Waste & Waste Management

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Waste Waste & &

Waste ManagementWaste Management

Definition Definition

• UU 18/2008

Sampah adalah sisa kegiatan sehari-hari manusia dan / atau proses alam yang berbentuk padat.

• The European Union

- waste is an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard.

Basel Convention:"Substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of international law" (Basel Convention).[1]

• United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD):"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose.

• Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded." [2]

WasteWaste

Waste Management.ppt

• directly linked to human development,

technologically

socially

WASTE & POPULATIONWASTE & POPULATION

Waste is sometimes a subjective concept

Waste Generation Rate

Income Generation Rate Waste Quantity*

Level kg / capita / day tons / day

Low 0.5 500

Middle 0.7 700

High 1.6 1,600

* Assumed population 1.0 million.

Composition & Moisture Content

Income Level

Material Low Middle High

Food 40-85% 20-65% 20-50%

Paper 1-10% 15-40% 15-40%

Recyclables 4-25% 5-26% 11-43%

Fines 15-50% 15-50% 5-20%

Moisture 40-80% 40-60% 20-30%

• More biomass organics / moisture – beneficial to LFG and composting projects – not favorable for combustion and thermal technologies

• Moisture – higher precipitation more rapid decomposition - - IPCC: > 1,000 mm / yr.

Solid Waste Composition in Bangkok

2006 data

Paper, 11.79%

Plastic & Foam, 26.47%

Stone, 0.26%

Food Waste, 44.99%

Glass, 1.65%

Metal, 1.62%

Rubber & Leather, 1.03%

Yard Waste, 6.07%

Bone & Shell, 0.92%

Fabric, 5.20%

1111/22/22

Classification of Waste

GeneratorGenerator PropertyProperty AspectAspect

Households

Industries

Chemical

Physical

Hazard potential

Organic

Anorganic

Solid

Liquid

Gaseous

Ignitable

Corrosive

Reactive

Toxic

EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELYMANAGED WISELY

• Affects our health

• Affects our socio-economic conditions

• Affects our coastal and marine environment

• Affects our climate

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EFFECTS OF WASTE…EFFECTS OF WASTE…

• GHGs are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise.

• Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local climate conditions.

• Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies.

• This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.

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Effects of waste….Effects of waste….

Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere:

-Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20).

-C02 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and wood products, and solid waste.

-CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, the raising of livestock, and the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.

-N02 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.

Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2000, US EPA, Office of Atmospheric Programs, April 2002 EPA 236-R-02-003.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE ??WHAT SHOULD BE DONE ??

• We need waste management

EARLY CONCEPTS OF WASTE DISPOSALEARLY CONCEPTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL

• The traditional dilute and disperse approach to waste disposal is inadequate, given current population densities and levels of waste production.

• While concentrating and containing waste is an improvement over the old approach, containment is difficult to achieve.

• Though huge, the world’s largest landfills will be full relatively quickly.

• The waste disposal problem is a function of a large and growing waste volume and limited disposal space.

MODERN TRENDSMODERN TRENDS

• Disposal is not the only problem with waste; disposed wastes represent underutilized resources.

• Industrial ecology considers waste as resources out of place; this type of thinking encourages recycling and reuse, and thus reduce disposal and associated waste problems.

• The zero waste movement seeks to eliminate discharges to the environment.

• Many waste management techniques present a risk to public health, pose a nuisance, or merely move the waste from one site (or environmental medium) to another.

INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT

• New strategies today focus on integrated waste management (IWM), emphasizing source reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, landfilling, and incineration.


• Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human activity, in an effort to reduce their effect on human health. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, or gaseous substances with different methods of disposing with for each.

The Waste Management The Waste Management HierarchyHierarchy

The waste hierarchy sets out the main The waste hierarchy sets out the main methods for managing wastemethods for managing waste

• The preferred option is waste minimisation or reduction

• The next best option is re-use

• Recycling or composting come next

• Recovering value by other means follows on

• Landfilling comes last

Basic Thought Process of Reducing Waste(From "Osaka City General Waste Management Basic Plan" )

1 ReduceThe amount of waste generated in each of the production, distribution and consumption stages of a product must be minimized as much as possible.

2 ReuseReuse many times over items that are reusable, such as returnable bottles.

3 RecyclingOnce a product is beyond practical use or sentimental value, it is important to promote recycling as a means of reducing waste generation.

4 Thermalrecycling When waste cannot be reused, burn it and use the heat.

5 Appropriate treatment

Items which have been through the preceding efforts and must be discharged as waste must be treated and handled so as to minimize the burden it places on environment.

ColectionColection

Waste from Cleaning Public Waste from Cleaning Public SpacesSpaces

Recycling

These recyclable resources are sent to private manufacturers and used for materials of various products.

Sorting The collected recyclable waste is carried to places such as Tsurumi Recyclable Resources Sorting Center.

RECYCLE PLAZA

Incineration PlantIncineration Plant

4.Reclamation 3.Unloading

1.Loading 2.Transporting

LANDFILL SIDES

THANK UTHANK U

WasteWaste

16 June 2010 Waste Management.ppt 31

• Municipal solid waste– Paper– Yard trimmings– Food scraps– Plastics– Metals– Textiles, leather, rubber– Wood– Glass– more

WasteWaste

• Minimizing Municipal solid waste Minimizing packaging Recycleable

Paper, plastics, metals, glass, wood

Reusable ? Textiles, leather, rubber,

metals, wood

CompostableYard trimmings, food

scraps (vegetable)



• Historical– Dump– Dump and burn

• Air & water pollution

• Smells• Health • Salvage




• Modern disposal• Sanitary landfills

Clay & plastic liners,

Soil cover

Leachate collection

Methane recovery

Use for home heating

Groundwater monitoring


• Modern disposal• Incinerators

– Disposal & Electrical generation



• Reduce – Packaging– Yard waste

• Composting

• Reuse – Clean & refill– Old green Coke

bottles

• Recycle


CompostingComposting

• Reduce yard waste by composting– Grass clippings– Autumn leaves– Vegetable scraps – Egg shells

• Decompose to humus• Spread on flower &

vegetable gardens


RecyclingRecycling


• Collection & processing– Recycling centers– Curbside recycling – Materials recovery

facilities

• Remanufacture• Consumer purchase

RecyclingRecycling


• Incentives to recycle– Doing the right thing– Convenience– Financial

RecyclingRecycling

• Incentives to recycle– Financial incentive

• “Bottle bills” – 11 States only

• Drink cans, bottles only

– Recycling aluminum can saves 95% of energy to make a new can from Al ore.


Hazardous wasteHazardous waste

• Characteristics– Ignitable or flammable– Corrosive– Reactive– Toxic

• Household • Industrial • Both


Electronic hazardous wasteElectronic hazardous waste

• Gases in cathode ray tubes (CRT)

• Semiconductor metals– Lead– Mercury– Cadmium– Chromium– more



• Proper disposal – Hazardous waste

landfills – Surface

impoundments– Deep-well injection



• Radioactive waste– Used fuel rods from

nuclear power plants– Dismantled nuclear

weapons– Radiation sources

from nuclear medicine• Radiation treatment for

cancer, etc.

• Yucca Mountain, NV • Waste Isolation Pilot

Plant, NM



• Costs of hazardous waste disposal– $$– Record keeping– Illegal dumping


Characteristics of wastesCharacteristics of wastes

• Corrosive: these are wastes that include acids or bases that are capable of corroding mental containers, e.g. tanks

• Ignitability: this is waste that can create fires under certain condition, e.g. waste oils and solvents

• Reactive: these are unstable in nature, they cause explosions, toxic fumes when heated.

• Toxicity: waste which are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorb.

Types of wasteTypes of waste

• Non Hazardous waste: refuse, garbage, sludge, municipal trash.

• Hazardous waste: solvents acid, heavy metals, pesticides, and chemical sludges

• Radioactive: high and low-level radioactive waste

• Mixed waste: Radioactive organic liquids, radio active heavy metals. ” ( Moeller, 2005).

Waste treatment and disposalWaste treatment and disposal

Waste treatment

• Incineration• Solidification• Heat treatment: • Chemical treatment

• Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press

Waste disposal

• Landfills• Underground injection

wells• Waste piles• land treatment• In less developed

countries flowing rivers

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Waste & Waste Management