states.

Who can afford it

Since the directive requires improvedlevels of sewage treatment, part of the cost will fall on seweragecompanies and their customers.Those countries which pass on extracompliance costs via additionalcharges are best equipped to pay.However, the bulk of the costs arerelated to diffuse pollution fromagriculture. Under the polluterpays principle, the costs shouldfall on farmers and actions taken bythem to eliminate pollution at source.

Urban wastewater treatment91/271/EEC – this directive requiresall urban wastewater to be treatedby 2005. All significant sewage discharges must receive at leastsecondary treatment.

Main points

� The directive aims to protect theenvironment from the adverseeffects of effluent discharges. Itis concerned with the collection,treatment and discharge of urbanwastewater and wastewater fromcertain industrial sectors.

� The directive establishes dischargeemission values for sewage treat-ment works serving a populationequivalent (p.e.) of 2,000 ormore. Towns with a p.e. of morethan 15,000 had to comply withthe prescribed level of treatmentby 31st December 2000. Thecompliance deadline for thosewith smaller discharges is set for2005.

� Urban wastewater will be subjectto secondary (biological) or tertiary(settlement of solids) treatment,depending on the sensitivity ofthe receiving waters.

� Member states are required toidentify sensitive and less sensitivereceiving waters. This must be re-assessed and updated every 4years. Discharges into areasdesignated sensitive may besubject to more st r ingenttreatment, such as nitrate removal.

� The more stringent require-ments for sensitive waters hadto be met by 31st December1998. If waters are deemed sensitive following a 4-yearlyreview, member states haveseven years to comply.

� Member states are responsiblefor monitoring discharges fromtreatment plants. The EC makes aprogress report on implementationof the directive throughout theEU every two years. National programs for the implementationof this directive must be presentedto the Commission.

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Directive 98/15/EC - this directiveconfirmed the rigid compliancetimetables and clarified the rulesrelating to discharges from waste-water treatment plants. It states that:

Â the option of using daily averagesfor the total nitrogen concentrationapplies both to agglomerations of10,000 100,000 p.e. and to thoseof more than 100,000 p.e

Â the condition concerning the temperature of the effluent inthe biological reactor and the limitation on the time of operationto take account of regional climactic conditions only applyto the “alternative” methodusing daily averages

Â use of the “alternative” methodmust ensure the same level ofenvironmental protection as theannual mean technique.

More details – www.europa.eu.int- summaries of legislation

Quality of drinking water 98/83/ECnew requirements - defines, interms of microbiological, chemical,physical and aesthetic parameters,the quality standards of waterintended for human consumption,except for natural mineral watersand waters that are medicinal. Thedirective repealed directive 80/778/EEC as of December 25, 2003.

Key points

� Drinking water must be regularlymonitored using the methods ofanalysis specified in the directive,or equivalent.

� Members States are responsiblefor setting limit values whereparameters are not laid down bythe directive.

� Where limit values are notattained Member States musttake corrective action in order to restore water quality.

� Member States are required topublish a report on the quality ofdrinking water every three years.

� Materials used for the prepara-tion of drinking water and in dis-tribution network may not con-tinue to be present in the waterbeyond a strictly necessary level.

� The parameters laid down by thedirective will be re-examined everyfive years and assessed on thebasis of scientific and technicalprogress.

Surface freshwater: quality andcontrol requirements 75/440/EEC- concerned with the reduction andprevention pollution of surfacewater intended for the abstractionof drinking water.

Amended by:

Council Directive 79/869/EEC of 9October 1979;

Council Directive 90/656/EEC of 4December 1990;

Council Directive 91/692/EEC of 23December 1991.

and

Surface fresh water: methods of measurement and analysis79/869/EEC - concerned with themethods of measurement and frequencies of sampling and moni-toring of surface water intendedfor abstraction of drinking water.

Amended by the following measures:

Council Directive 81/855/EEC of 19

October 1981;



Key points

The directives:

� set the minimum quality require-ments in terms of physical,chemical and microbiologicalcharacteristics - different limitvalues and methods of treatmentare defined for each category.Member States may set morestringent requirements;

� lay down the minimum frequencyof sampling and analysis;

� set common, non-mandatory reference methods for measuringthe parameters.

Pollution caused by nitrates fromagricultural sources 91/676/EEC -concerned with prevention of nitratecontamination from agricultural sources.

Key points

� Member states must identify surfaceand groundwater affected, or atrisk of, nitrate pollution.

� Farmers must be encouraged toadopt good agricultural practiceto reduce the risk of pollution.The Member States must establishand implement action programsin respect of nitrate vulnerablezones. This will include restrictingthe timing and application of fertilizers and manure.

� Standardized reference methodsmust be used to monitor waterfor nitrogen content.

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Mercury 82/656/EEC - aims to limitdischarges of mercury into theaquatic environment and concernssurface water, territorial waters andinternal coastal waters.




� The directive sets the emissionstandards for mercury enteringthe aquatic environment.

� It provides reference methods ofmeasurement and the procedurefor monitoring discharges.

Dangerous substances: protectionof groundwater 80/68/EEC -concerned with the discharge ofdangerous substances and the systematic monitoring of the quality of groundwater.




Key points

� Preventing the discharge of certaintoxic, persistent and bioaccumablesubstances into groundwater,excluding domestic effluentsfrom isolated dwellings; smallconcentrations/quantities of substances listed in directive80/68/EEC and discharges ofmatter containing radioactivesubstances.

� The directive sets out one list ofsubstances to be prohibited andone list that must be limited.

� All discharges of substances aresubject to prior authorizationbased upon examination of thereceiving environment. Authorizationwill be granted for a limited periodand is subject to review. Dischargeconditions must be met and themonitoring of compliance withthese conditions is the responsi-bility of the Member States.

� Member States must regularlyreport on the implementation ofthe directive.

Dangerous substances: protec-tion of the aquatic environment76/464/EEC - concerned with thedischarge of dangerous substancesinto the aquatic environment.

Amended by the following measures



Key points

� This directive applies to inlandsurface water, territorial waters,internal coastal waters andgroundwater.

� Two separate l ists establish dangerous substances to be prohibited and those substancesto be reduced.

� Compulsory quality and emissionstandards are laid down for thesubstances on list one, based on the best available technology. All discharges require priorauthorization, which is grantedfor a limited period.

� Member States must design andimplement programs to limit thedischarge of substances on list

two. Discharges are subject toprior authorization.

� The Member States must systematically monitor waterquality and may take more stringent measures than providedfor by the directive.

� Member States must report everythree years on implementation.

Integrated pollution preventionand control: IPPC Directive96/61/EC - The directive aims toharmonize permitting procedureand conditions across all MemberStates. It establishes the basic rulesfor integrated permits, which takeinto account the complete environ-mental performance of a plant.This includes emissions to air, waterand land, waste from industry andagriculture and energy efficiency.

Amended by the following measures

Directive 2003/87/EC of 13 October2003

Directive 2003/35/EC of 25 June2003

Key points

� Under this directive all newinstallations will be subject toindividual operating licenses orpermits. Within the water sectorthis will effect incinerators andlandfil l sites. The dischargermust apply for discharge consentsfrom the regulating body. Thiswill set the basic requirementsfor compliance, emission limitsfor pollutants, monitoring of discharges etc.

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� Existing installations within the Member States have untilOctober 2007 to be brought intoconformity with the directive'srequirements. Phase one compli-ance is 2005.

� Member States are responsiblefor ensuring industrial installa-tions comply with the directive.

� Industry experts and MemberStates are obliged to participatein an exchange of informationon best available techniques.The Information Exchange Forumis made of representatives of EU Member States, industry,environmental organizations andthe European Commission

Shellfish waters 79/923/EEC - aimsto enhance and protect the qualityof shellfish waters

and

Water suitable for fish-breeding78/659/EEC - concerned with thequality of fresh waters, excludingnatural or artificial fish ponds usedfor intensive fish-farming, in orderto protect and enhance fish life.




Amended by Council Directive91/692/EEC of 23 December 1991.

Key objectives

� Member States are required todesignate coastal and brackish

waters considered as shellfishwaters and fresh waters suitablefor fish-breeding - these are sub-divided into salmonid waters andcyprinid waters.

� The directives set the minimumand microbiological parameters.They also set out the mandatorylimit values and the guide valuesof these parameters, but MemberStates can set value more stringentthan those laid down in the directives.

� The directives set a minimumsampling frequency and methodsof analysis.

� Every three years the Commissionshall publish a sectoral reporton the implementat ion of the directive.

FRANCEKey legislation

Regime, Distribution and PollutionControl of Waters 1964

Water Act 1992

SAPIN law

Water Act Reform Bill 2000

Water services in France are regulatedat five levels: National, Catchment Basin,Regional, Departmental and Municipal.

While national government is consulted on water policy, legisla-tion and regulation, River BasinCommittees play a fundamentalrole. France is divided into six largeriver basins. Each committee advisesWater Agencies on water levies forwithdrawals and discharges, prioritiesfor the Agency's five-year actionprograms, and the operations of

public and private wastewatertreatment plants. Committees arecomposed of consumers, state andlocal representatives.

A Water Agency is set up in each ofthe six river basins. They are endowedwith a civil status and have financialindependence. Since 1992, wateragencies have linked their waterdatabases to the national network tostreamline water management.

Schémas Directeurs d’Aménagementet de gestion des Eaux (SDAGE) is atool for water planning whichemerged out the Water Act 1992.Smaller plans that reinforce this aredrawn up by the local Agencies.

Uncontrolled storm water runoff inurban areas causes pollution insome regions. Nitrogen pollution isalso caused by agricultural prac-tices. In addition, the InstitutFrançais de l’Environnement reportof 2002 showed that pesticide lev-els in 20% of drinking water and30% of inland water was of poor tobad quality.

Water quality assessment criterianeeds addressing, as the currentfour-point measure makes it difficultto compare data with other EUMember States.

It is estimated that up to 70% ofFrance's pipes will need replacing,as lead was still be used up untilthe late 90s. Furthermore, the sew-erage services and infrastructurewill be expanded between 1997-2006.

Reforming France's Water Act, inconjunction with the EU WaterFramework Directive is designed tohelp the Agencies meet the envi-

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ronmental challenges, promotemore equitable charging and cre-ate unity in the sharing of waterresources.

GERMANYThe federal authorities have powerof outline legislation such as:

Federal Water Act 1957 (amended2001)

� Wastewater Ordinance - permittingfor discharges to water

� Groundwater Ordinance - implementsDangerous substances: protec-tion of groundwater 80/68/EEC

Wastewater Charges Act 1976(amended 1994),

The Detergents and Cleaners Act of1975 (amended in 1986) - prohibiting or restricting the use ofsubstances which may be harmfulto water.

The Federal Ministry of Health handles the supply and quality of drinking water

Infection Protection Act - Sections37 to 41 of this act contain provisionson the quality of water for humanconsumption, water for swimmingand bathing pools, and wastewater.

� Drinking Water Ordinance -implements the EC DrinkingWater Directive

The Federal Ministry of Food,Agriculture and Forestry is responsiblefor water resources management.

The Fertilizers Act

� The Use of Fertilizers Ordinance -implements the EC Nitrate Directive.

Source:www.umweltbundesamt.de

The Länder implement such legislationthrough laws of their own. In general,local authorities manage their owndrinking water supplies and waste-water treatment facilities, withinthe limits defined by the federaland regional authorities.

Effluent charges were last revisedin 1994 and are intended to createan economic incentive to reducewastewater discharges as far aspossible. The Wastewater ChargesAct promotes the 'polluter-pays'principle.

Charges are based on Schadeinheit(SE) - the equivalent discharge ofone human per year. A number ofthe Länder also regulate charges onwater abstraction, the revenuefrom which is invested in environ-mental programs.

The high charges associated withwater and sewerage services haveresulted in resistance to further EUlaws. Legal measures have beenintroduced in western regions todrive down water pricing in NorthRhine-Westphalia, Bavaria andBaden-Wurttenburg.

Immediately after the German uni-fication in 1990, the country'swastewater infrastructure was inpoor condition. Some of the sewerdisposal systems were beyondrehabilitation. Germany has, andcontinues to invest heavily inupgrading and expanding thewastewater infrastructure to implement

the Urban Wastewater TreatmentDirective.

Investment in the wastewater infra-structure was $6.85Bn in 2001/2002.Expenditure in water was $2.44Bnand is expected to continue whileGermany updates its drinking watertreatment plants and supply networks, in order to comply withthe Drinking Water Directive.

The German water sector is frag-mented. In 2002 there were around6,600 company's supplying waterand 8,000 sewage companies.Private sector opportunities arebest sought in the eastern Länder,where water and sewerage is inte-grated. Much of the market stillbelongs to the municipalities, butprivatization proposals increasedduring 2002-2003.

In the Rhine river basin, protectionpolicies over the next few years willconcentrate on implementing theWater Framework Directive and theRhine Programme 2020. A continu-ation of the Rhine Action Plan(1987), the Rhine Programme 2020sets out goals for the next 20 years,including further improvement ofthe river's ecological status.

HUNGARYHungary has endured a period ofeconomic recession and heavy capitalinvestment, so introducing realisticwater and sewerage charges hasnot been easy. Budapest is under-going a full EU compliance programand tariffs there are beginning to rise.

Current legislation restricts compa-nies from having a major stake inwater and wastewater utilities. The

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Hungarian National Water Directorateis submitting a draft law to parliament(in 2004) to regulate private sectorinvolvement in the market. This islikely to promote privatization on aconcession basis.

Transitional arrangements:

� treatment of urban waste wateruntil 2015 (with intermediatetargets)

New legislation has been passed onthe quality of drinking water, dis-charges of dangerous substancesand nitrates pollution, bathingwater quality, designation of waste-water agglomerations, registrationand reporting obligations on urbanwastewater, and sewage fines.

Wastewater treatment plants andcollection systems have been builtin several large towns, and threewater quality monitoring stationswere commissioned in March 2000.

Source: www.europa.eu.int

Hungary must still:

� Finalize programs for dischargesof dangerous substances

� Finalize action plans with regardsto surface water

� Develop enhanced institutionalarrangements for monitoringdrinking water

� Maintain better co-ordinationbetween ministries and regionalauthorities

Hungary's groundwater quality ispoor with 60% requiring treatmentbefore use. Industrial pollution of surface and groundwater is aparticular problem. With regard to

IPPC, the Integrated PollutionPrevention and Control Bureau hasbeen established to assist withimplementation of the directive.

Between 1996 and 2010 the government plans to invest US$4.8Bnextending the sewerage network.

ITALYItalian water legislation reflects theEuropean environmental policy andmost of the EU directives have beenimplemented in the country's bodyof laws.

The 'Merli' law of 1976 representedthe first comprehensive water legislationand was concerned with water pollution control. It regulated thedischarge of industrial and municipaleffluents.

The first piece of Italian legislationto concern drinking water is thePresidential Decree 515/1982, whichincorporates EC directive 75/440.

Law 183/1989 is a major frame-work law that created 'river basinauthorities' - formed of central government agencies and relevantregional bodies. Six national basins,such as the Po, Adige, Arno andTiber, comprise about 45% of thenational territory. A further 15,regional basins, comprise 47% andthe remaining 8% are inter-region-al basins. The law requires the riverbasin authorities to draw up water-shed plans, which are used toguide territorial authorities in set-ting water quality objectives. Basinauthorities also prioritize investmentsin water supply, sewerage andwastewater treatment infrastructure.

The so-called 'Legge Galli' (Law

36/1994) consolidated municipalutilities into larger territorial units.The Act does not require privatiza-tion, but gives the authorities morefreedom to choose the organiza-tional structure of the operators. Italso allows them greater financialprivileges such as setting tariffs in-line with investment costs.

Legislative decree 152/99 is themost significant and comprehen-sive water law. It repeals many pre-vious laws (including the Merli law)and transposes EU directives 91/271(Urban Wastewater TreatmentDirective; 91/676 (Pollution causedby nitrates from agricultural sources)and partially transposes 2000/60/EC (water framework directive (WFD)).

Law 388/2000, (art.141, c.4) isdesigned to support procedureslaid down in decree 152/99. AmbitiTerritorial Ottimali (ATO) (whichimplement integrated water servic-es within an optimal geographicalunit) or the Province if Ambits arenot in place, are required to pre-pare plans that identify:

- works/projects required in the ATO(or in the Province),

- financial resources available,

- financial resources needed,

- financial resources coming fromcharging for water services,

- the management and the organi-zation system

Should authorities and provincesnot comply within a few months,the central government (Ministryfor the Environment) will take theirplace adopting the plan instead.

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Source: National Report forthe Intergovernmental Reviewof the GPA 2001

Of the 91 ATOs scheduled, around74 are already in place. 15 of thesehave been privatized.

It is estimated that most water andsewage treatment systems will beserving a PE of more than 2,000 by2006. By this time, Italy aims toprovide facilities that meet legisla-tive demands in relation to waste-water treatment/discharging, andto take into account the necessityto reach the quality standards laiddown in the WFD.

The implementation of the EuropeanWater Framework Directive: chal-lenges and opportunities for a sus-tainable water policy in Italy, washeld in 2003. The conference con-cluded that Law 183/89 which estab-lished river basin authorities, theLegge Galli (law 36/94) which estab-lished ATOs to unify the manage-ment of water distribution and treat-ment, and decree 152/99, representthe main acts on which implementa-tion of the WFD can be based.

However, procedures prescribed inthese acts, such as the census andmonitoring of water bodies, havenot been fully accomplished.Furthermore, the WFD calls forunity and co-operation within theadministration system, where thecurrent situation in Italy is consideredtoo fragmented.

Diffuse pollution caused by agricul-ture is being tackled on a regionallevel, by adopting action programsand codes of practice. The Italiangovernment is promoting agricultur-al and industrial wastewater reuse,

particularly in southern regions,where a situation of environmentalemergency makes it possible toimpose more stringent regulations.

Under Law 429/98, polluted sites ofnational interest have been identi-fied and will undergo a programmeof decontamination. Sites of specialmarine interest include ports, lagoonsand freshwaters, particularly Gelaand Priolo (in Sicily), Bagnoli,Brindisi, Taranto, Manfredonia,Domizio Flegrei littoral (in SouthernRegions), the Venice lagoon, Massae Carrara (Northern Regions). In2001, US$600M had been allocat-ed to these projects for the follow-ing three years.

Directive 96/61/EC (Integrated pol-lution prevention and control) istransposed into Italian law by leg-islative decree 372/99. Authorizingprocedures on existing installationsshould be complete by June 2004.Installations are expected to com-ply by October 2007, as specified inthe directive.

In 2001, it was forecast that expen-diture of US$25Bn on water andsewerage services would be required.This money will be partly raisedthrough water charges, utilizingexisting resources and EU aid givento less-developed regions.

THE NETHERLANDSWater management in The Netherlandsis currently handled at four levels -central government, the Provinces,Water Boards and municipalities.The Fourth National Policy Documenton Water Management (NW4,1999-2005) sets out the country'sintegrated water management strategy.

In central government, The Ministryof Transport, Public Works andWater management formulates theoverall strategic water managementpolicy. The Province then takes thisinto account when adopting theprovincial policies. Provinces arealso responsible for operationalgroundwater management, whilemunicipalities are responsible formanaging the sewerage network.

Water Boards are mainly concernedwith water quantity, quality andwater control, which includes floodprevention - particularly importantas two-thirds of the country lieswith two metres of sea level.Furthermore, Water Boards maintainrural roads and inland waterways.Water Boards are financially inde-pendent public bodies. They havethe power to enter into contracts,acquire property and institute legalproceedings.

The Boards raise revenues to coverthe costs of local and regionalwater management. However, centralgovernment or the Provinces providefunds for areas that serve nationalor provincial interests, such asmaintenance of inland waterways.

Of all EU Member States, TheNetherlands has the highest densityof people, industry, livestock andtraffic. It is also among the leadingnations in implementing environmentalpolicies, which helps to offset thepressure of environmental compliance.The country also adopts moreadvanced technological measuresthan average. For instance, it is oneof the top EU performers in thepurification of air and water.

Agriculture and industry has led toincreasing problems with ground-

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water pollution. New purificationplants have become vital in recentyears, as groundwater is the mainsource of drinking water. Excessloads of acid, nitrogen and phos-phate in groundwater, surfacewater and natural habitats are thehighest in Europe. Meeting its EUobligations in this area is provingthe most difficult for The Netherlands.

Almost 100% of the Dutch popula-tion are connected to the potablewater supply system.

In the Environmental AssessmentAgency's report, EnvironmentalBalance 2003, it recommends thegovernment undertake an earlypolitical examination of the envi-ronmental and economic impactsof the Water Framework Directive,and to particularly assess theimpact on Dutch farming in thelong-term.

Nutrient pollution is an issue, butnutrient management projectshave shown that EU compliancecan be met with little or no finan-cial consequences to farmers.

High effluent concentrations in therivers Rhine, Scheldt and Meusecause pollution problems in coastalareas. Effluent discharges into surfacewater (via major rivers) are around13M PE. Since 1985 the Dutch gov-ernment has been taking steps tolower BOD load. It achieved an 81%decrease between 1970-92 and 73%between 1980-92.

A national network of sewagetreatment plants was built between1975 and 1990. By 1994, 97% ofthe population was connected thesewerage network. Facilities will beupgraded by 2005 so that 35-50%

offers tertiary treatment, this incontrast to 8% in 1993. This expansionforms part of the government'sUrban Wastewater Treatment Directivecompliance programme. Virtuallyall industrial wastewater is treatedto secondary or tertiary standards.

Spending on sewerage services - tofulfil overdue maintenance workand reduce storm overflows, is stillnecessary. Expenditure on waterquality is also expected to increaseby approximately 2.2% by 2006.

POLANDOf all the countries seeking accessionto the EU, Poland faces one of themost difficult environmental chal-lenges. It aims to reach EU stan-dards by 2010 but is seeking transi-tion derogations up to 2016because of the estimated cost ofcompliance (estimated in 1998 tobe between 20-40Bn).

Transitional arrangements include:

� treatment of urban waste wateruntil 2015

� discharges of dangerous substancesinto surface water until 2007

� integrated pollution preventionand control until 2010 (insteadof 2007 for Member States)

Source www.europe.eu.int

An Act on fertilizers and another onwater quality are enabling the par-tial transposition of the directivesconcerning urban wastewater,drinking water and nitrates.Compliance with the UrbanWastewater Treatment Directive isthe main hurdle for Poland.

In 1997, the sewerage networkserved 98% of the urban popula-tion and a municipal water supplyserved 97%. In comparison, thesefigures were 80% and 74% respec-tively for the rural population. Thegovernment's objective is for 100%water and sewerage coverage by2010.

Revision to the Polish Water Law(1974) lays down requirements foradequate levels of service, increasingtreatment standards over t i m e ,financial incentives for the privatesector and protection of consumerinterests.

Poland has begun work on transposingthe Water Framework directive witha pilot river basin managementscheme on the river Narew.

Poland is expected to implementthe environmental acquis by acces-sion, but must still:

� Enhance drinking water monitoring

� Formalize the identification ofnitrate vulnerable zones

� Complete the inventory of dis-charges of dangerous substances

� Update, finalize and adopt thedischarge authorizations fornitrates and dangerous substances.

� Enhance efforts to ensure IPPCpermits are issued and compliedwith, for new installations andfor existing installations toOctober 2007.

SPAINLaw 29/1985 concerned the regulation of surface and ground-

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water water with regard to the dis-tribution of jurisdiction betweenthe State and the AutonomousCommunities. This law was rewrit-ten into Decree 1/2001, but hasbeen developed the Public WaterDomain Regulation as well as thePublic Administration Water andWater Planning Regulation.

At the end of the last decade, Law46/1999 reformed Spain's watermarket to encourage more privati-zation, external investment andimproved water conservation. Itcreated 'water banks' and enabledwater rights to be bought and sold.In order to make water manage-ment more transparent and encouragewater savings policies, the Law prescribed the compulsory measure-ment of water consumption anddischarge in each Water Board.Furthermore, it provided a regulatoryframework for schemes involvingthe likes of desalination, grey waterreuse and improved agriculturaltechniques.

In July 2001, the Spanish governmentpassed Legislative Royal Decree1/2001 in order to amalgamate,adapt and repeal former legal regulations on water. Law 46/1999was rewritten into this text.

Subsequently, the text has beenamended by:

� Law 24/2001 on administrativefiscal and social order measures -Rewrites the text on the regulationof state water companies, allowingthem to acquire public or privatewater works for integration intotheir own systems.

� Law 16/2002 on integrated pollutionprevention and control - Adds aparagraph on non-authorized

discharging and additional texton discharging into inland watersof inter-community basins.

In the case of the Water FrameworkDirective (WFD), Spain will need tomake significant investment tomeet WFD goals. Furthermore, currentwater administration will need tobe modified and adapted, particularlyin relation to the jurisdictions of thebasin authorities and the inclusion ofcoastal waters.

Statistics show that approximately60% of sewage effluent is treated,but because the sewerage andsewage treatment infrastructure isin need of modernization the actualfigure could be 45%.

In January 2003 Spain was taken tothe European Court for failing totranspose Di rect ive 98/83/EC(Quality of drinking water). TheCourt judged that Spain had indeedfailed to fulfil its obligations.

With great disparities in wateravailability, shortages are a majorconcern in some regions of Spain.Distribution losses compound theproblem, with the urban watersupply network suffering 25-50%distribution losses. In 2001, Spainproposed the highly controversialNational Hydroelectric Plan (NHP).The 18.1Bn plan includes the con-struction of up to 120 new damsand more than 900km of newpipeline to transfer water from theEbro river to south-east Spain.Protesters claim the project is contraryto sustainable development andthat water shortages would be bet-ter tackled by desalination plants.Desalination is indeed to be used inthe Balearic and Canary Islands.

Capital expenditure on the 2001-2008 NHP includes:

� water quality improvements -$1.26Bn,

� urban water supply - $2.82Bn,

� wastewater treatment - $2.61Bn,

� water transport - $2.72Bn.

SWEDENIn January 1999, Sweden introduceda new Environmental Code, whichconsolidated 15 existing environ-mental laws. The code is furtherspecified through ordinances, regu-lations set by public authorities andprecedents set in individual cases.

For example:

The ordinance on environmentalquality standards (EQS) for fish andmussel water (2001:554) prescribesstandards based on the EC direc-tives 1978/659/EEC and 1979/923/EEC. The fish water EQS must notbe infringed after April 2007 andmussel water after April 2008. TheSwedish Environmental ProtectionAgency (fish water) and the CountyAdministrative Board of VästraGötaland (mussel water) haveissued guidance about where theordinance must be met.

The Environmental Code modern-izes and tightens environmentallegislation and is aimed at promot-ing sustainable development.Quality standards are a new featureof the legislation and relate to thelowest acceptable quality of soil,water and air. These regulationsenable the implementation of ECdirectives.

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Further standards are expectedbased on the parameters set in theWater Framework Directive.

In addition, the Swedish govern-ment has proposed a set of envi-ronmental targets, which mustachieved by 2020-2025. Theseinclude:

� High quality groundwater

� Sustainable lakes and water-courses

� Flourishing wetlands

� A balanced marine environment,sustainable coastal areas andarchipelagos

� No eutrophication

� Natural acidification only

Environmental sanction chargeswere introduced along with theEnvironmental Code. These penaltiescan be imposed for certaininfringements, and levied by thesupervisory authorities.

Local authorities or municipally-owned companies are responsiblefor water and wastewater services.There are no immediate plans tointroduce privatization into analready orderly system. Municipalitiesformulate comprehensive manage-ment plans, which include informa-tion on the actions to be taken inorder to reduce the quantity andtoxicity of waste.

EC directives have influenced atti-tudes to wastewater treatment.Sweden is looking into methods ofwastewater recovery and reuse inan effort to promote sustainability.Some municipalities are considering

sorting domestic and wastewaterflows for different uses. This wouldinvolve extending or replacingexisting facilities. 85% of the popu-lation is served by tertiary treatment,which comfortably meets therequirements of the Urban Waste-water Treatment Directive.

Virtually 100% of urban householdshave access to the sewer networkand connection to the water supplynetwork. Insufficient sewage sys-tems are still a problem in ruralcommunities and 100% coverage(in the medium-term) is desired.Municipalities set water service feeson a non-profit making basis andare aiming to arrive at full costrecovery.

UKThree bodies regulate the watersector in England and Wales:

� The Office of Water Services(Ofwat) - set up in 1989, Ofwat isthe government-appointed regu-lator of privatized water utilities

� the Drinking Water Inspectorate(DWI) - assigned by the govern-ment in 1990 to ensure thatpotable drinking water complieswith UK, EU and World HealthOrganization (WHO) standards

� the Environment Agencies(England, Wales, Scotland andNorthern Ireland) - established in 1995, the agencies monitorquality and quantity of non-tidal waters, as well as somebathing waters.

Water legislation

The Water Act 2003

Protection of Water AgainstAgricultural Nitrates Pollution(Amendment) (Wales) Regulation2002

Water Industry Act 1991

Water Industry Act 1999

Water Resources Act 1991

Anti-Pollution Works Regulations1999

Control of Pollution (Applications,Appeals and Registers) Regulations1996

Groundwater Regulations

Water Resources (EnvironmentalImpact Assessment) (England andWales) Regulations 2003

Water Supply (Water Quality)Regulations 2000

Water Supply (Water Quality)(Amendment) Regulations 2001

Water Supply (Water Quality)Regulations 2001

The Government and Ofwat madeprovision for competition in theindustrial water sector in 1998. In2002, it was announced that allusers of more than 50 Ml/pa wouldbe open to competition. The mar-ket is developing slowly as watersuppliers ward off competition bynegotiating tariffs with large con-sumers.

Water Service (WS) provides waterand sewerage services to 1.7Mpeople across Northern Ireland. WSwas originally established as anagency of the former Departmentof the Environment and reform hasbeen on cards since 2003.

Market Drivers



Significant changes are necessarybefore compliance with EC direc-tives. The sector has been underfunded and has ageing infrastruc-ture. WS is likely to miss the 2005wastewater treatment targets by20%. Some form of householdwater charge must be introduced ifNorthern Ireland is to meet the 'fullcost recovery by 2010' requirementof the Water Framework Directive.

Three Scottish water companiesmerged in 2002 to create ScottishWater. Scotland's equivalent ofOfwat - the Water IndustryCommissioner has set aside £1.8Bnfor improvements between 2003and 2006. Water and sewage treat-ment facilities will be upgraded bytwo private consortia, StirlingWater and United Utilities, over thenext four years.

Due to increased spending onsewage treatment since the sectorwas privatized in 1989, the UK'sinland waters are considered someof the cleanest in Europe. Riversand canals monitored between1990 and 1998 showed a netimprovement in quality of 25%. Aswell as investment, more stringenttargets have been imposed onsewage treatment plants. The sew-erage infrastructure has seen asteady programme of expansionsince 2000.

Bathing water quality (monitoredby the environment agency) hasseen year-on-year improvement. In2003, 98.8% of all bathing watersmet the standards in the BathingWater Directive.

The UK government requires thatall discharges designated as signifi-cant must be treated to at least sec-

ondary level. This includes dis-charges to coastal waters serving2,000 or more, which goes beyondthe requirements of the UrbanWastewater Treatment Directive.

There were 89,400 consented discharges in England and Wales atthe end of 2000.

In order to comply with the Fresh-water Fish Directive, the UK haddesignated around 19,620km ofriver in England and Wales,36,650km in Scot land and1,190km in Northern Ireland by2002. Three lakes covering 55,000hectares were also designated inNorthern Ireland.

Over 99% of the UK population areserved by the public water supply.Drinking water has a good compli-ance record. In 2001, the DWI test-ed 2.8M samples against UK, EUand WHO standards. 99.9% ofthem passed.

The Water Framework directiveposes some ambitious implementa-tion deadlines:

Incorporated into UK law - 2003

River Basin Management Plan -determined by end 2009

Programs of measures operating -2012

Good water status achieved formost waters - 2015

In December 2003 the UK governmentlaid before Parliament:

The Water Environment (WaterFramework Directive) (England andWales) Regulations 2003

The Water Environment (WaterFramework Directive) (NorthumbriaRiver Basin District) Regulations 2003

In February 2004 a further set ofregulations, The Water Environment(Water Framework Directive) (SolwayTweed River Basin District) Regulations2004, also entered into force.

The UK Water Framework Directive(WFD) Technical Advisory Group(UKTAG) has been established todevelop guidance for implementa-tion of the directive and enhance thework of the Common ImplementationStrategy. Experts from the UK environment and conservationagencies, and representatives fromthe Republic of Ireland, will ensureconsistent implementation giventhe cross-border nature of manyriver basins.

To meet the requirements of the WFD,the Department for Environment,Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) hascommissioned WS Atkins to carryout a scoping study and implemen-tation plan. This will:

'define the scope of the economicanalysis relating to Articles 9 and11 for the UK and define an imple-mentation plan for the economicanalysis work relating to Articles 9and 11 required for England (andWales in conjunction with the WelshAssembly Government)'.

Source: www.defra.gov.uk

A third consultation paper on theWFD was published in August2003, containing draft transposingregulations, a revised RegulatoryImpact Assessment and a 'nextsteps' chapter.

Market Drivers



Two pieces of strategic WFD researchhave been completed:

� Development of Aquatic QualityStandards for Dioxins

� Derivation of Aquatic Qualitystandards for priority list sub-stances not covered by existingUK regulations.

CHINAChina’s national policy on pollutionand water is strengthening.Thirteen conservation laws (allpassed since 1989) and a frame-work water law (1985) are helpingto shape the water sector in China.The Chinese government hasbecome increasingly concernedabout industrial wastewater, itstreatment and potential re-use. Inaddition, the nation must addressissues of groundwater depletionand water contamination.

Key legislation

The Water Act (1988)

The Management Stipulation ofUrban Water Conservation (1989)

The Water Consumption QuotaMeasure (1989)

Drinking water quality standardsand the protection of groundwaterresources are dealt with in the 2001Chinese Guidelines on DrinkingWater Quality.

Water scarcity is a major concern,particularly in northern China where300 large cities are subject to watershortages, 108 of these experiencesevere deficiencies. Problems in 30cities are regarded as a threat tothe overall development of the

country. Such water shortages areestimated to cost China US$11.2Bnin lost industrial output.

At the end of 2000, daily waterusage was around 220.2 liters percapita, with 96.7% of China's urbanpopulation having access to thewater supply network. Each munici-pality or province is responsible forthe cost of water services. Tariffsusually cover 10-25% of real costs.

China operates a five-tiered waterquality gauge. Of rivers tested in1998, 63% were measured at classfour or below (abiotic). 90% of thecountry's urban watercourses arealso polluted. Furthermore, theeffects of this on public health iscosting around US$3.9Bn.

China aims to observe World HealthOrganization (WHO) standards by2010, driving the need for improvedwater supply systems and moresewage treatment (China's target isfrom 34.3% treated effluent to 40%).

China's 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005) sets out the main goals forwastewater improvements:

� Cities with a population of morethan 500,000 should have thefacilities to treat at least 60% oftheir effluent.

� At the end of 2003 cities shouldhave introduced a levy to offsetthe costs of sewage treatment.

� US$9Bn is to be invested in 375new WwTWs.

�The State Environmental ProtectionAdministration announced fur-ther investment of US$14.5Bn toincrease China's treatment capacityfrom 25M/m3/pa to 58M/m3/pa

by 2005.

In addition there will be furtherinvestment of US$2.6Bn to clean-up Beijing's water system.

China has reawakened plans todivert 48-50Bn/m3 of water perannum from southern to northernregions of the country. The projectinvolves the building of a pipelineand canal network. Three optionsare in contention:

� Pump water from the lowerYangtze River uphill for hundredsof miles

� Use canals and pipeline to chan-nel water from the Han River

�Divert water from the 'westernline' of the Yangtze and possibly theupper Mekong and Irrawaddy rivers.

The cost of the project is estimatedand US$64Bn and will presentmany technical problems.

Increasing amounts of domesticand industrial effluent are beingdischarged into the Yangtze Riverbasin - a matter of concern for theThree Gorges Dam, being con-structed at a cost of US$24Bn. Thereservoir is likely to collect pollutionthat has been dumped upstream.China vows to address the problemby closing down factories andbuilding more WwTWs.

MALAYSIAIn recent years the water situationin Malaysia has changed from oneof relative abundance to one ofscarcity. This is largely due to rapidpopulation growth, urbanization,industrialization and the expansionof irrigated agriculture. Domestic

and industrial water demand hasbeen increasing at a rate of around12%p.a. These factors, coupledwith a minimal sewage treatmentinfrastructure, have resulted in risingwater pollution. A number ofr ivers are now unsuitable assources of drinking water.

Rivers and streams account for 98%of the total water used in Malaysia,while groundwater makes up theremainder. There is an average of28,400m3 per capita of water avail-able annually.

Approximately 79% of Malaysia'surban population have access tothe main sewerage system and98% of the rural population havepour-flush sanitation facilities.Current treatment capacity willneed to be expanded in order tomeet future demand.

Spending on water resource projects(up to 2050) is set to be US$31.7Bn. 62 projects are scheduled.

Various water-related governmentagencies currently enforce waterlegislation contained with laws at both federal and state levels.Malays ia would benef i t f roma comprehensive water law andneeds to reform the regulatoryframework for planning and waterresources, the water rights systemand environmental issues.

At present, key legislation is:

Environmental Quality Act 1974(127, Amended by A953 in 1996)

Waters Act 1989 (418)

Sewerage Services Act 1993 (508)

Malaysia is trying to achieve devel-

oped nation status with its so-called Vision 2020, and in doing soaims to ensure adequate and safewater for all.

The key objectives of the vision areas follows:

� Water for people: all have accessto safe, adequate and affordablewater supply, hygiene and sanitation.

� Water for food and rural devel-opment: provision of sufficientwater that will ensure nationalfood security and promote ruraldevelopment.

� Water for economic development:provision of sufficient water tospur and sustain economicgrowth within the context of aknowledge-based economy ande-commerce.

� Water for the environment: pro-tection of the water environmentto preserve water resources(both surface water and ground-water) and natural flow regimes,bio-diversity and the cultural her-itage, along with mitigation ofwater-related hazards.

Source Malaysia's Water Vision: TheWay Forward - The MalaysianWater Partnership

SINGAPOREWith few local resources water inSingapore is in short supply. Thecountry's potable water needs aremet through importing water fromMalaysia’s Johor State. Averagehousehold consumption to restrict-ed to 168 liters per capita per day.Piping water from Indonesia,through Biwater's Batam Island

project, is also being considered.

To augment the water supply,Singapore has been developing awastewater reclamation (NEWater)scheme, which help to meet thedemand from industrial users.Desalinated water is also targetedto be available in 2005. The gov-ernment plans to build a combinedpower and desalination plant witha capacity of 30M/g/day.

Water is moderately soft and treatedto well within the World HealthOrganization’s Guidelines for DrinkingWater Quality. Distribution losseswere at 7% in 2002.

An extensive water and wastewaterinfrastructure is in place, servingvirtually the entire population ofabout 4M. The Public UtilitiesBoard (PUB) manages all water andsewerage services. The sewerageinfrastructure consists of 2,000kmof sewers, 122 pumping stationsand six sewage treatment plants.An investment of US$2Bn is allowingthe upgrade and expansion ofthese facilities, in order to providesecondary and tertiary treatment.

Further investment includes theupgrade of three water treatmentworks by 2010, at a cost ofUS$107M, plus a US$115M expan-sion of the main plant.

The Environmental Pollution ControlAct (EPCA), which came into operationin 1999, provides Singapore with alegislative framework to controlenvironmental pollution. It consoli-dated and repealed disparate lawson air, water and noise pollutionand hazardous substances.

The EPCA and the Environmental

Regulations and LegistlationMarket Drivers


Market Drivers


Regulations and Legistlation

56

Pollution Control (Trade Effluent)Regulations regulate the dischargeof wastewater into open drains.Provision, operation and mainte-nance of sewerage systems is man-aged by the Sewerage and DrainageAct (SDA). The treatment and dischargeof industrial wastewater into publicsewers is regulated by the SDA andthe Sewerage and Drainage (TradeEffluent) Regulations.

THAILANDLegislation

The Enhancement and Conservationof National Environmental QualityAct (1975).

Amended in 1978 and 1979.

Established the National EnvironmentBoard (NEB) and the Office of NationalEnvironment Board (ONEB). At theAct's amendment, supervision theONEB was transferred to the Ministryof Science, Technology and Energy.

The Enhancement and Conservationof National Environmental QualityAct (NEQA) (1992).

Established three new organizations:Office of Environmental Policy andPlanning (OEPP), Pollution ControlDepartment (PCD) and Departmentof Environmental Quality Promotion(DEQP).

These manage the implementationof both national and local policiesand strategies, as well as enforcinglaws and regulations. As a result,the Ministry of Science, Technologyand Energy became known as theMinistry of Science, Technology andEnvironment (MOSTE).

Despite implementing a waterresources development for morethan eighty years, Thailand hasfaced shortages, droughts andfloods in recent years. Needless to say the management of waterresources has become increasinglyimportant. A decade of rapid eco-nomic growth, rural development,industrialization and tourism hasdrastically raised water demand.

The agricultural sector is the mainuser of water, accounting for 71%of total water demand. The indus-trial sector makes up 2%, domesticsector 5% and remainder is for eco-logical balance. Thailand is workingtowards redistributing this share.

Water in Bangkok is managedthrough the Metropolitan WaterworksAuthority (MWA) and through theProvincial Waterworks Authority(PWA) elsewhere. Around 80% ofthe urban population have accessto the water system, with aplanned increase to 91% by 2017.However, water quality is poor dueto inadequate treatment facilities,resulting in 20% of the populationusing bottled water. The PWA islooking to upgrade 230 water treatmentworks at a cost of US$945M.

In the rural regions, around 70% ofthe population acquire drinkingwater via piped supply, rainwaterjars and tube wells. Householdwater consumption is from othersources. Water scarcity is a majorproblem.

Current water availability is 300M/m3/day. Thailand aims to raise thisto 504M/m3 water by 2006 and647M/m3 by 2016. This is beingenabled by linking three rivers inthe eastern region, at a cost ofUS$700M.

Thailand is entering a new periodof water resource management,shifting from a supply to a demand-side approach. This will focus onthe transportation of water fromdistant sources in order to meetdemand, control and regulation ofwastewater and water conservationefforts. The country intends to havesufficient and good quality waterfor all users by 2025. Acceleratingthe publication of a Draft Water Actwill help achieve this.

Thailand's Ninth National Plan setsout to:

� Shift focus from investment inadditional water supplies toorganizational and institutionalstrategies in order to reduce costwhile promoting sustainabilityand environmental conservation.

� Substitute the basin water management strategy for a project-by-project approach. Thiswill be formulated by integratinginstitutional, policy, legal andtechnical measures.

� Recognize water as a tradablecommodity and set up incentives,regulation, permit restrictionsand penalties to encourage waterefficiency and innovations inwater-conserving technology.

� Implement realistic cost-recoverymechanisms, with clear regula-tions in support. (Domestic andbusiness customers were chargedfor wastewater treatment for thefirst time in 2003. The service feeis to be phased in over threeyears, starting in the first yearwith THB 1/M3 for household use.In addition, the PWA has deviseda new method of calculatingwater bills which it hopes willmore accurately reflect real costs.)

Market DriversRegulations and Legistlation


� Set up the institutional frameworkof water administration withusers’ participation by transforminggovernment strategy in order togive stakeholders the opportunity toparticipate in water resourcesmanagement.

� Encourage the private sector tobecome more involved withwater resources management,particularly in urban areas. (Agrant was awarded to the gov-ernment by International Bankfor Reconstruction and Developmentfor a study on the reform and privatization of the water sector.)

Source: Thailand's Water Vision: ACase Study - Sacha Sethaputra, SuwitThanopanuwat, Ladawan Kumpa &Surapol Pattanee


Charts and Data


The World’s Water

Charts and Data


GLOBAL WATER USE

Charts and Data


Predicted Water Scarcity and Stress in 2025

ITT Fluid Technology


Global Water & Wastewater Market 2003

ITT Fluid TechnologyAn In-Depth Look


Desalination systems from WET purify seawaterand brackish water for human and industrial consumption.

ITT INDUSTRIES BUILDS PRESENCE IN “TOTAL SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS” FORWATER TREATMENT

ITT Industries - Fluid Technology

Fluid Technology is a leading global providerof fluid systems and solutions and is engagedin the design, development, production, sale,and after-sale support of a broad range ofpumps, mixers, heat exchangers, valves andsystems for municipal, industrial, residential,agricultural, and commercial applications.

� Sales and revenues are approximately$2.25billion, and $1.96 billion, and $1.83billion for 2003, 2002 and 2001 respectively.

� Major production and assembly facilitiesare located in Argentina, Australia, Austria,Canada, China, England, Germany, Italy,Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, SouthKorea, Sweden, and the United States.

� Sales are made directly or throughan unmatched global network.

� As the world’s leading producer of fluidhandling equipment and related productsfor treating and recycling wastewater, ITTIndustries actively promotes more efficientuse and re-use of water and endeavors to raise the level of awareness of the needto preserve and protect the earth’s waterresources.

Market Participation

Water - Goulds Pumps, Red Jacket, Marlow,

Lowara and Vogel service our customers witha broad range of pumps and accessories forresidential and commercial applicationsincluding water wells, pressure boosters, andagriculture systems.

� Goulds Pumps is among the world’s largestwater well manufacturers.

� Lowara is a leader in stainless steel andmulti-stage booster pump manufacturing.

� A-C Pump provides flood control and largecustom pump products for water transport.

Pumps equipped with intelligent control systems likePumpSmart™ provide industrial customers with dramatic energy and life cycle cost savings.



An In-Depth Look

64

� Flowtronex is a packaged turf irrigationand water booster systems expert formunicipal, golf and irrigation markets.

Wastewater

The Flygt Group is the originator and world’slargest manufacturer of submersible pumpsand mixers which form the heart of many ofthe world’s sewage and wastewater treatmentfacilities. Combining Flygt’s submersiblepumps and mixers with Sanitaire and ABJproducts provides a solution to customers’needs for complete system wastewater treatment.

� Flygt and Robot: Commercial and municipalsubmersible wastewater pumps and mixers.

� Flygt, Robot and Grindex: Dewatering pumps.

� Goulds Pumps and Lowara: Residential effluentand packaged sewage pump systems.

� A-C Pump: Dry pit pumps that provide an alternative solution to submersible pumps

Treatment

ITT is broadening its technology in watertreatment with systems in biological, filtra-tion, UV and Ozone, providing treatmentoptions for the full cycle of water use andreuse. The recent acquisition of Wedeco AGWater Technology makes ITT the world'slargest manufacturer of UV disinfection andozone oxidation systems, which are viewed asincreasingly attractive alternatives to chlorinetreatment. ITT Industries completed theacquisition of Shanghai Hengtong PurifiedWater Development co. Ltd. and Shanghai

Hengtong Water Treatment Engineering Co.Ltd. (Hengtong), a Shanghai-based producerof reverse-osmosis (RO), membrane andother water treatment systems for the power,pharmaceutical, chemical and manufacturingmarkets in China.

Through the Sanitaire‚ and ABJ™ brands, ITTis a leader in aeration systems for municipaland industrial wastewater treatment. Thebroad range of products for biological treat-ment includes ceramic and membrane finebubble diffusers, stainless steel coarse bubblediffusers and sequencing batch reactor (SBR)systems which allows a continuous inflow.Sanitaire’s Royce unit provides control andmonitoring systems for water treatmentoperations.

Sanitaire divisions, WET, C’Treat, PCI, andHengtong provide a broad range of filtrationsystems for water treatment including

Large submersible pumpsfrom ITT’s Flygt unit powera wide range of commercial,industrial and municipalapplications where largevolumes of water need to be moved reliably and economically.



advanced membrane filtration engineeredsystems, reverse osmosis (RO) systems andportable disinfection technology.

ITT’s Wedeco unit provides products and systemsfor the treatment and disinfection of waterthrough ultraviolet (UV) and Ozone processes.

� Flygt Mixers: Mixing incoming flows to ensureoptimal nitrification and prevent sedimentation.

� Sanitaire: Diffused aeration.

� ABJ ICEAS: Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR)technology.

� WET, C’Treat, Hengtong, PCI–advancedmembrane filtration

� Wedeco: UV and Ozone treatment systems

Building trades

Through our leading brands such as Bell &Gossett‚ McDonnell & MilIer, Hoffman Specialty‚and Domestic Pump®, we provide a broadvariety of products for environmental controlin buildings and for building service and utilityapplications including liquid-based heatingand air conditioning systems, liquid level control,and steam trap products for boiler and steamsystems. Flygt serves the construction marketby dewatering construction sites on a global basis.

A-C Fire Pump has been in the forefront ofdeveloping, designing and custom buildingfire pump systems that meet every fire protection need.

� Bell & Gossett: Pumps, valves, heat exchangers,and packaged systems for variable and constant speed pumping, heat transfer andpressure boosting.

ITT's Lowara pump unit specializes in producing allstainless steel and multi-stage booster pumps fora variety of market applications.

Seen here is a UV disinfection system from ITT'sWedeco unit in action underwater.



An In-Depth Look

66

� McDonnell & Miller: Boiler controls, flowswitches and liquid level controls.

� Domestic Pump: Condensate handlingequipment for steam systems.

� Hoffman Specialty: Steam traps, regulatorsand valves.

� Lowara / Vogel: Pressure boosting pumpsfor Europe and Middle East

� A-C Fire-Pump: UL / FM Fire pump packages

Biopharm

The biopharm market and other similarhygienic applications such as food and cos-

metics processing is served entirely by ourPure-Flo brand with a wide array of valve andturnkey systems that are at the heart ofextremely demanding manufacturing processes,especially of biological and pharmaceuticalcompounds. The design, engineering, fabri-cation, and installation of high purity processmodules, skid systems and stainless steel ves-sels for the biopharm and hygienic industriesare served by the Pure-Flo Cotter, Pure-FloPrecision and Pure-Flo MPC units. Richterlined valves and pumps are utilized in the API(active pharmaceutical ingredient) area of themanufacturing process.

� ITT Pure-Flo: High purity components &packaged systems

� Richter: Lined pumps and valves

Industrial

For the industrial markets, Goulds Pumps are available in vertical, horizontal and submersible centrifugal configurations in avariety of alloys. Goulds is the market leaderfor ANSI standard process pumps, including aline of “sealless” magnetic drive pumps forservices where leakage cannot be tolerated.Goulds offers standard as well as applicationspecific pumps for the industrial marketplace.Examples of typical applications include general industrial, mining, chemical, pulp andpaper, power, oil refining and gas processing.

ITT’s Fabri-Valve knife gate valves are unri-valed in their ability to handle demandingapplications found in pulp and paper plantsincluding pulping, recovery and bleaching.DIa-Flo diaphragm valves and Richter lined

Advanced membrane filtration systems, like the oneseen here from ITT’s PCI unit, provide customers withthe ability to treat water for industrial and municipalpurposes.



valves and pumps are the workhorse of thechemical industry providing superior valuethrough safe and trouble free operation.

� Goulds Pumps and A-C Pump: StandardProcess (ANSI & ISO Standard), EngineeredHorizontal (API Standard), Vertical andindustrial sump pumps. PumpSmart™ intel-ligent flow control systems.

� PRO Services™ integrated service solutionsfor industry.

� Fabri-Valve and Dia-Flo: Knife gate anddiaphragm valves.

� Richter: Valves and lined pumps.

� ITT Standard: Heat exchangers for industrialapplications

Global Service and Customer Care

Fluid Technology has a global network ofservice centers for aftermarket customercare. Our aftermarket capabilities include therepair and service of all brands of pumps androtating equipment, engineering upgrades,contract maintenance, and service.

System Solutions

Today we are able to provide our global cus-tomer base with the systems and solutionsthey need to meet their ever increasingdemands on cost control and efficiencies.Through the overarching strategic ValueBased Six Sigma program, we now have inplace company wide systems for rapid productdevelopment based on the Voice Of Customer,Value Stream Mapping to ensure that wehave short lead times to better meet our customers needs.

Our strategy to expand down stream to betterservice our customers better has moved usfrom a product producer to a solutionprovider. This strategy has guided us in theour acquisitions, for example, today ITTIndustries can extend its core offering of sub-mersible pumps and mixers with systems tocontrol plant operation, technologies thatanalyze the waste stream, and products andsystems to treat the water through biological,ozone and UV processes.

In the industrial markets, our pump systemsare now supplied with intelligent control systemssuch as PumpSmart™ and Hydrovar.Customers engaging our “total systemsapproach” find dramatically lower energyconsumption, maintenance and overall lifecycle costs.

Aeration systems from Sanitaire provide biologicalwastewater treatment for municipal and industrialcustomers around the globe.


Useful Links


GOVERNMENTAL ANDINTER-GOVERNMENTALAquastat: UN FAO WaterInformation Systemwww.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/main/index.htm

Arizona Department of Water Resourceswww.water.az.gov/

Association of State Dam Safety Officialswww.damsafety.org/

Australia Centre forGroundwater Studieswww.dwr.csiro.au/CGS

Australian CSIRO Division of Water Resources www.dwr.csiro.au/

British Hydrological Society(United Kingdom)www.salford.ac.uk/civils/BHS

California Department of Water Resourceswww.dwr.water.ca.gov/

California EnvironmentalResources Evaluation System(CERES): Water Resources Linksceres.ca.gov/cgi-bin/theme?key-word=Water%20resources

Centre for Groundwater Studieswww.groundwater.com.au/

Co-operative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrologywww.catchment.crc.org.au/

Colorado River Basin ForecastCenter (NOAA)www.cbrfc.noaa.gov/

CSIRO Land and Water(Australia)www.clw.csiro.au/

Environment Canada: Waterwww.ec.gc.ca/water/

EPA Centre for EnvironmentalStatistics (surface water qualitystudy, US/Mexico border)www.epa.gov/ceis

European Environment Agency -Water Themethemes.eea.eu.int/Specific_media/water

European-MediterraneanInformation System on theKnow-How in the Water Sector(EMWIS)www.emwis.org/

European Water Associationwww.ewpca.de/

FIVAS Association forInternational Water and ForestStudies (Norway)www.solidaritetshuset.org/fivas

Global Applied ResearchNetwork (GARNET)info.lut.ac.uk/departments/cv/wedc/garnet/grntback.html

Global Environment Facilitywww.gefweb.org/

Global Environment MonitoringSystem (GEMS), FreshwaterQuality Programme, UNEPwww.cciw.ca/gems/

Global International WatersAssessment (GIWA)www.giwa.net/

Global Runoff Data Centrewww.bafg.de/grdc.htm

Global Water Partnershipwww.gwp.sida.se/

Global Water Partnership Forumwww.gwpforum.org/

Groundwater Atlas of the UnitedStates, US Geological Surveysr6capp.er.usgs.gov/gwa/

H2O-Chinawww.h2o-china.com/

Useful Links


Hydrology and Water ResourcesProgramme, WorldMeteorological Organizationwww.wmo.ch/web/homs/hwr-phome.html

Hydrologic Information Centre:Current Hydrologic Conditions(NOAA)www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hic/current/

International Boundary andWater Commission (IBWC): US Sectionwww.ibwc.state.gov/

International GeosphereBiosphere Programmewww.igbp.kva.se/

International HydrologicalProgramme (UNESCO)www.unesco.org/water/ihp/

International Lake EnvironmentCommitteewww.ilec.or.jp/

International Office for Water(France)www.oieau.fr/anglais/

Les Enjeux Internationaux De L’eau (French)www.mri.gouv.qc.ca/la_biblio-theque/eau/

Managing Water for AfricanCities (MAWAC)www.un-urbanwater.net/

Mexican Institute of WaterTechnologywww.imta.mx/

Ministerial Declaration of theHague on Water Security in the 21st Century (Second WW Forum)www.worldwaterforum.net/Ministerial/declaration.html

Minnesota Ground WaterAssociationwww.mgwa.org/

NASA Laboratory forHydrospheric Stateshydros.gsfc.nasa.gov/

National Water Commission ofMéxicowww.cna.gob.mx/

National Water ResearchInstitutewww.nwri.ca/intro.html

Netherlands Water Partnershipwww.nwp.nl/

Nile Basin Initiativewww.nilebasin.org/

Nile Basin Water ResourcesDigital Librarywww.hydrosult.com/niledata/

Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directoratewebben.nve.no/english/

Pacific Water Associationwww.pwa.org.fj/

Portuguese Water Institutewww.inag.pt/

Programa HidrologicoInternacional (UNESCO)www.unesco.org.uy/phi

Reseau National des Donnes surL’eau (French Water Data Network)www.rnde.tm.fr/anglais/rnde.htm

Sea Search - Oceanographic and Marine Data & Informationin Europewww.sea-search.net/

Secretaria de Medio Ambiente,Recursos Naturales y Pesca(SEMARNAP)www.semarnap.gob.mx/

South African Department ofWater Affairs and Forestrywww-dwaf.pwv.gov.za/

South Africa Water ResearchCommissionwww.wrc.org.za/

Global Water Partnership -Southern Africawww.gwpsatac.org.zw/

Texas Alliance of GroundwaterDistrictswww.texasgroundwater.org/

Useful Links


Transboundary ResourceInventory Program (TRIP)www.bic.state.tx.us/trip

UK Met Officewww.metoffice.com

US Bureau of Water Reclamationwww.usbr.gov/

US Bureau of Reclamation -Water Sharewatershare.mp.usbr.gov/

Water Treatment Engineeringand Research Group (WaTER)www.usbr.gov/water/water.html

US Department of Agriculture,Water Quality InformationCenter: Water and Agriculturewww.nal.usda.gov/wqic

US Environmental ProtectionAgency (USEPA) – Waterwww.epa.gov/watrhome/

US Environmental ProtectionAgency: Surf Your Watershedwww.epa.gov/surf

US Geological Survey: SanFrancisco Bay/Deltasfbay.wr.usgs.gov/

US Geological Survey: US Water Datawater.usgs.gov/data.html

US Geological Survey: US Water Use Datawater.usgs.gov/watuse/

US National Agricultural Library:Water Quality Information Centerwww.nal.usda.gov/wqic

UNDP-World Bank Water andSanitation Programmewww.wsp.org/English/

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)www.undp.org/

United Nations Educational,Scientific, and CulturalOrganization (UNESCO)\www.unesco.org/

United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP)www.unep.org/

United Nations Food andAgriculture Organization(UNFAO)www.fao.org/

Vision21: Water for Peoplewww.wsscc.org/vision21/wwf/

Water and the Forest Service (US Forest Service)www.fs.fed.us/

Water Resources (India)sdnp.delhi.nic.in/resources/water-harvesting/water-frame.html

Water Research Commission,South Africawww.wrc.org.za/

Water Supply and SanitationCollaborative Councilwww.wsscc.org/

Water Quality Home Pageshermes.ecn.purdue.edu/water/

Western Water Policy ReviewAdvisory Commissionwww.den.doi.gov/wwprac

WHO Water, Sanitation and Healthwww.who.int/water_sanitation_health/

World Bankwww.worldbank.org/

World Bank Water ResourceManagementlnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/essdext.nsf/18ByDocName/WaterResourcesManagement

World Bank Water Supply andSanitationwww.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/

World MeteorologicalOrganizationwww.wmo.ch/index-en.html

World Water Daywaterday2002.iaea.org/

World Water Forum (The Hague)www.worldwaterforum.org/

Useful Links


NON-GOVERNMENTAL ANDASSOCIATIONSWEBSITE ADDRESSAmerican Institute of Hydrologywww.aihydro.org/

American Riverswww.amrivers.org/

American Water ResourcesAssociation (US)www.awra.org/

American Water WorksAssociation (US)www.awwa.org/

American Water WorksAssociation Research Foundation(US)www.awwarf.com/

Amigos Bravos: Friends of theWild Riverswww.amigosbravos.org/

Boulder Area SustainabilityInformation Networkbcn.boulder.co.us/basin/

British Hydrological Societywww.hydrology.org.uk/

Canadian Water ResourcesAssociationwww.cwra.org/

Centre for Ecology and Hydrologywww.nwl.ac.uk/ih/

Centre for the Humid Tropics ofLatin America and the Caribbeanwww.cathalac.org/

Coalition Eau Secours (French)www.eausecours.org/

European Desalination Societywww.edsoc.com/

European Rivers Networkwww.rivernet.org/

Foundation for Water Researchwww.fwr.org/

Freshwater Societywww.freshwater.org/

Glen Canyon Institutewww.glencanyon.org/

Global Waterwww.globalwater.org/

Green Cross International, WaterProgrammewww.gci.ch/GreenCrossPrograms/waterres/waterresource.html

Groundwater Foundationwww.groundwater.org/

International Association ofHydraulic Engineering andResearch (IAHR)www.iahr.org/

International Association ofHydrogeologistswww.iah.org/

International Association ofHydrological Scienceswww.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/index.html

International Commission onIrrigation and Drainagewww.icid.org/

International Commission onLarge Damsgenepi.louis-jean.com/cigb/

International Conference on Water (Bonn, 2001)www.water-2001.de/

International DesalinationAssociationwww.ida.bm/

International HydrologicalProgrammewww.unesco.org/water/ihp/

International Rivers Networkwww.irn.org/

International TsunamiInformation Center (ITIC) www.shoa.cl/oceano/itic/front-page.html

International Water Academywww.thewateracademy.org/

Useful Links


International Water andSanitation Centrewww.irc.nl/

International Water Associationwww.iawq.org.uk/

International WaterManagement Institute (IWMI)www.cgiar.org/iwmi/

International Water ResourcesAssociationwww.iwra.siu.edu/

The Irrigation Associationwww.irrigation.org/

Islamic Relief Worldwidewww.islamic-relief.com/Prjsec/ppsect1.asp?id=Water%20and%20Sanitation

LakeNetwww.worldlakes.org/

Lifewater Canadawww.lifewater.ca/

Middle East DesalinationResearch Centrewww.medrc.org.om/

National Ground WaterAssociation (US)www.ngwa.org/

New Zealand HydrologicalSocietywww.hydrologynz.org.nz/

New Zealand Water and WastesAssociationwww.nzwwa.org.nz/

NGOs and Freshwater HomePage (Earth Summit 2002)

www.earthsummit2002.org/fresh-water/

Norway Institute for WaterResearchwww.niva.no/engelsk/niva/niva_hth.htm

Pacific Institute for Studies inDevelopment, Environment andSecurity, Water Programmewww.pacinst.org/

River Networkwww.rivernetwork.org/

Solidarity Water Europewww.s-w-e.org/

SouthEast DesaltingAssociationwww.southeastdesalt-ing.com/

Stockholm Environment Institute(SEI)www.sei.se/

Stockholm International WaterInstitutewww.siwi.org/menu/menu.html

Surfers Against Sewagewww.sas.org.uk/

Terrene Institutewww.terrene.org/

The Hydrogeologists Home Pagewww.thehydrogeologist.com/

The Water Pagewww.thewaterpage.com/

United Nations University,International Network on Water,Environment and Healthwww.inweh.unu.edu/

United States Society on Dams(USSD)www.ussdams.org/

Water Partners Internationalwww.water.org/

Watershed Management Councilwww.watershed.org/

Water Aidwww.wateraid.org.uk/

WaterDome at the WorldSummit on SustainableDevelopmentwww.waterdome.net/

Water Education Foundation(US)lwww.water-ed.org/

Water, Engineering, andDevelopment Centreinfo.lut.ac.uk/departments/cv/wedc/index.html

Useful Links


Water Environment Federationwww.wef.org/

Water for the Peoplewww.water4people.org/

Water Observatorywww.waterobservatory.org/

Water Quality Associationwww.wqa.org/

West Bengal and BangladeshArsenic Crisis Information Centrebicn.com/acic

Wetlands Internationalwww.wetlands.org/

World Commission on Dams (WCD)www.dams.org/

World Conservation Union (IUCN)www.iucn.org/

World Resources Institute, WaterResources and FreshwaterEcosystemsearthtrends.wri.org/

Water Systems Councilwww.watersystemscouncil.org/site/

The World’s Waterwww.worldwater.org/

World Water and Climate Atlaswww.cgiar.org/iwmi/WAtlas/atlas.htm

World Water AssessmentProgramme (WWAP)www.unesco.org/water/wwap/

World Water Council (WWC)www.worldwatercouncil.org/

World Wildlife Fund LivingWaters Programme – Europewww.panda.org/europe/freshwater/

World Wildlife Fund LivingWaters Campaignwww.panda.org/livingwaters/

EDUCATIONAL ANDUNIVERSITIESArizona Water ResourcesResearch Center, University of Arizonaag.arizona.edu/azwater

Canberra Cooperative ResearchCentre for Freshwater Ecology(Australia)enterprise.canberra.edu.au/WWW/www-crcfe.nsf

Centre for Water in Urban Areas(FSP-WIB)www.fsp-wib.tu-berlin.de/

Climate Change and US WaterBibliographywww.pacinst.org/CCBib.html

Department of Water andEnvironmental Studies, TemaInstitute at Linköping University(Sweden)www.tema.liu.se/tema-v/english.html

Desalination Directorywww.desline.com/

Water Resources Engineering,University of Albertawww.civil.ualberta.ca/water/

Global Energy and Water CycleExperiment (GEWEX)www.gewex.com/

Global Runoff Data Centre,Federal Institute of Hydrology(Germany)www.bafg.de/grdc.htm

Great Lakes InformationNetworkwww.great-lakes.net/

Global Rivers EnvironmentalNetwork (Youth educationwww.earthforce.org/green/

Hydrology, Education Planetwww.educationplanet.com/search/Science_and_Engineering/Earth_Sciences/Hydrology/

Hydrology Webterrassa.pnl.gov:2080/hydroweb.html

Info-Agua (Spanish)www.infoagua.org/

Useful Links


Institute of Water Research -Michigan State Universitywww.iwr.msu.edu/

Inter-American Water ResourcesNetworkiwrn.net/

International Ground WaterModelling Centrewww.mines.edu/igwmc/

International Institute forInfrastructural, Hydraulic andEnvironmental Engineeringwww.ihe.nl/

International Water Law Projectwww.internationalwaterlaw.org/

Institute of Water andEnvironment, CranfieldUniversity, Silsoewww.silsoe.cranfield.ac.uk/iwe

Island Press (Environmental publisher)www.islandpress.org/ecocompass/ecosystem.html

KeyWATERkeywater.vub.ac.be/

Learning to Be Water Wise andEfficient (4th-8th grades)www.getwise.org/wwise/

Montana Waterwater.montana.edu/default.htm

Nature, Society and WaterProgramme, University ofBergen, Norwaywww.svf.uib.no/sfu/nsw/index.shtml

New Mexico Water ResourcesResearch Institutewrri.nmsu.edu/

OneWorld Water Think Tankwww.oneworld.net/

Powell Consortium: an allianceof nine Water ResourcesResearch Institutes and Centerswrri.nmsu.edu/powell

Research Centre forSustainability in EcologicalEngineering and WaterResources Technologywww.uws.edu.au/seewrt/

Texas Water Resources Institute,Texas Waternettwri.tamu.edu/

The Global Water SamplingProjects (for students)k12science.stevens-tech.edu/cur-riculum/waterproj/

The Hydrologic Cycle, Universityof Illinoiswww.2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/hyd/home.rxml

The Water Institute, University ofSouth Floridawater.grad.usf.edu/

Transboundary FreshwaterDispute Databaseterra.geo.orst.edu/users/tfdd

UC Berkley Center forSustainable ResourceDevelopment – Waterwww.cnr.berkeley.edu/csrd/water/water.htm

US Water Newswww.uswaternews.com/

Waternetwaternet.rug.ac.be/

Universities Council on WaterResources (UCOWR)www.uwin.siu.edu/ucowr/

Universities Water InformationNetworkwww.uwin.siu.edu/

University of South Australia,Water Policy and Law Groupbusiness.unisa.edu.au/waterpolicylaw

Virtual Irrigation Librarywww.wiz.uni-kassel.de/kww/projekte/irrig/irrig_i.html

Water Supply, Reuse andTreatment, EcoIQwww.ecoiq.com/water/#2

Water, Engineering &Development Centre,Loughborough University (UK)www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/cv/wedc/

Useful Links


Water Information Programme,Coloradowww.waterinfo.org

Water Magazinewww.watermagazine.com/

Water Resources Databaseswww.nal.usda.gov/wqic/dbases.html

Water Science for Schools, USGeological Surveywwwga.usgs.gov/edu/

WateReuse Association (US)www.watereuse.org/

Watershed ManagementProfessional Program ofPortland State Universitywww.eli.pdx.edu/Watershed

WaterWeb Consortiumwww.waterweb.org/

WaterWise: Water EfficiencyClearinghousewww.waterwiser.org/

Source: United NationsEnvironment Programme

Contacts


A-C Pump http://www.acpump.comN27 W. 23293 Roundy DrivePewaukee, WI 53072Phone: 262-548-8181Fax: 262-548-8170

Bell & Gossett http://www.bellgossett.com8200 North Austin AvenueMorton Grove, IL 60053Phone: 847-966-3700 Fax: 847-966-9052

Engineered Process SolutionsGrouphttp://www.engvalves.com33 Centerville RoadLancaster, PA 17603Phone: 717-509-2200Fax: 717-509-2336

Fluid Technologyhttp://www.ittfluidworld.comFluid Technology Headquarters10 Mountainview RoadUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458Phone: 201-760-9800Fax: 201-760-9692

Flygthttp://www.flygt.comSvetsarvagen 12171 25 Solna. SwedenPhone: +46-8-4756000Fax: +46-8-4756900

Goulds Pumps Industrial Productshttp://www.gouldspumps.com240 Fall StreetSeneca Falls, NY 13148Phone: 315-568-2811Fax: 315-568-2418

Goulds Pumps WaterTechnologies:http://www.goulds.comEast Bayard StreetSeneca Falls, NY 13148Phone: 315-568-2811Fax: 315-568-2046

Hoffman Specialty http://www.hoffmanspecialty.com3500 North Spaulding AvenueChicago, IL 60618Phone: 773-267-1600Fax: 773-267-0991

Lowara http://www.lowara.com14 Via Dott Lombardi36075 Montecchio MaggioreVicenza, ItalyPhone: 39-444-70-7111Fax: 39-444-492109

Marlow http://www.marlowpumpsonline.com2881 East Bayard StreetSeneca Falls, NY 13148Phone: 315-568-4747Fax: 315-568-2046

McDonnell & Millerhttp://www.mcdonnellmiller.com3500 North Spaulding AvenueChicago, IL 60618Phone: 773-267-1600Fax: 773-267-0991

PCI Membraneshttp://www.pcimem.comLaverstoke Mill, Whitchurch,Hampshire, RG28 7NRPhone: 44 (0) 1256 896966Fax: 44 (0) 1256 893835

Richter Chemie-Technik GmbHhttp://www.itt-richter.deOtto-Schott Strasse 2D-47906 Kempen. GermanyPhone: 49-2151-1460Fax: 49-2152-146190

Royce Technologies13555 Gentilly RoadNew Orleans, LA 70129Phone: 504-254-8888Fax: 504-254-8855

Sanitaire http://www.sanitaire.com9333 N. 49th StreetBrown Deer, WI 53223 Phone: (414) 365-2200Fax: 414- 365-2210

ITT Standard - Heat Transfer http://www.ittstandard.com175 Standard ParkwayCheektowaga, NY 14227Phone: 1-800-281-4111Fax: 716-897-1777

Vogel http://www.vogel-pumps.comErnst Vogel - Strasse 22000 Stockerau AustriaPhone: 43-2266-604Fax: 43-2266-604-115

Water Equipment Technologieshttp://www.wetpurewater.com3610 Quantum BlvdBoynton Beach, FL 33426-8637Phone: 561-684-6300Fax: 561-697-3342

WEDECO AG Water Technology www.wedecoag.comUngelsheimer Weg 6 40472 DüsseldorfPhone: 49/ 211 95196-0Fax : 49/ 211 95196-30

Documents

Water facts - sugroup.com.uasugroup.com.ua/files/Flygt_Noy_Hau/1409227.pdf · Water Facts ITT Industries’ Place In The Cycle of Water 3 “We must develop new and innovative approaches