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Water Conservation in SMEs through GP
Dr. Suporn Koottatep
Department of Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University
Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
E-mail: [email protected]
Importance of Water in the Manufacturing Processes
Water Use in Manufacturers as:Primary products: beverages, water
related drinks, canning etc.Means to obtain products, washing
process, cleaning operation, heat treatment, cooling operation etc.
Wastewater generated from manufacturing process
High amounts of wastewater with low pollutant loads.
Low amounts of wastewater with high pollutant loads.
High amounts and high pollutant load from their processes.
Lack of water conservation policy in SMEs
Water is considered cheap.Some washing process and cooling water
do not need treated water.Without environmental regulations or
weak enforcement
Wastewater Generated in the Selected Factories Amount Wastewater Treatment
MethodRaw Materials
Canning Factories
M3/day M3/Ton RM
Fruit Salad 8.93 4.72 AL 1.89Fruit Salad 86 4.35 LT 19.77Corn Cob 89 4.45 AL 20Lychee 82 3.73 AL 22Pineapple 134 1 AL 133Corn Cob 238 5.29 AF+AS 45
Wastewater Generated in the Selected Factories (Cont.)
Amount Wastewater Treatment Method
Raw Materials
Fruit Preservation Factories
M3/day M3/Ton RM
Preserved Fruit
3 3 LT 1
Preserved Fruit
5 1.47 ST 3.4
Preserved Vegetables
83 4.37 AL+LT 19
Ginger 550 7.43 OP 74Ginger 800 2.15 OP 372
Water Conservation through GP
Water conservation in large scale factories was normally taken into consideration during the planning and design stage.
SMEs are neither equipped with new technology, nor properly planned during the design stage, water conservation seems to be a difficult task for them.
GP methodology for implementation in manufacturing organization.
Getting startedPlanningGeneration & Evaluation of GP optionsImplementation of GP OptionsMonitoring and ReviewSustaining GP
Water consumption monitoring
Water meters installation Direct measurement like stop watch and
volumetric flask.Direct measurement in the tanks (containers)Spillages may be measured by using containers
shaped like pans or other specific shapes.In some areas, weir notch could be a good
method to measure wastewater flow instead of water used.
Level of monitoring there are 4 levels of monitoring in industries
1.Plant level this will show the overall input and overall output of the plant itself
2. Department level or process level in many SMEs,, we may need to dig deeper into areas, departments or processes to obtain information on water use.
3. Sub-department level that will need to go further in each process for clarification of water used.
4. Machine level In each process, some particular machines may have a greater and more significant water consumption than other machines.
1. Plant Level
PlantInput Output
2. Department Level
Storage Process 1 Process 2 Offices
3. Sub-Process Level
Washing Canning Sterilizing Storage
4. Machine Level
Washing Machine 1 Machine 2 Tank 3 To Specific
From General
GP options for water conservation
With proper information obtained from GP methodology, options for water conservation could be identified. The following are few examples of GP options for water conservation.
Problems Identified GP Options Generated
Water consumption
1 No recycle facility for cooling water
2 No recycle machine for can washing process
3 Too big water hose for floor cleaning
1 Build storage tank for recycle & floor cleaning
2 Install recycle can washing machine
3 Change hose size from big to smaller hose
Examples of GP options for water conservation in food industry sector
Problems Identified GP Options Generated
4 No valve at the end of water hose
5 No jet floor cleaning
6 Pipe leakage
7 segregation of wastewater
4 Install valve at the end of water hose
5 Install spray gun for floor cleaning
6 Change pipe connection
7 Separate brine wastewater from normal waste
Examples of GP options for water conservation in food industry sector (Cont)
Problems Identified GP Options Generated
8 Spillage of syrup
9 Hot wastewater discharge directly into sewage drain
10 Worker s had no awareness on good house keeping
8 Install syrup collection system
9 Use heat exchanger in recycling hot water
10 Training course required
Examples of GP options for water conservation in food industry sector(Cont)
Case study of Food Industry
Water conservation from food industry sector in northern Thailand is as shown in table. Significant amount of wastewater reduction could be obtained through GP implementation.
Factory
Before Implementation
waste / unit RM. (m3/ton)
After Implementation
waste / unit RM. (m3/ton)
1.Lychee factory
1.1 Saving chemical through soaking process
1.2 Changing washing process
1.3 Maintenance of washing machinery
1.38
5.55
0.38
0.96
3.10
0.20
Wastewater reduction through GP
Factory
Before Implementation
waste / unit RM. (m3/ton)
After Implementation
waste / unit RM. (m3/ton)
2. Pineapple factory
Change whole process
2.45 1.01
Wastewater reduction through GP ( Cont )
Factory
Before Implementation
waste / unit RM. (m3/ton)
After Implementation
waste / unit RM. (m3/ton)
3. Palm seed factory
3.1 Adding valve at the end of water hoses in soaking process
3.2 Training of good house keeping for workers in washing process
0.79
2.54
0.38
2.02
Wastewater reduction through GP ( Cont )
In some cases, attempting in water conservation might give other benefit for factory. In a demonstration project of a ginger factory in Thailand, water monitoring in the factory is as
shown in table
Water Use Amount (m3/day)
Amount (L/tonRM)
BOD (mg/l)
SS
(mg/l)
1.Fresh ginger
washing water
2. Floor washing
water in raw
material area
3. Water in salting
well
4. Wash water for
QC test
360
100
13.4
14.4
4,702
1306
175.7
9,527
91
-
-
-
6,533
-
-
-
Water use and its characteristics of each process.
Water Use Amount (m3/day)
Amount (L/tonRM)
BOD (mg/l)
SS
(mg/l)
5. Wash water of
salted ginger
6. Wash water of
salted well
7. Wash water
during trimming
19.4
3.5
35.6
320
57.5
584
9,400
10,520
196
37,157
22,850
396
Water use and its characteristics of each process. ( Cont )
• Major use of water was from fresh ginger washing and floor washing. (460 cubic meters per day)
• Other uses combined were about 80 cubic meters per day
• The main cause of using high wash water was that the raw ginger contain too high soil content. (12.11%)
• In the brainstorming , the suppliers should be instructed to reduce soil content in raw materials.
To apply the greening the suppliers, the
factory divided the suppliers into 3 groups.
Group 1 : the control group,
the suppliers should deliver raw ginger that have the soil content < 10%
this group was neither given any awareness nor incentive programs.
Group 2 : this group would be given a series of awareness program,
how the quality of raw ginger would effect the water use. The meeting was called four times to convince the suppliers to agree to co-operate with the factory
Group 3 : the group that would be offered the incentive program.
Those who delivered raw materials with soil content less than 8%, the purchasing price will be 0.10 Baht per kg higher than market price. Those with soil content less than 5%, the price will be 0.20 Baht higher per kg.
After the greening the suppliers program was monitoring Soil contents in raw materials in first group group 2 and 3 were 12.11 % , 10.76 and 9.01 respectively. With the awareness program the average value of soil content did not meet the factory’s requirement (10%). However, the soil content was reduced by 1.35%. Similarly to the incentive group, the average soil content was not lower than the incentive level (8% and 5%). The reduction obtained was about 3.10 %.
Group 1
No change
Group 2
Awareness
Group 3
Incentive
Soil content, %
12.11 10.76 9.01
Reduction 1.35 3.10
Soil contents of each group
The comparison of samples that met the required standard is as shown in table. For the aware ness group, about 48% of suppliers were still sending raw materials higher than the required specification. Fifty two percent could meet the requirement. About 2% of this group could reach the incentive levels. In the third group, about 17% of the suppliers still did not meet the specification requirement. Only 26 % of the supplier met the incentive requirement. However more than 80% of this group could deliver raw materials with less than 10% of soil content.
Number of soil contents according to the required specification.
Level of Soil Content
Group 2 Awareness
Group 3 Incentive
Number % Number %
Higher than 10%
Between 8 - 10%
Below 8% and 5%
12
11
2
48.00
44.00
8.00
6
19
9
17.65
55.88
26.47
Total 25 100 34 100
Production information before and after implementation is as shown in table . Raw ginger purchased during the year 1999 was 4,232 tons while in the year 2000 it was 4,610 tons. The amounts of soil in raw materials were 480 tons and 414 tons respectively. Percent soil contents was reduced from 11.37% to 8.95%. Products increased from 57,695 cases to 71,836 cases. Groundwater used was reduced from 5,524m3 to 4,439m3 or equivalent to 19.63% reduction. Electricity consumption was reduced from 131,581 kWh to 121,287 kWh or equivalent to 7.82 reduction. It could be easily seen that with GP implementation, production could be increased and raw materials and energy consumptions could be reduced.
Production Information Before and After GP Implementation
Item Year 1999 Year 2000 Change
Increase Reduce
1.Raw Ginger.
(kg.)
Ginger+Soil
Soil
Ginger for
production
2.Products (Cases )
3.Working days
4,232,107
480,213
( 11.37 % )
3,742,894
57,695
112
4,610,688
414,575
( 8.95 % )
4,196,133
81,836
117
65,638
(2.95%)
Production Information Before and After GP Implementation ( Cont )
Item Year 1999 Year 2000 Change
Increase Reduce
4.Groundwater use ( m3 )
5.Electricity
( kWh )
5,524
131,581
4,439
121,287
1,084
(19.63%)
10,294
(7.82%)
Financial monitoring and evaluation was performed and shown in table . The total expenses before and after were 144.814 US$ and 163,786 US$ respectively. Compare to the products, expenses per case would be 2.51 US$ and 2.28 US$ respectively. The saving cost of 0.23 US$ per case was obtained in the year 2000. Compare to the number of production at 71,836 cases. The saving of expenses would be 16,522.28 US$.
Financial Monitoring and Evaluation
Item Year 1999 Year 2000
Change
Increase Reduce
1. Labor Cost (US$)
2. Groundwater (US$)
3. Electricity (US$)
126,945
458
7,061
151,937
368
7,045
90.06
(19.63%)
15.99
(0.23%)
Financial Monitoring and Evaluation ( Cont )
Item Year 1999
Year 2000
Change
Increase Reduce
4.Maintenances (US$)
5.Total expenses (US$)
6. Expenses per case (US$/Case)
9,965
144,814
2.51
4,438
163,786
2.28
5,526.54
(55.46%)
0.23
The investment on GP implementation was as shown in table . It could be concluded that he benefit from the lower operating cost were about 11,686.96 US$.
Expense for GP Implementation
Item Expenses (US$)
1. Greening the suppliers
Awareness Program
Incentive Program
2.Equipment Improvement
Raw material washing
Process
3.Training
151.71
2,788.10
676.25
585.82
633.44
Total 4,835.32
Summary
Water conservation could be obtained from GP implementation in SMEs. Water may be considered as cheap resources but without proper management it could turn to an expensive resources in the manufacturing process. With proper monitoring program, water could be effectively utilized and the SMEs would in turn obtaining benefits from GP implementation.