Water Biofuels Figures Jippe May 2008

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    Biofuels

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    Potential for biomass use

    Total Global Primary Energy Supply(in ExaJoules (1018))

    2004 470 EJ

    2030 670 EJ

    2050 850 EJ

    Actual use of biomass

    2004 49 EJ

    Potential of biomassYearly global photosynthesis ~ 4000 EJ

    Technical potential raw biomass (2050) 450 EJ

    Economical potential raw biomass (2050) 150 EJ

    Economical potential liquid biofuel (2050) 53 EJ

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    Potential for biofuel production

    Current transport fuels needs: 77 EJ

    Biofuels

    Ethanol (2004) 0.84 EJ 9.5 Mha

    Bio diesel (2003) 0.06 EJ 0.5 Mha

    856 Mha would be required tomeet current fuel needs

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    Land suitable for agriculturalproduction

    856 Mha would be required to meetcurrent fuel needs

    Land suitable for agriculture *Total used 2004 1540 MhaIndustrialised countries 2004 636 MhaDeveloping countries 2004 904 Mha

    Total suitable 4188 MhaIndustrialised countries 1406 MhaDeveloping countries 2782 Mha

    * excludes protected areas and closed forests and is crop specific, the total

    land suitable for agriculture is not necessarily suitable for biofuel crops.

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    Most important bio-fuel crops

    Crop: Main producing countries:

    Landunder irrigation

    (estimates):

    Sugar cane Brazil / India /China / Thailand

    14% / 80% /28% / 64%

    Sugar beet France / USA /Germany / Russia

    15% / 53% /5% / 5%

    Cassava Nigeria / Brazil /Thailand / Indonesia 0%

    Maize USA / China /Brazil / Mexico

    21% / 40% /0% / 17%

    Oil Palm Malaysia / Indonesia /Nigeria / Thailand 0%

    Rapeseed China / Canada /India / Germany

    3% / 0% /8% / 0%

    Soybean USA / Brazil /

    Argentina / China

    10% / 0% /

    0% / 29%

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    Rainfed agriculture:

    Pressure on land resources

    Irrigated agriculture:

    Pressure on water resources

    Impacts of biofuels

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    What is the potential of the naturalland resources base ?

    Sugar cane

    Sugar beet

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    What is the potential of the naturalland resources base ?

    Cassava

    Maize

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    What is the potential of the naturalland resources base ?

    Rapeseed

    Soybean

    Oilpalm

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    Crop:

    Fuel

    product[1]

    Annual

    obtainable

    yield (l/ha)

    Energy

    yield

    (GJ/ha)

    [2]

    Evapo-

    transpiration

    equivalent

    (litre / litre

    fuel)

    Potential crop

    evapotranspira

    tion in mm/ha

    (indicative)

    Irrigated or

    RainfedRainfed

    conditions

    Water Resource Implications

    underirrigated conditions

    Actual rainfed crop

    evapotranspiration

    in mm/ha

    (indicative)

    Irrigation

    water

    required

    (mm/ha)[3]

    Irrigation water

    required in litre

    / litre fuel

    Sugar

    cane

    Ethanol

    (from

    sugar) 6000 120 2000 1400

    Irrigated /

    Rainfed 1000 800 1333

    Sugar

    beet

    Ethanol

    (from

    sugar) 7000 140 786 650Irrigated /

    Rainfed 450 400 571

    Cassava

    Ethanol(from

    starch) 4000 80 2250 1000

    Rainfed

    900 0 0

    Maize

    Ethanol

    (from

    starch) 3500 70 1357 550Irrigated /

    Rainfed 400 300 857

    Oil palm Bio-diesel 5500 193 2364 1500 Rainfed 1300 0 0

    Rape-seed /

    Mustard Bio-diesel 1200 42 3333 500 Rainfed 400 0 0

    Soybean Bio-diesel 400 14 10000 500 Rainfed 400 0 0

    [1] Energy density: Bio-diesel 35 MJ/l Ethanol 20 MJ/l[2] FAO (2006b). Starch market adds value to cassava, on-line available at:http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0610sp1.htm.Global Petroleum Club, Energy Content of Biofuel, on-line available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_Biofuel.

    Marris, E. (2006). Drink the best and drive the rest. Nature, 444, 670

    672, 7 December.USDA (2006). The Economic Feasibility of Ethanol Production from Sugar in the United States, on-line available at: http://www.usda.gov/oce/EthanolSugarFeasibilityReport3.pdf.[3] On the assumption of 50% irrigation efficiency

    http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0610sp1.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_Biofuelhttp://www.usda.gov/oce/EthanolSugarFeasibilityReport3.pdfhttp://www.usda.gov/oce/EthanolSugarFeasibilityReport3.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_Biofuelhttp://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0610sp1.htm
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    A few numbers

    Water needed to produce: 1 kilo of wheat: 1 000 litres

    1 kilo of meat (beef): 15 000 litres

    Daily water requirements per person:

    Drinking: 2-3 litres Domestic needs: 20300 litres

    Food: 2 000-3 000 litres

    with 2 500 litres of water, we can produce: food for one person for one day

    1 litre of biofuel

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    What is the potential of the naturalwater resources base ?

    0 2000

    4000

    6000

    8000

    10000

    12000

    14000

    16000

    Latin America and

    the Caribbean

    East and

    Southeast Asia

    Sub-Saharan

    Africa

    South Asia

    Near East and

    North Africa

    Water withdrawal 2000

    Water withdrawal 2030

    Renewable water resources

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    What is the potential of the naturalwater resource base ?

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    Biofuel and water use (2005)

    Source: de Fraiture, IWMI, 2007

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    Projections for water demand - 2030

    Source: de Fraiture, IWMI, 2007

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    NAS report on water and biofuels inthe United States (2007):

    Currently, biofuels are a marginal additional stress onwater supplies at the regional to local scale. However,significant acceleration of biofuels production could causemuch greater water quantity problems depending on

    where the crops are grown. Growing biofuel crops in areasrequiring additional irrigation water from already depletedaquifers is a major concern.

    The growth of biofuels in the United States has probablyalready affected water quality because of the large amount

    of N and P required to produce corn. If projected futureincreases in the use of corn for ethanol production dooccur, the increase in harm to water quality could beconsiderable.

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    Conclusions

    World water system already under heavy stress due toagriculture and other uses

    Agriculture main water user (70%)

    Future water demand for agriculture in the rise

    Climate change likely to result in increased demand forirrigated water

    Bioenergy likely to add to pressure on water: depending on type of crop

    depending on farming system: rainfed/irrigated depending on region

    China, India, already facing serious water constraints

    Keep an eye on sugarcane