WASTE TO ENERGYwaste to energy plants for at least five years and several for over twenty years. Their capability and reliability is beyond question. WPP Energy GmbH has combined these

Address: WPP ENERGY GmbH, Rue des Bains 35, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland Website: www.wppenergy.com Telephone: +41 91 756 6945 Email: [email protected]

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ADVANCED TECHNOLOGYWPP Energy GmbH is an industry leader in all types of Waste to Energy Power Generation using the latest advanced technologies. Our facilities have no chimney or smoke stacks, gases and fumes are recycled back into the system gaining extra efficiency.

www.wppenergy.com | WPP ENERGY GmbH, Rue des Bains 35, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland

WASTE TO ENERGYWPP NEXT WTE MODERN POWER GENERATION


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COMPANYOVERVIEW

WPP Energy GmbH is a world leader in the safe and environmentally

sound conversion of municipal solid waste - and other renewable

waste fuels - into clean energy. Our waste-to-energy facilities

provide safe municipal solid waste disposal for towns and cities

around the world. These facilities deliver clean, renewable electric

power to major utilities for distribution to hundreds of thousands

of homes and businesses.

FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES OVERVIEWAs a large firm of consulting engineers, we are active in many fields and our services are available in all parts of the world. In addition

to development banks, commercial banks, private investors and industrial enterprises, our clients principally include public institutions

such as ministries, local government agencies and research institutes. Another major circle of clients is composed of public- and

private-sector infrastructure service providers such as power companies, municipal utilities, water and sanitation companies, waste

disposal enterprises and transport companies.

We also operates a variety of independent power plants designed to generate electricity using an assortment of fuels, including waste

wood, tires, waste coal and natural gas. In addition to producing electricity, some of these facilities also produce steam sold to nearby

government and commercial establishments. WPP is world leading provider of comprehensive waste management, recycling and

environmental services worldwide.

BUSINESS OPTIONSWPP Energy GmbH, builds, owns and operates waste disposal

facilities using a time tested gasification process that converts

wastewater and industrial sludge’s into renewable green thermal

energy.

Our mission is to provide municipalities and industrial sites with a

unique system that is safe, cost effective and more environmentally

friendly than traditional methods of waste disposal. No more

disposals by land spreading or land filling.

WPP GASIFICATIONTECHNOLOGIESGasification is not incineration. Incineration is the burning of

fuels in an oxygen-rich environment, where the waste material

combusts and produces heat and carbon dioxide, along with a

variety of other pollutants.

WPP Gasification is the conversion of feedstocks into their

simplest molecules - carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane

forming a syngas which is used for generating electricity power

and recycled valuable products such as metal, glass, paper,

plastic, rubber, by destructing waste down to zero.


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WPP ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGYWPP Energy GmbH has what it believes to be the most efficient

waste to energy system in the world. It provides a combination

of an outstanding waste separation subsystem, a very efficient

pyrolysis subsystem for producing synthetic generator driver

fuel, a new low cost and high output generator driver and the

most efficient generator subsystem that WPP Energy GmbH

management has ever seen. Together, these subsystems form a

waste to energy system that out performs every waste to energy

system in the marketplace today. Other technology is also cutting

edge.

WPP OPTIMIZEDPLANT DESIGNThe proposed waste management, generation of electricity,

potable water and recyclable materials consists of the following

subsystems. Every one of these subsystems has been used in

waste to energy plants for at least five years and several for over

twenty years.

Their capability and reliability is beyond question. WPP Energy

GmbH has combined these various subsystemsin a new way to

create WTE plant that is more efficient, has virtually near zero

pollution and provides an array of products desirable for use

locally.

THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF PLANT COMPONENTS:

Waste Handling

Separation Of Combustible From Non - Combustible Materials

Non - Combustible Waste Separation And Recycling

Pyrolysis Gasification

Primary Electricity Generation

Waste Heat Recovery and Secondary Electricity Generation

Production of Bio - Char

Conversion of Polluted and/or salt water into potable water

Flue Gas Treatment, if Required

Residue Treatment, if Required

WASTE HANDLINGWaste handling involves taking the waste delivered to the plant by the waste pick up companies and putting it into the plant processing

system. This subsystem utilizes scales to weigh the waste and transfers the waste from concrete pits where it has been deposited by

the garbage trucks to the plant hopper using specialized cranes with waste grapples.

The process is fairly standard regardless of the type of WTE plant being used. Current waste handling technology has been used

for at least twenty years. Once the waste is in the plant process, it is transported by conveyors. The block diagram above provides a

description of how the waste material is processed once it enters the plan system.


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MATERIALSSORTING ANDSEPARATION

WPP Energy GmbH. uses a multi-treatment

sub-system to separate non-flammable from

flammable materials. The process begins

by sorting non-flammable materials from

the waste stream until only the flammable

materials are left. Flammable materials

are delivered to the pyrolysis gasification

subsystem. The nonflammable materials are

sorted according to ferrous metals, non-

ferrous metals and glass using the equipment

shown on the following pages.

SEPARATION OFFERROUS METALSFROM OTHERMATERIALSElectromagnetic drum system for separating ferrous metals -

Designed to be fed from underneath, the axial pole electromagnetic

drums are the best in-line solution for superior ferrous metal

recovery at high production rates. In addition, to strong drum

shells, limiting ring, bearing housing and adjustment arm designs,

the axial pole system flips and cleans the scrap before releasing it.

ELECTROMAGNETIC DRUMSYSTEM FOR SEPARATINGFERROUS METALS

ELECTROMAGNETICDRUM SYSTEM


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SEPARATION OF ALUMINUMFROM OTHER MATERIALSThe Eddy Current Separator – Eccentric Pole System Technology shown below uses an eccentric rotor that is self-cleaning and can

be adjusted for the best performance given a specific waste stream. High-quality neodymium magnets, a thin conveyor belt and

non- conductive drum shell maximize separation forces. This system is especially efficient in sorting aluminum cans and other coarse-

grained aluminum from impure composites.

EDDY CURRENT SEPARATOR


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MAGNETIC HEAD PULLEY BR

MAGNETIC SLAG MINERALS WOOD CHIPS GLASS MACHINE

SLAG - MINERALS - WOOD SHIPS - GLASS - SAND - WEEE SHREDDER RESIDUES MUNICIPAL WASTE

Steinert Magnetic Head Pulley attract tramp iron from these

bulk materials in the same space as the normal conveyor

belt head pulley. This avoids extensive reconstruction of

your plant. Magnetic Head Pulley protect your valuable

processing equipment from damage by tramp iron that

drum or suspension magnets miss buried in the burden.

Steinert Magnetic pulleys are usually operated after the extration

of larger iron parts by other methods. Magnetic pulleys with

strong neodymium tybe magnets can reclaim small, low magnetic

particles from the bulk materils. The strong magnetic field attracts

the ferrous elements contained in the material.

Induction sorting system ejects non-ferrous metals and sort’s

stainless steel sorters can with a combination of smart sensors

and computer-controlled air jets, induction detect and eject any

metals quickly and efficiently. When configured with an optical

selective sensor, it can separate remaining stainless steel from

other non-ferrous metals.


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COLORSORTINGSYSTEM

A color camera recognizes distinct differences in color, shape or

size in the non-ferrous material to be separated. The material is

compared on the built-in feeder conveyor against shapes and

colors for specific non-ferrous materials and thinned out by

chutes.

After passing through the area covered by the in-line camera,

the particles arrive at the ejection nozzles, which selectively blow

out the particles that are to be separated out into specific bins for

each type of non-ferrous materials. This process eliminates non-

ferrous materials from the waste stream and the sorting feature

maximizes the prices that can be charged in the scrap market for

these materials.

GLASS SORTING SYSTEMThis system operates in a similar way to the non-ferrous metal color sorting system except that it works after the metals have been

removed. All glass is sorted by color so they can be more readily sold and at higher prices than mixed color glass residue. The

remaining material is flammable except for some non-flammable materials not automatically sorted.

INDUCTION SORTING SYSTEM


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MANUAL MATERIAL PICKING PROCESS

Automated systems are great and they catch most of the

material that needs to be sorted but they are not perfect.

Thus, WPP uses a manual picking system to refine the

sorting process. The benefit of this part of the system is

that very little additional sorting is required but that which is

done, makes the fuel stream for the pyrolysis process just

that more effective and allows it to produce pristine bio-

fuel for use in the electricity generator internal combustion

engine drivers. This maximizes their efficiency and longevity.

After all of the above separation and classification of

nonflammable materials from the waste stream, the

remaining flammable materials are sent to the pyrolysis

gasification subsystem for the production of syn-gas.

PYROLYSIS GASIFICATIONPyrolysis gasification is a transformation technology in which solid waste is changed in a furnace – like device to high energy gas. The

transformation of solid waste takes place in an indirect heated vessel, which uses a proven super low nitrous oxide burner.

WPP PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC FUEL FROM BIOMASS USING THE CHOREN PROCESS

1 In a low Temperature gasifier, the biomass

is broken down at temperatures between

400o C and 500o C into biocoke and

low - temperature carbonization gas

containing tar.

2 In the combustion chamber, the

low temperature carbonization

gas is oxidized at temperatures

exceeding 1,400o C and the

biocoke is blwon in.

3 The raw gas is cooled in the

heat exchanger.

4 The deduster, removes any remaining

coke dust particles.5 The gas is purged of any

remaining chalorides and

sulfidies in the washer.

6 The Fischer - topsch reactor,

uses catalysts to transform the

gas into liquid fuel.

There is little or no oxygen present in the system. The gasification process vaporizes the waste and creates a high heat value syn-gas.

The syn-gas is approximately 35% hydrogen with smaller amounts of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and various other

hydrocarbon gases. This syn-gas is then combusted in an internal combustion engine that drives a generator to produce electricity.


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These systems are much more efficient than traditional mass burn technology that uses turbines in driving electricity generators. For

example, a 200 metric ton per day mass burn plant will usually generate up to 4.2 MW of electricity per hour (or up to 7.5 MW with

a high efficiency waste heat generation system) while a pyrolysis system with the same amount of waste will generate up to 9.5 MW

of electricity per hour (11.5 MW with a high efficiency waste heat capture generation system).

HIGH EFFICENCY TECHNOLOGYWith new high efficiency generators being developed in conjunction with WPP exclusive sources, the electricity expected to be

generated by the WPP plant will rises to as high as 12.7 MW. The production of potable water for both systems is the same but no

Bio-Char is available from the mass burn system. Instead that process produces bottom and fly ash that may be sold but not at the

same value as Bio-Char. Usually, ash has to be disposed in a landfill.

Another advantage of the pyrolysis gasification system over a mass burn plant is that the use of Syn-Gas makes the plant less

vulnerable to variations in the input waste stream. Other advantages are:

Less Pollution – By Using No Oxygen, Very Few Polluting

Flue Gas Emissions Are Produced

Modular Plants – Provide Flexibility Of Operation And

Redundancy To Maximize

Operating Time

Lower Cost – Systems Are Easier To Construct And Can

Be Manufactured In Automated Plants

Products - Pyrolysis Gasification Plants Produce More

Useful By-products

Carbon Credits - May Be Eligible For More Carbon

Credits And Other Incentives

Faster Construction Time - A Pyrolysis Gasification Plant

Can Be Constructed In 12 Months Whereas A Mass Burn

Plant Will Take From 30 To 36 Months

Below is a schematic for a pyrolysis gasification plant and a picture of the same plant with components identified. Please note

that the natural gas supply is only required for initial start up. The diagram shows the use of gas turbines as driver for the electric

generators but most waste to energy plants use internal combustion engines because the size of these waste to energy plant

modules is too small for the efficient use of a gas turbine.

PYROLYSIS GASIFICATION SCHEMANTIC

EMERGENCY FLARE

NATURAL GASSUPPLY

SAMBRA SUPER TECH

GAS STORAGE TANK

COMPRESSOR

GAS TURBINE

COMPRESSOR

GAS TURBINE

GENERATOR

GENERATOR

GENERATOR

TRANSFORMER

CONNECTION TO GRID

FEEDSTOCKPLASTIC COAL MUNICIPAL SOLID

WASTEMEDICAL &

HAZARDOUS WASTEOIL WASTE

TIRES RUBBER PAINT ANDSOLVENTS

ORGANIC WASTE WOOD

GASIFIERSYSTEM


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STANDARD PYROLYSIS GASIFICATION UNIT

Below is a picture of a Caterpillar gas generator set similar to the one normally used to date in WPP Energy GmbH.’s gasification

plants. This generator set may soon be replaced with new more efficient and less costly generator set developed with two partnership

companies and this will increase the electricity output to a much higher level.


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WASTE HEAT RECOVERY ANDSECONDARY GENERATION SYSTEMThe primary WTE plant converts forty percent of the heat produced by the pyrolysis combustion of waste into electricity. This means

that sixty percent of the heat is wasted. WPP solves part of this problem by using a secondary heat recovery and conversion system

to raise the total generation efficiency of between fifty to sixty percent depending on the generators used.

This system uses process that captures heat from several sources: 1) heat from the flue stack; 2) heat from the gas engines’ radiators

and 3) heat from the gas engines’ exhaust gases. It then converts this heat into additional electricity using the system shown in the

schematic below. Under ideal conditions, this increases the electricity generated by 2.6 MW from 7.9 MW to 10.5 MW.

Thus, in comparison with the best competing WTE process, the WPP Energy GmbH. pyrolysis gasification system is twenty seven

percent more efficient than other pyrolysis gasification systems and one hundred percent more efficient than traditional mass burn

systems.

Thermodynamically, one of the most efficient ways to convert thermal energy (heat) to mechanical energy is with an Organic Rankine

Cycle (ORC). Steam Turbine plants are one of the most common and well-known ORC cycles, as shown in the CCLC Process Flow

Diagram shown above. In these cycles, the discharge from the expander (EXP 1) goes directly to the condenser as shown by the small

dotted arrow entering the condenser, rather than being directed to the HX2 heat exchanger.

Cascading closed loop cycle (CCLC) power plant - ORC cycles are closed-loop cycles involving five (5) major steps: a) fluid (water,

propane, ammonia, Freon, etc.) is pumped (P) to pressure; b) the pressurized fluid is vaporized in a heat exchanger (HK) using a

heat source; c) the pressurized vapor is expanded across the turbine (EXP) which is connected to a compressor, generator or pump

to produce useful work.; d) the vapor discharged from the turbine is condensed back to a liquid using a cooling tower or fin-fan

heat exchanger and condenser; e) the condensed liquid is returned to a storage tank from which it is pumped back to pressure to

continuously repeat the cycle in a closed loop.

The CCLC system is simply a combined cycle turbo-expander system. The difference between a CCLC cycle and a single turbo-

expander cycle is that two expanders and two fluid streams are used in series as shown in the rectangular dashed window of the CCLC

Process Flow Diagram above. This allows the thermal energy (heat) from the discharge of the first expander to be used to vaporize a

second propane stream that is expanded in a second turbo-expander to increase the efficiency as shown in the heat recovery.

PROCESS USED TO OBTAIN THE ADDITIONAL2.0 MW OF ELECTRICITY FROM THE WPP ENERGY GmbH. PYROLYSIS GASIFICATIONAND WASTE HEAT CAPTURE SYSTEM


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CCLC PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

P

SOURCE

P

H X1HEAT

FLUIDVAPOR

STORAGE TANK CONDENSE

PATENTED TECHNOLOGY

SINGLEEXPANDER

PATH

EXP1 EXP2GEN GEN

H X2

H X3

WASTE HEADEXHAUST MW MW

EFFICIENCIES CURVE.The CCLC system is a unique arrangement of off-the-shelf components. The components consist commercially available turbo-

expanders, heat exchangers and a pump. These components have millions of hours of reliable and nearly maintenancefree service.

CCLC systems can be used in applications from fractional HP to up to 50,000 HP. The CCLC works well in a waste to energy plant

because it provides efficient conversion of heat to mechanical energy at temperatures normally found in a waste to energy plant.

CCLC PRESSURE – ENTHALPY CURVE THAT ILLUSTRATES HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS.

ISENTROPIC EXPANSION

HX 1 (PROPANE ABSORBS HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT)

STANDARD ORC CYCLES RESTRICTED TO LOW TEMPERATURE AND SINGLE TURBO - EXPANDER

VAPO

R PRE

SSUR

E LIN

E

ENTHALPYLATENT HEAT

OFVAPORIZATION

ADDITIONAL ENERGYRECOVERED BY CCLC

ENERGY RECOVERY TYPICAL ORC

HX2500F

EXP 1

700F300F

EXP2

100F

750

200

150

PRES

SURE


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SOLID AND GASEOUS POLLUTIONFROM THE WPP WTE PLANT ISVIRTUALLY ZEROBased on the design of our pyrolysis gasification WTE system, significant pollution from flue gases and non-flammable solid waste is

not expected and, thus, no treatment is required. This is because, most if not all, non-flammable materials are sorted out of the waste

stream before the waste is treated in the pyrolysis gasification process. The pyrolysis process itself when used for gasification utilizes

only low amounts of oxygen and this prevents the creation of pollutants that often are found in the flue gas from mass burn plants.

In the unlikely case where pollutants become a problem our system uses a process in which carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and

nitrous oxide is combined with bio-char create sustainable fertilizer composed of Ammonium Bicarbonate, Ammonium Sulfate and

Ammonium Nitrate. Studies have shown this form of fertilizer creates outstanding plant growth while eliminating polluting dioxides and

oxides. The only other solid waste created by the pyrolysis gasification process is vitrified slag that can be used in road construction

and cement products.

WTE PLANT FLOOR SPACE REQUIREMENT

The total floor space required for the WTE plants is 360 feet

long by 106 feet wide for a total of 38,160 square feet and is

subdivided as follows:

Material handling & sorting = 220 X 106 feet = 23,320

square feet

Pyrolysis & plasma flue gas cleaning = 100 X 106 feet

= 10,600 square feet

Electricity generation = 40 X 106 feet = 4,240 square

feet

The total outside space required for the WTE plant is

7,640 square feet and is allocated as follows:

Syn-fuel storage tanks = 32 X 40 feet = 1,280 square

feet

WOW heat recovery system = 60 X 58 feet = 3,480

square feet

Substation = 60 X 48 feet = 2,880 square feet

Multiple plants or plant modules

If the amount of waste to be processed per day exceeds 200 metric tons, the size of the plant will increase as a multiple of the

sizes listed above except that the space required for the substation, water production and bottling will not increase unless increased

potable water is required.


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DESALINIZATION/PURIFICATION OF WATERAnother potential source of revenue and profit from the waste

to energy plant is the production and sale of potable water. The

following discussion of potable water production and bottling is

designed to show this.

WPP uses the latest reverse osmosis desalinization/purification

technology to turn seawater, surface water, brackish water, waste

water and other polluted water into potable drinking water. In a

single step, the system filters, softens and disinfects these water

resources to produce water that meets WHO’s regulations for

drinking water. The system also clears away naturally occurring

organics and minerals, as well as contaminants from pollution,

reduces salts, hardness, nitrates, pesticides, color, bacteria,

viruses and disinfection byproducts.

The proposed desalinization/purification plant provides 250,000

gallons (946,250 liters) of potable water per day with a low

energy consumption of 2.45 kWh per cubic meter of water.

The reason for this low consumption of electricity is an energy

recovery system incorporated into the plant. This volume of

potable water can easily and at low cost be expanded through

the addition of other desalinization/purification plants. Below are

schema and pictures of the water desalinization/purification plant.

DESALINIZATION/PURIFICATIONPLANT FLOW DIAGRAM

LOW PRESSURE FEED PUMPPRETREATMENT SYSTEM

MEMBRANE

LOW PRESSURE FEED

HIGH PRESSURE FEED

HIGH PRESSURE BRINE

BRINE

LOW PRESSURE BRINE

BRINE CONTROL VALVE

HPBTM

PERMEATE

SW SERIES FEED PUMP

VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE

FEED


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PICTURE OF A DESALINIZATION/PURIFICATION PLANT

DESALINIZATION/PURIFICATION PLANT SYSTEM PROCESSESPretreatment - Pretreatment is typically required to insure a stable, long-term reverse osmosis (“RO”) system performance and

membrane life. In general, surface sea and waste- waters require more pretreatment than well water supplies. Pretreatment may

include clarification, filtration, ultra-filtration, pH adjustment, removal of free chlorine, anti-scalent addition and 5 micron auto-filter or

cartridge filtration.

RO Process Design - Spiral-wound RO membrane elements are housed in cylindrical pressure vessels, with as many as seven inter-

connected elements per vessel. Vessels piped in parallel constitute a single hydraulic stage, which typically yields 50% recovery of

product water based on the feed rate. The first-stage concentrate usually feeds one or more downstream stages. Two-stage systems

yield about 75% recovery; three-stage systems yield about 85% recovery, depending on concentrate chemistry. Pressure vessels

are staged in tapered arrays to provide adequate feed/concentrate flow-rates and to maintain proper differential operating pressures.

RO Membrane Elements - Membrane elements are based on superior membrane properties (high rejection of TDS, silica and TOC

and excellent chemical and biodegradation resistance). The plant uses ninety-six (96) spiral-wound thin-film composite RO elements

manufactured by all of the industry’s leaders.


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DESALINIZATION/PURIFICATION PLANT FLOOR SPACE REQUIREDThe total floor space required for the equipment to produce 250,000 gallons of potable water per day is 2,088 square feet and is

allocated as shown below:

Processing unit = 44 X 27 feet = 1,188 square feet

Storage tank = 30 X 30 feet = 900 square feet

BOTTLING PLANTThe Kenya plant site may have at least one proposed bottling plant module. A module is capable of bottling 250,000 gallons of water

per day of varying sizes. The equipment consists of two separate production lines. The supplier of the equipment is “A Packaging

Systems” located in LaPorte, Indiana, a major international provider of bottling equipment. In the Kenya, bottled water is sold in the

three sizes shown in the table below:

The feed water must be free of Fe3 and bacterial contamination. The feed water piping must be made of non-corrosive materials such

as PVC or stainless steel 316.

This system is equipped with an integrated fresh water membrane flushing & cleaning system. On shutdown the system will automatically

flush the membranes with product water. This same system in manual mode can be used with chemicals to clean or store the RO

membranes.

% of Market Bottle Size Bottles/Carton Price per Carton70.00% 16.9 oz 24 $2.7520.00% 1.5 Liter 12 $6.0010.00% 1.0 Gallon 4 $2.80

The bottling plant production line consists of: bulk hopper/unscrambler; conveyor package; rinse, filler, capper subsystem; intermittent

table; labeler; shrink bottle packager, and palletizer.


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BOTTLING PLANT FLOOR SPACE REQUIREMENT – 2 LINESThe floor space required for the 2-line bottling plant = 126 X 158 feet =39,816 square feet. Please see the schematic for one of

the bottling plant lines below.

12

3

4

5

7

6

10

8

9

11

12

Y

1314

1516

17 18

1920

23 22

21

25

24 26

27

M


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WPP WTE SUMMARYThis document only touches on the capabilities of WPP’s Waste to Energy Technologies, our associated companies and our partners.

We strive to look at all plant installations, field service projects, commissioning projects, transmission and distribution as well as repairs

from the owner and end user point of view and we work in partnership with our client, the owner, operator, end user as a integral part

of their team. Unlike a lot of companies today, our priority goal is to provide our services in such a manner that we become not only

the successful contractor, but an important integrated member of the team and the preferred supplier of future services as well.

On all projects whether domestic or overseas in other countries, WPP strives to become a welcome member of the society in which

we have to work. To accomplish that, we hire locally for as many workers as we can find and from labor positions to engineering.

We as a company only bring specific supervision to the site who’s often spend a lot of time training local workers in work specific

to the particular installation and usually from the ranks of local construction employees, some are chosen to continue in operations

following start-up by the plant owners. Similarly we sub-contract works to local shops for things like steel fabrication, concrete and

other civil works, electrical installations, control componentinstallations once again under direction of our supervision experts in their

particular field.

We at WPP look forward to assisting with your power plant projects, oilfield installations, water and wastewater treatment needs and

we also provide control, automation and component maintenance services as well. For early stage proposals, we will also provide

conceptual studies, pre-design investigations and studies and more.

Documents

WASTE TO ENERGYwaste to energy plants for at least five years and several for over twenty years. Their capability and reliability is beyond question. WPP Energy GmbH has combined these