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Presentation Outline
Water for Life
Water resources
Water Demand
Water Issues
Water Saving
Water Footprint
Water
“Water is life”
The most simple thing around.
Pure water is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
Second most importance sources for man kind
Where there is water there is life,
And where water is scarce, life has to struggle or just "throw in the towel.“
70% of Earth is covered by water
Most major cities are on waterways
ice liquid gas
H2O
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Water is Life ! Age % water in body
Adult 65
Baby 90
Water is of major importance to all living things.
Up to 72 percent of the human body is Water.
Therefore the quality of Water we drink is very important.
The Drinking Water should be totally clean, pure and free of any disease causing MICROBES
Human body part % water
Blood 83
Brain 75
Bone 22
Main usage:
Drinking
Agriculture
Industry
Domestic usage
Other usages:
Habitat
Transportation
Recreational
Hydropower
water usage
Water distribution
Fresh water source
surface waters (lakes, rivers, and reservoirs)
groundwater (wells).
58%
6%
36%
Surface Runoff Groundwater Recharge Evapotranspiration
Mean Average Rainfall in Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia = 2,400mm
Sabah = 2,360mm
Sarawak = 3,830mm
Source : National Water Resources Study conducted by JICA, 1982Source : National Water Resources Study conducted by JICA, 1982
Water Cycle
Cloud
990 bill. m3
Groundwater64 bill. m3 (7%)
Total Storage: 5,000 bill. m3
Surface Runoff566 bill. m3 (57%)
Evapo-transpiration360 bill. m3 (36%)
Rainfall 3,000 mm
WATER RESOURCES IN MALAYSIAWATER RESOURCES IN MALAYSIA
Total 990 billion m3 rainfall annually
Surface Runoff = 566 billion m3 (58%)
Groundwater Recharge = 64 billion m3 (6%)
Evapo-transpiration = 360 billion m3 (36%)
Water usage
Kebangsaan 184
Pulau Pinang 266
Selangor & KL 285
Singapura & Sydney 166 & 170
Usage per capital per day (l/c/d)
Recommended rate = 100 L/day
Minimum requirement = 20 l/d
Accuatly
In urban esp. town = 300-500 l/d
¾ of water usage at home = in toilet & bath room
The Water issues Water demand Water related disasters
Nearly 90% of natural disasters were water related
50% from floods 11% from droughts 29% from waterborne
disease
Water saving Water audit Water saving technology
Water Foot prints
1. Water Demand The usage for water increases as population grows
until the demand sometimes overshoots the supply or availability
Every watershed is affected by what takes place on the land.
Water Demand growing at 4% annually Projected to reach 20 billion m3 by the year 2020. Rivers form 97% of our fresh water resource
Water Consumption ≈ 12.5 billion m3 (year 2000) vs (Only about 2.2 % of the Surface Runoff)(Only about 2.2 % of the Surface Runoff)
BUT…..we still have water supply disruptions?! (1998 drought brought unpleasant water supply disruptions to the 1.8 million residents of Klang Valley )
Projected Water Demand
*include losses
National Water Resource Study (Peninsular Malaysia), 2000
Need* 1998 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Domestic Mill. m3/syear
1,833 2,029 2,987 3,862 4,606 5,251 5,904
Industry Mill. m3/syear
1,260 1,454 2,592 3,561 4,330 5,016 5,639
Domestic and Industry
Mill. m3/syear
3,093 3,483 5,578 7,423 8,936 10,267 11,543
Irrigation Mill. m3/syear 7,350 7,350 6,517 6,517 6,132 6,132 6,132
Total volume
Mill. m3/syear
10,443 10,833 12,095 13,940 15,068 16,399 17,675
Demand to increase by 63% from 2000 to 2050
2. FloodsFloods exacerbated by : Raining pattern ~ climate change Drainage system Disposal of solid wastes into waterways Sediments from land clearance and
construction areas Increase in impervious areas
LumpurKuala
S.Linggi
KELANTAN
Ipoh
Shah Alam
S.Perak
S.Bernam
Seremban
S.Klang
SELANGOR
Kangar
Alor Setar
George Town
PINANGPULAU
LANGKAWIPULAU
S.Muda
KEDAH
PERLIS
PERAK
THAILAND
S.Rompin
SINGAPORE
Kuantan
S.Pahang
S.Cukai
S.Muar
S.Batu Pahat
S.Benut
PAHANG
SEMBILANNEGERI
MELAKA
MelakaS.Melaka
JOHOR
S.Kuantan
S.Johor
BahruJohor
S.Endau
S.Dungun
Kuala Terengganu
Kota Bharu
TERENGGANU
S.Kelantan
S.Terengganu
S. Rej ang
S. Sadong
S. Rej ang
S. Sadong
S. SarawakS. SarawakKuci ngKuci ng
SARAWAK
S. BaramS. Baram
LABUAN
Kota Ki nabal uKota Ki nabal u
SABAH
S. Ki nabatanganS. Ki nabatangan
Flood prone areas 29,720 km²
(9% land area)
3. Water Shortages - Drought
Growing demands and pressure on water resources
Per capita availability of water is decreasing
Reaching practical limits of surface water resources development Inter-basin and inter-
state water transfers
Water Crisis 1998 drought caused serious water 1998 drought caused serious water
rationing and hardship for 1.8 million rationing and hardship for 1.8 million residents of Kuala Lumpur & other residents of Kuala Lumpur & other towns in Klang Valleytowns in Klang Valley
RIVERS PROVIDE 97 % OF ALL THE WATER USED IN
MALAYSIA
RIVERS PROVIDE 97 % OF ALL THE WATER USED IN
MALAYSIA
Peninsular Malaysia = 89 ; Sarawak = 22 ; Sabah = 78 Total = 189 (57,300 km length)
4. Water Quality - Pollution
Food OutlesWet Markets
Slaughter Houses
Animal FarmsHousehold Waste
Sewerage Agriculture
Cottage Industries
Direct Discharges into Rivers
Water Quality trend in Malaysia (2005 – 2009)
57%
28%
15%
59%
31%
10%
63%
28%
8%
58%
34%
8%
54%
38%
9%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Pe
rce
nta
ge
(%
) o
f ri
ve
rs
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted
Source of pollution :
i. Business (Industry & Factories); ii. Agriculture; iii. Homes
Total rivers monitored : 2005:594, 2006:573; 2007:580; 2008:579; 2009:577)
Pollution Effect & Impact
bioavailability of portable water Water Supply : cost & volume
Ecology – (aquatic life forms )habitat – food supply, breeding site destroyed
Economy – food production, productivity, cost of production & processing, export market (green consumerism)
Social – natural behaviors, community livelihoods, our youth’s discipline and crime problems
Health – wellness of people, human’s productivity,
Biodiversity (Aquatic) fish population; allien fish
Proper Waste Management• Waste Minimization
• Concept 4R2C – Rethink; Reduce; Reuse;
Recycle
– Composting; Closing the loop
• Organic waste • composting
• Used cooking oil • making of soap & candle
Time to take action :Pollution reduction
5b. Water-saving gadget
Low-flow shower heads Why not take a shower instead of a bath? A bath
uses around 80 litres of water – by comparison a shower uses only around 35 litres. Be careful if you have a power shower though – some of these can actually use more water than a bath if they are turned up to maximum power.
Low-flush toilet, composting toilet and waterless urinals
Faucet aerators, which break water flow into fine droplets to maintain "wetting effectiveness" while using less water.
Fix dripping taps Broken taps can waste 12 to 20 litres of water a day.
New washers cost only a few pence but will save
you money if your water is metered.
Water butts collect rain water for use in the garden.
Zero cost water saving method – plastic bottle are placed in the toilet cistern to reduce the volume of water available for each flush.
Rainwater harvesting Waste water reuse or recycling systems, allowing:
Reuse of graywater for flushing toilets or for the garden, and Recycling of wastewater through purification at a water treatment plant
Water saving gadgets
Washing hands greywater is reused for flushing toilet in
Japan.
Time to take action
LaundrySwitch off the "extra rinse" cycle; save 8 gallons.
ToothbrushingDon't run the water while you brush, use a glass to rinse; save 4 gallons.
Dish washingDon't rinse dishes before putting them in the dishwasher, or half-fill a plastic tub to rinse; save 8 to 10 gallons.
ShowersTake a "Navy" shower (turn the water off while you lather); save 8 gallons.
GarbageUse a compost pile instead of the garbage disposal; save 2 gallons.
ToiletDon't use the toilet as a trash can; save 3.6 gallons.
ShavingDon't run the water while you shave; save 4 gallons.
Drinking waterKeep a bottle in the fridge; don't run the tap to get it cold; save 1 gallon.
BathsShower instead of bathing; save 30 gallons (even with a long shower).
FoodDefrost in the refrigerator overnight, not under running water; save 4 gallons.
6. Water footprint Ecological Footprint
impressions or images left behind by a person walking
total land and water area required to support a population with specific lifestyle and given technology with all necessary natural resources and to absorb all wastes and emissions for an indefinite length of time
2 Ecological footprint Water footprint Carbon footprint
the total amount of carbon dioxide attributable to the actions of an individual (mainly through their energy use) over a period of one year
Water Footprint generally expressed in terms of the volume of
water use per year water footprint of an individual consumer refers to
the sum of direct and indirect freshwater use by the consumer.
the direct water use is the water used at home. the indirect water use relates to the total volume of
freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the consumer
The major objective of the study is to assess the water footprints of all nations of the world, using and comparing both calculation approaches. Based on the top-down approach, the global average water footprint is found to be 1240 m3/yr/cap.
There are large differences between countries. In the USA the average water footprint is 2500 m3/cap/yr. In China the average water footprint is 700 m3/cap/yr.
Average national water footprint per capita (m3/cap/yr). Green means that the nations's water footprint is equal to or smaller than the global average. Countries with red have a water footprint beyond the global average. Period: 1997-2001.
The global average = 1243 m3 water/capital/yearMalaysia = 2344 m3 water/capital/year
A water footprint consists of three components:
Blue water footprint - the volume of freshwater that evaporated from the global blue water resources (surface water and ground water) to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community
Green water footprint - the volume of water evaporated from the global green water resources (rainwater stored in the soil as soil moisture).
Grey water footprint - the volume of polluted water that associates with the production of all goods and services for the individual or community
Water Requirement Equivalent of Main Food Products
Product Equivalent Water Needed for Production (litres/kg)
Tomato / Lettuce 200
Carrot 280
Grape 580
Maize / Corn 600
Wheat 700
Rice 1,550
Soybean 2,000
Milk 1,090
Egg 4,620
Poultry 6,800
Pork 13,600
Beef 50,000
WATER NEEDED TO PRODUCE THE FOLLOWING:
Items Water Needed
1 Tonne Of Printing Paper 47,300 Litres
1 Sunday Newspaper 567 Litres
1 Tonne Of Aluminium 757,000 Litres
1 Tonne Of Synthetic Rubber 1.89 Million
1 Computer Chip 17,000 Litres
1 Average Sized Car 147,000 Litres
1 Pair Of Jeans 6800 Litres
Personal approach There are many opportunities to save not only
reduce our impact on the natural world but to save money as well
Take responsibility for your actions. Think globally – act locally
Resource management
Discover your river basin (water catchment) and work to protect it
Water auditing Water saving; Pollution reduction
Become a Green and/or organic consumer Vegetarian SMART Ranger or RIVER Ranger
Calculate FP & Set your target Life style & your diet
Make a Smart Choice!
A meat diet implies a much larger water footprint than
a vegetarian one, at an average of 4,000 litres of water/day versus 1,500
litres of water/day.
"Treat the earth well. It was not given to you by your
parents. It was loaned to you by your children”
-Kenyan Proverb -