COREY REPASY

Water and Post-2015 Sustainable Development

Goals

“The Future We Want”: Water and Sanitation

“We commit to the progressive realization of access to safe and affordable drinking water and basic sanitation for all, as necessary for poverty eradication, women’s empowerment and to protect human health, and to significantly improve the implementation of integrated water resource management at all levels as appropriate.”

Recognizes that water is linked to a number of other global challenges

Reaffirmed human right to safe drinking water

“We stress the need to adopt measures to significantly reduce water pollution and increase water quality, significantly improve wastewater treatment and water efficiency and reduce water losses.”

Millennium Development Goal Target 7C

The Goal: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe

drinking water and basic sanitation

World has met target of halving proportion of people without access to safe water 5 years in advance Still far from providing universal access to clean and safe water Have not achieved the sanitation goal

2.5 billion people in developing countries remain without access to an improved source of drinking water WHO/UNCEF Joint Monitoring Program Definition of Improved water source: “one

that, by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with faecal matter”

Access to water is defined as ‘the availability of at least 20 liters per person per day from a source within one kilometer of the users’ dwelling’ • Does not include time taken to collect water

The Report from the Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals

“Water scarcity and water variability are becoming more serious concerns with climate change, and so sustainable water management needs to feature prominently in the post-2015 development agenda”

There is broad support for a water SDG that contains all water concerns: Universal and sustained access to safe water Sanitation and hygiene Sustainable development Management and use of surface and groundwater Resources respecting ecosystem requirements Reduction of water pollution and collection and treatment of

used water and wastewater Reduction of exposure and impacts from floods, droughts and

other water related disasters; Enhanced water co-operation and improved water

governance

“Water is at the core of sustainable development in that it is essential to many of the development achievement goals including agriculture, health, and education”

Water Supply Shortage: A Current Reality

700 million people live in countries experiencing water stress or scarcity. When annual water supplies drop below 1,700 m3 per person, an area is

experiencing water stress When it drops below 1,000 m3 per person, the population faces water scarcity Below 500 cubic meters "absolute scarcity”

More than 300 million people in Sub-Sahara Africa live in water-scarce environments

2/3 of the world’s population will live in water stressed environments by 2025

3.5 planets Earth would be needed to sustain a global population achieving the current lifestyle of the average European or North American.

Climate Change and its Effects on Water

Higher temperatures and changes in extreme weather conditions are projected to affect availability and distribution of rainfall, snowmelt, river flows and groundwater, and further deteriorate water quality.

If the global temperature increases by 3-4 degrees Celsius, 1.8 billion people will live in water scarce environments by 2080.

In southern Africa, for example, scientists anticipate a sharp decline in precipitation between 10% and 20%

Scientists predict there will be significant reductions in the annual mean discharge by the end of the century in some trans boundary river basins, Danube (decrease of 21.9%) Euphrates (decrease of 38%) Rhine (decrease of 13.3%) Rio Grande (decrease of 26.7%), Syr Darya (decrease of 10.3%)

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene For MDG monitoring, “an improved

sanitation facility is defined as one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact”

Only 47% of the rural population in developing countries uses improved sanitation

2.5 billion people or 1/3 of the world’s population will remain without access to improved sanitation in 2015

Overall, nearly three million deaths annually can be directly attributed to inadequate and impure water, improper sanitation, and improper hygiene

On July 28, 2010, the United Nations recognized the human right to water and sanitation.

Water and Food Security

Recent analyses show that countries which face severe problems of hunger are also characterized by lower levels of water security

Agriculture accounts for 70% of all water withdrawn by the agricultural, municipal and industrial (including energy) sectors

By 2050, food demand is expected to increase by 60%

Economic growth and individual wealth are shifting diets from predominantly starch-based to meat and dairy, which require more water. Producing 1 kg rice, for example, requires about 3,500

L water, 1 kg beef some 15,000 L, and a cup of coffee about 140 L.

Linkage Between Water, Food and Energy

Energy generation and transmission requires utilization of water resources, particularly for hydroelectric, nuclear, and thermal energy sources

The latest World Water Development Report (2012) predicts that even a small increase in biofuel demand could push up the water demand by as much as 20% of the water used for agriculture worldwide.

Water, energy, and food are all linked Agriculture is currently the largest user of water at the global level,

accounting for 70% of total withdrawal. The food production and supply chain accounts for about 30% of total

global energy consumption.

Water Security and Conflict

Over 90% of the world’s population lives in countries that share basins

Transboundary lake and river basins cover nearly one half of the Earth’s land surface and account for 60% of the global freshwater flow.

About 2 billion people worldwide depend on groundwater, which includes approximately 300 transboundary aquifer systems.

“UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon cautioned that water scarcity could spell an increase in future conflicts, and added that ‘[p]opulation growth will make the problem worse. So will climate change. As the global economy grows, so will its thirst. Many more conflicts lie just over the horizon.’”

Sources Used

http://www.unwater.org/topics/water-in-the-post-2015-development-agenda/en/

http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/3238summaryallowg.pdf

http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/66/288&Lang=E

http://www.gwp.org/en/ToolBox/CRITICAL-CHALLENGES1/Water-and-Climate-Change/

Dar, Osman A and Khan. S Mishal. “Millennium development goals and the water target: details, definitions and debate.” Accessed March 31, 2014.

Eckstein, Gabriel. “Water Scarcity, Conflict, and Security in a Climate Change World: Challenges and Opportunities for International Law and Policy.” Accessed April 1, 2014.

Health in the Post-2015 Development Agenda Lou Goore

Background

• Sep 2011- Sep 2012 • UN System Task Team • Post-2015 Consultation starts • UN ”Realizing the Future We want for All” • Rio + 20 summit in 2012 “The Future we

want”• Sep 2012 - Sep 2013

• UN High Level Panel formed • First report mid-year 2013

• March 2014-April 2014• Focus area document adopted and reviewed• Indicative debate based on clusters related

to focus area document

Jan 2015, MDG Deadline and Post-2015 Negotiations start

19 Focus Areas

• Compendium of existing goals and targets under the 19 Focus Areas being considered by the OWG.

• The GSO has identified 4 areas that need closer attention: • Health and population dynamics• Food security and nutrition• Water and sanitation • Energy• The GSO has identified 4 areas that need closer attention:

• The importance of interlinkages

Health in the post-2015 agendaFocus area 3. Health and population dynamics

“Achieving the highest attainable standard of mental and physical health for all is a basic right”

-the Health and Population Dynamics Cluster within the NGO Major Group

Health as “a precondition for, and an Outcome and indicator of all three dimensions of sustainable development.”

Economic

Environmental Social

InterlinkagesHeath & population dynamics and food security& nutrition

Population dynamics

Population growthUrbanization Migration Age structure

Food security and nutrition

Availability of foodAccess to foodUse and Utilization of available foodStability Inadequate nutrition Obesity issues

Sources: Adopted from GTZ (2010)

InterlinkagesHeath & population dynamics and Water & sanitation

Source: adopted from WHO

Water quality:

Contamination by

pathogens Chemical pollution

(e.g. arsenic, fluoride)

Sanitation:lack of

access of formal water

and sanitation services

Water Quantity Insufficient quantity of safe water

available for drinking,

cooking and domestic hygiene

Health outcomes• Pathogenic

contamination

Diarrhoeal diseases

Typhoid

• Chemical contamination

Arsenicocis

Fluorosis

• Hygiene related diseases

trachoma

scabies

InterlinkagesHeath & population dynamics and Energy

Energy provides life-sustaining and health-promoting goods

• Energy climate change Health • Energy Pollution Health • Energy Climate change Population dynamics Food & nutrition Health

What have been achieved so far?

Three of the eight MDGs are health goals.• Key successes

• Dramatic reductions in child mortality• Access to antiretroviral drugs,• Significant impact of vaccine programmes• controlling (and in some countries eliminating) malaria

• Key failures• goals related to nutrition, water, sanitation and

hygiene, and access to essential medicines• Countries with the least successful results were the

ones facing economical hardship and poor governance.

Lack of equity is one of the most significance shortcoming of health MDGs

Moving forward

• Equity , Human rights , Democracy , Government • Goals and target:

• Forward-looking• Promote human rights for all, including the right to health

for People of all ages and abilities• Focus on the poorest and most vulnerable and marginalized

populations• Policies to support health and development throughout The

life course• By including health- ‐sensitive indicators across all

sustainable development dimensions• Linkage between health and development should be made

clearer• Global partnership • Financing

Moving forward Analysis

• Unfinished business • Goal 4: Decrease child mortality rate.-Replace it by decrease mortality

rate at all stages of life. • Goal 5: improve maternal health. • Goal 6: To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. We should

replace by: To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and non-communicable diseases.

• Global partnership–Avoid fragmentation and duplication-promote effective use of resources

• Using Health as an indicator for development-measuring data • Focus on wellbeing ( treatment and prevention)• Financing

• official development assistance(ODA)• Domestic resource mobilization(empowering the youth, taxes)• Private sector(Bank loans, remittances)

• Technology—Mobile tech; entrepreneurship ; start-up

POST 2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA: FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

Millennium Development Goal 1 Eradication of Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

The region of South East Asia has accomplished this goal ahead of time and the global hunger reduction proportion is within reach.

Post 2015 to focus on sustainable production and further reduction of hunger.

ISSUES “Good nutrition is a pre-condition for a healthy

and productive life; malnutrition in all of its forms imposes high economic, social and human development costs on individuals, households, communities and countries”

Access to food is still a problem in the world; According to the FAO around 845 million people suffered from hunger from 2011-2013.

Malnutrition is still very prevalent in the world in a variety of ways including lack of access to food that is safe, diverse and nutritious.

ISSUES (CONTINUED) Food chains are changing and this has caused a

“nutrition transition” where countries face rising obesity levels but still face the challenge of undernutrition. This is also referred to as the double burden.

In developing countries the national food laws and control systems are inadequate which causes food quality and safety to be lacking.

Agriculture production and food systems should be made more resilient to withstand economic and environmental shocks.

Food production is not produced in a sustainable manner and should be produced with limited energy resources.

WHO IS INVOLVED UN Member Countries, UN bodies like FAO, WFP, and IFAD Various NGO’s Private Sector Agriculture Research Networks

ZERO HUNGER CHALLENGE

Purpose: This requires comprehensive efforts to ensure that every man, woman and child enjoy their Right to Adequate Food; women are empowered; priority is given to family farming; and food systems everywhere are sustainable and resilient.

It allows individuals, NGO’s, Businesses, and governments to get involved with the process.

Goals of this initiative include: Zero stunted children less than 2 years( Working with the SUN Movement), 100% access to adequate food all year round , all food systems are sustainable, 100% increase in smallholder productivity and income, and zero loss or waste of food

CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE Conservation agriculture (CA) “is an approach to managing

agro-ecosystems for improved and sustained productivity, increased profits and food security while preserving and enhancing the resource base and the environment.”

Three Principles: Continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance.

Permanent organic soil cover.

Diversification of crop species grown in sequences and/or associations.

Benefits Include: More sustainable production, less pollution, higher efficiency,

RELATION TO ENERGY Energy is linked to food security because the lack of energy prevents

the eradication of hunger and malnutrition Food systems need to transition away from fossil fuel dependence so

more and higher quality food with less and better energy can be produced in a sustainable way.

“Energy-Smart Food for People and Climate” is a FAO multi-partner program that aims to support stakeholders in improving energy efficiency, increasing the use of renewable energy, and improving access to modern energy services in food systems.

Energy is important for sustainability in terms of long term agriculture production. The use of energy in food systems is not sustainable as one third of food is lost or wasted and with it 38% of the energy used in food systems.

Bioenergy possible solution as it is derived from biofuels. However there is a debate on whether crops should be turned into biofuels

RELATION TO HEALTH Malnutrition directly related to health if

individuals do not have any access to health care or have inadequate healthcare.

Another important relation is inadequate education on healthy eating habits for adults and children.

The availability of nutritious food also poses a health risk either by the nutritious or variety of nutritious food is unavailable or it is more expensive than other food options.

RELATION TO WATER Lack of access to clean water can lead to

diarrhea which leads to malnutrition. Polluted water can also lead to lower quality

crops. Agriculture uses large quantities of water in an

unsustainable pattern to grow crops. Water allocation and management in the

agriculture sector needs to be redesigned to be more efficient and one method could be to modernize agriculture practices.

RELATION TO TRADE Food supply chains are changing as the way people

produce and process foods change. Trade can influence this process and potentially improve the double burden nutrition crisis.

The quality and safety of food can be influenced by trade if countries are held to an international standard.

Trade can help make sustainable energy sources a feasible option for making food production sustainable.

It can also make food more accessible through economic development.

However there is the reverse argument that trade creates technical barriers for the agricultural sectors of countries.

SOURCE MATERIAL http://www.worldwewant2015.org/food2015 http://www.post2015hlp.org/about/ http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=1534 http://www.fao.org/post-2015-mdg/home/en/ http://www.fao.org/post-2015-mdg/14-themes/energy/en/ http://www.un.org/en/zerohunger/challenge.shtml http://www.fao.org/post-2015-mdg/14-themes/nutrition/en/ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/news.shtml http://unctad.org/en/Pages/About%20UNCTAD/Post-2015.aspx http://www.fao.org/post-2015-mdg/mdg/goal-1/en/ http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/1a.html http://www.ifad.org/governance/post2015/index.htm

Energy ChallengesAt The Post 2015 Agenda

Global Social ObservatoryMano Sakayan

OverviewCommitment

Energy: at the base of everything

Universal access to energy

The move towards sustainable energy

Is renewable energy cost effective?

Energy storage

The interaction between the private sector, NGOs (including youth), governments

Promotion of regional cooperation

Links between energy and water

Links between energy and health

Links between energy and food security

CommitmentMomentum and commitment are growing.Energy and sustainable development have become a political priority for all2 issues: “Access” and “Waste and Pollution”1/5 of the planet lacks access to electricity. Major barrier to eradicating poverty and building shared prosperity.

Energy is at the base of

everything2014-2024: the UN Decade of “Sustainable Energy for All.”Global initiative to achieve universal energy access, improve energy efficiency, and increase the use of renewable energy.Energy lies at the heart of all countries’ core challenges: poverty, clean water, food security, climate change, women’s and youth empowerments, security concerns, public health, education and economic growth.

Universal access to modern energy services

Access to electrification, thermal energy, clean cooking facilities and fuels crucial for poverty reduction and equitable growth.

Expansion of access should be prioritized according to countries’ specific circumstances.

Availability, acceptability, affordability and quality of energy services for the most marginalized and vulnerable

SMEs and civil society can drive action in energy access.

Moving towards sustainable energy

Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewable energy sources (hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, artificial photosynthesis, tidal power) and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency.Internationally agreed goal of max 2C max. global temperature riseThis transition is one of the greatest investment opportunities of the 21st century

Are renewable sources of energy cost effective?Countries with large amounts of renewable generation face the highest energy prices in the rich world. Despite the lure of government subsidies, there are still too few companies making renewable capacities’ equipment.Supply-chain bottlenecks have frustrated governments scrabbling to install new renewable capacities.

Energy storage is a solution

Energy storage – both electricity and thermal – can decouple supply from demand, increase system flexibility and improve reliability.

Storage could play a key role in coming decades in facilitating the expansion of variable renewable energy.

China, India, the EU and the US should invest at least USD 380 billion* in new electricity storage capacity by 2050 to support decarbonisation.

*Source: IEA

Research, development and initiatives in

sustainable energyResearch and development from governments and the private sector would drive technological innovation and reduce the cost of clean energy technologies.

This should come from public and private sectors (think tanks, universities, laboratories, initiatives)

As costs for clean energy technologies fall, these alternatives become attractive economically all over the globe.

Civil society and youth must drive

this changeFundamental roles of civil society and youth in identifying, advocating, and monitoring public policy and business action.

They can lead to social innovation and grassroots action, champion behavioral change and help spread best practices.

Creating enabling environments

Governments must establish their own clear targets and strategies

They should design and implement a set of national policies, regulations and financial environments

International support must build on national ownership, the right to self-determination and complement local efforts and fiscal resources

Enabling conditions should also be designed to support bottom-up approaches.

Promoting regional cooperation among

stakeholdersPromoting regional cooperation among stakeholders leads to better performance and reduces costsEnergy infrastructure is becoming increasingly complex Need for harmonization of practices and infrastructure interconnection on a regional level

How are energy and water linked to each

other?Energy is needed for the collection, transportation and treatment of water.

Water is required in the production and extraction of fossil fuels.

Droughts make energy shortages worse, while lack of electricity reduces farmers' ability to irrigate their fields.

Addressing the Energy-Water Collision

How are energy and health linked to each other?

Energy provides life-sustaining and health-promoting goods, from the electricity that powers our lives, to the fuel that transports us from one place to another.

Each stage in the life cycle of fossil fuels carries multiple hazards for our health and the environment.

Rising sea levels, floods, droughts, and heat waves are becoming more common, entire communities are seeking refuge away from their homes Displaced Populations

Energy poverty threatens health care for the poorest

How are energy and food security linked to each

other? Poor water management practices contribute to depletion and degradation of land & water resources.Improved water management plays a vital role in increasing food production and reducing food insecurity.Biofuels based on crops compete with food crops for land and water resources.

How are energy and food security linked to each

other? Energy from hydropower both facilitates and hampers food production:

1. hydropower dams are often multi-functional and reservoirs serve turbines as well as irrigated land

2. but because energy generation is usually of higher value than agriculture, energy gets priority over food production.Agriculture is water and energy intensive: pumping groundwater for agriculture takes considerable amounts of energy (4-6% of total GHG emissions in India*)

*Source: UNESCO – Institute for Water Education

Financing for Sustainable Development

in Post-2015 Development AgendaGSO 10th Anniversary Event

History: from Monterrey to Busan Monterrey ConsensusAdopted in 2002The major reference point for international

development cooperation. 6 areas of Financing for Development

History: from Monterrey to Busan 2008: Doha Declaration on Financing for

DevelopmentReaffirms the goals and commitments of the

Monterrey ConsensusNew Challenges and Opportunities

2011: Busan Conference4th High-Level Forum on Aid EffectivenessOwnership of development for priorities by

developing countries

Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing

Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing (ICESDF)

An intergovernmental committee30 experts nominated by regional groupsEquitable geographical representationA Working Group on Financing for Sustainable

Development has been set up under the UN System Task Team (UNTT) to support

Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing

December 2013Domestic and international policy environments

and their level of coherenceFinancing needs are large, and quantifying these

needs are highly complexAll types of flows: public and private, international

and domestic – reinforcingODA will remain crucial, but it alone will not be

sufficient

ICESDF March MeetingVoices from Multi-stakeholders (I)

Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development

UN Major Group for Children and Youth

International Chamber of Commerce

Credit: un.org

ICESDF March MeetingVoices from Multi-stakeholders (II)Address the multiple, interrelated crises of

finance, environment, and inequalityImportance of international legal and institutional

framework, and rule of lawEliminate illicit flow of funds and tax avoidance &

havensConsensus-building through multi-stakeholder

dialogue to create enabling business environment

Going ForwardFirst High-Level Meeting of the Global Partnership

for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) 15-16 April 2014 in Mexico CityFinancing for inclusive and sustainable

development: from Monterrey to Rio+20Committed to Paradigm Shift from aid

effectiveness to effective development cooperation

GPEDC 2014Upholding the Busan principles: inclusiveness, and

transparency and mutual accountabilityOwnership of priorities by developing countries Inclusive partnerships and developmentSupporting transition to resilience of fragile and

conflict-affected states

Middle Income Countries (MICs): diverse and complex

South-South and Triangular Cooperation

Challenges and OpportunitiesDomestic resource mobilizationEmerging donors: reducing complexity?Private finance for development: how to unlock

private investment?Innovative financing

Recourses for Infrastructure (RfI): desirable?Climate change and development finance

Improve coverage, coherence, consistency, and efficiency

Main Sources of Financing for SDHouseholds Governments (local and national) Official Development Assistance (ODA) South-South Cooperation (SSC) Private flows (domestic and external) Innovative sources of finance for development Finance for global public goods, particularly climate

change

Large Financing Needs

SectorAnnual additional financing requirement (2010-2025 or 2030)

Universal health coverage $37 billion

Water and sanitation $26.8 billion

Sustainable energy

Energy access $34 billion Renewable energy $400-$900 billion

Food security $50.2 billionSource: Paying for progress: how will emerging post-2015 goals be financed in the new aid landscape? Overseas Development Institute 2013

Financing – HealthGoal: Universal Healthcare Coverage (UHC)Household out-of-pocket expenditures:

raise additional revenue: little evidencediscourage service usage

African governments committed 15% of their budgets, but rarely reached

ODA to health care: falling trendPrivate sector as healthcare provider: requires

public sector to link low-income households

Financing – Water and SanitationGoal: Universal coverage of water supply and

sanitation (WATSAN)Households contributed an average of 44% (WHO

and UN Water Report, 2012). Low-income households will need support to ensure

access to a basic level of water supply Governments need to increase their own allocations:

African countries should spend 4.5% of GDP on WATSAN

Private sector can bridge but cannot close the gap

Financing – Agriculture & Food SecurityGoal: Zero Hunger ChallengeSub-Saharan Africa and South AsiaHousehold: farming households’ savings and fixed

capital as the main sources. However, limits exist.Countries with high level of poverty and hunger: limits

to what households can be expected to investFAO estimated that about 75% of the investments

required to end hunger by 2025 will have to come from the developing country private sector, but investments by governments need to be scaled up

Financing – Sustainable EnergyTo guarantee sustainable energy for all (SE4ALL

spending):Additional $34 billion annually, $14 billion to $48

billion per year between 2010 and 2030

Renewable energy spending:$400 billion-$900 billion increase over and above the

current spending of $1.3 trillion annually

Financing – Sustainable EnergySource of financing:

Electricity tariffs charged to middle- and higher-income household and business users should aim at full cost recovery

South-South Cooperation necessary for financing and technology transfer

Private flow: potentially significant for achieving targets