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8/3/2019 Water Biofuels Figures Jippe May 2008
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Biofuels
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Potential for biomass use
Total Global Primary Energy Supply(in ExaJoules (1018))
2004 470 EJ
2030 670 EJ
2050 850 EJ
Actual use of biomass
2004 49 EJ
Potential of biomassYearly global photosynthesis ~ 4000 EJ
Technical potential raw biomass (2050) 450 EJ
Economical potential raw biomass (2050) 150 EJ
Economical potential liquid biofuel (2050) 53 EJ
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Potential for biofuel production
Current transport fuels needs: 77 EJ
Biofuels
Ethanol (2004) 0.84 EJ 9.5 Mha
Bio diesel (2003) 0.06 EJ 0.5 Mha
856 Mha would be required tomeet current fuel needs
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Land suitable for agriculturalproduction
856 Mha would be required to meetcurrent fuel needs
Land suitable for agriculture *Total used 2004 1540 MhaIndustrialised countries 2004 636 MhaDeveloping countries 2004 904 Mha
Total suitable 4188 MhaIndustrialised countries 1406 MhaDeveloping countries 2782 Mha
* excludes protected areas and closed forests and is crop specific, the total
land suitable for agriculture is not necessarily suitable for biofuel crops.
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Most important bio-fuel crops
Crop: Main producing countries:
Landunder irrigation
(estimates):
Sugar cane Brazil / India /China / Thailand
14% / 80% /28% / 64%
Sugar beet France / USA /Germany / Russia
15% / 53% /5% / 5%
Cassava Nigeria / Brazil /Thailand / Indonesia 0%
Maize USA / China /Brazil / Mexico
21% / 40% /0% / 17%
Oil Palm Malaysia / Indonesia /Nigeria / Thailand 0%
Rapeseed China / Canada /India / Germany
3% / 0% /8% / 0%
Soybean USA / Brazil /
Argentina / China
10% / 0% /
0% / 29%
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Rainfed agriculture:
Pressure on land resources
Irrigated agriculture:
Pressure on water resources
Impacts of biofuels
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What is the potential of the naturalland resources base ?
Sugar cane
Sugar beet
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What is the potential of the naturalland resources base ?
Cassava
Maize
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What is the potential of the naturalland resources base ?
Rapeseed
Soybean
Oilpalm
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Crop:
Fuel
product[1]
Annual
obtainable
yield (l/ha)
Energy
yield
(GJ/ha)
[2]
Evapo-
transpiration
equivalent
(litre / litre
fuel)
Potential crop
evapotranspira
tion in mm/ha
(indicative)
Irrigated or
RainfedRainfed
conditions
Water Resource Implications
underirrigated conditions
Actual rainfed crop
evapotranspiration
in mm/ha
(indicative)
Irrigation
water
required
(mm/ha)[3]
Irrigation water
required in litre
/ litre fuel
Sugar
cane
Ethanol
(from
sugar) 6000 120 2000 1400
Irrigated /
Rainfed 1000 800 1333
Sugar
beet
Ethanol
(from
sugar) 7000 140 786 650Irrigated /
Rainfed 450 400 571
Cassava
Ethanol(from
starch) 4000 80 2250 1000
Rainfed
900 0 0
Maize
Ethanol
(from
starch) 3500 70 1357 550Irrigated /
Rainfed 400 300 857
Oil palm Bio-diesel 5500 193 2364 1500 Rainfed 1300 0 0
Rape-seed /
Mustard Bio-diesel 1200 42 3333 500 Rainfed 400 0 0
Soybean Bio-diesel 400 14 10000 500 Rainfed 400 0 0
[1] Energy density: Bio-diesel 35 MJ/l Ethanol 20 MJ/l[2] FAO (2006b). Starch market adds value to cassava, on-line available at:http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0610sp1.htm.Global Petroleum Club, Energy Content of Biofuel, on-line available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_Biofuel.
Marris, E. (2006). Drink the best and drive the rest. Nature, 444, 670
672, 7 December.USDA (2006). The Economic Feasibility of Ethanol Production from Sugar in the United States, on-line available at: http://www.usda.gov/oce/EthanolSugarFeasibilityReport3.pdf.[3] On the assumption of 50% irrigation efficiency
http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0610sp1.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_Biofuelhttp://www.usda.gov/oce/EthanolSugarFeasibilityReport3.pdfhttp://www.usda.gov/oce/EthanolSugarFeasibilityReport3.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_Biofuelhttp://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0610sp1.htm8/3/2019 Water Biofuels Figures Jippe May 2008
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A few numbers
Water needed to produce: 1 kilo of wheat: 1 000 litres
1 kilo of meat (beef): 15 000 litres
Daily water requirements per person:
Drinking: 2-3 litres Domestic needs: 20300 litres
Food: 2 000-3 000 litres
with 2 500 litres of water, we can produce: food for one person for one day
1 litre of biofuel
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What is the potential of the naturalwater resources base ?
0 2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Latin America and
the Caribbean
East and
Southeast Asia
Sub-Saharan
Africa
South Asia
Near East and
North Africa
Water withdrawal 2000
Water withdrawal 2030
Renewable water resources
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What is the potential of the naturalwater resource base ?
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Biofuel and water use (2005)
Source: de Fraiture, IWMI, 2007
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Projections for water demand - 2030
Source: de Fraiture, IWMI, 2007
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NAS report on water and biofuels inthe United States (2007):
Currently, biofuels are a marginal additional stress onwater supplies at the regional to local scale. However,significant acceleration of biofuels production could causemuch greater water quantity problems depending on
where the crops are grown. Growing biofuel crops in areasrequiring additional irrigation water from already depletedaquifers is a major concern.
The growth of biofuels in the United States has probablyalready affected water quality because of the large amount
of N and P required to produce corn. If projected futureincreases in the use of corn for ethanol production dooccur, the increase in harm to water quality could beconsiderable.
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Conclusions
World water system already under heavy stress due toagriculture and other uses
Agriculture main water user (70%)
Future water demand for agriculture in the rise
Climate change likely to result in increased demand forirrigated water
Bioenergy likely to add to pressure on water: depending on type of crop
depending on farming system: rainfed/irrigated depending on region
China, India, already facing serious water constraints
Keep an eye on sugarcane