Waste Charges

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    Waste charges. Waste-processing charges such as land-fill and incineration costs are likely to increase,

    based on the principle of "polluter pays." The prevention of waste and emissions, re-use and recycling

    will consequently become more economic.

    The project team should list improvement options on the DfE Improvement Options Worksheet,

    grouping them according to a classification based on the seven DfE Strategies. The ImprovementOptions Worksheet can also be reformatted to include the DfE Sub-Stratgies. (DfE STRATEGIES)

    After listing the improvement options, the team can then use the DfE Strategy Wheel Worksheet to

    visualize the main areas for product improvement.

    DfE involves design procedures that minimize material and energy consumption while maximizing the

    possibility for reuse and recycling. Effective recycling closes the life cycle loop and returns energy and

    materials back to circulation. At every stage of the product life cycle, from the extraction of raw

    materials to the end of use phase, Nokia is looking for ways to reuse and recycle materials as well as

    dispose of waste safely. In product design we begin with the end. Clearly, greater eco-efficiency can be

    achieved when product design teams work closely with recyclers and others involved in end-of-life

    treatment.

    Material choice

    Liquid residues

    Product delivery

    Product use

    Refurbishment, recycling, disposal

    For the infrastructure stage (lc1), energy and solid waste were considered to be the two dominant

    environmental factors. The Supporting Information shows that the matrixes for the manufacturing

    stages (lc2, lc3, and lc4) are similar to each other, with energy, hazardous materials, and air emissions as

    the dominant factors and with energy and air taken as the most important. (Note: Because anodizing

    process B represents a significant improvement in the area of hazardous material choice, this relative

    ranking will tend to downplay the advantage of B over anodizing process A.) For process termination,

    lc5, the residues and energy use are taken to be the major factors, with solid waste as the principal

    factor. For lc6, energy use is the predominant factor, followed by hazardous materials and the residues.

    The company has an incentive to reduce the use of metals and plastics, reduce the amount of energy

    used in operation and recycle what is used because that will reduce their costs, even while they still get

    paid for providing the service.

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    To enhance component reuse and material recycle, engineers must embed strategic modularity into the

    product and reduce the cost to the recycling organizations. The key issue is the up front 121

    ANNALS OF THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA2005 TOME III. Fascicole 2

    consideration of recycle modularity at the early stages of product design that addresses product families

    and its generations.

    DfE practices are different ways of designing improved environmental performance into a product.

    Several of the more common ones are described below.

    Material Substitution: Replacing product constituents with substitute materials that are superior in

    terms of increased recyclability, reduced energy content, etc.

    Waste source reduction: Reducing the mass of the product or its packaging, thus reducing the resulting

    quantity of waste matter per product unit.

    Substance use reduction: Reducing or eliminating the types and amounts of undesirable substances

    (e.g., toxics or CFCs) that are either incorporated into the product or used in its manufacturing process.

    Energy use reduction: Reducing the energy required to produce, transport, store, maintain, use, recycle,

    or dispose of the product and its packaging

    Life extension: Prolonging the useful life of a product or its components, thus reducing the associated

    waste stream (see below under design for reusability)

    Design for separation and disassembly: Simplifying product disassembly and material recovery usingtechniques such as snap fastening of components and color coding of plastics

    Design for recycling: Ensuring both high levels of recycled content in product materials and maximum

    recycling, i.e., minimum waste, at end of product life

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    Design for disposal: Assuring that all non-recyclable materials and components can be safely and

    efficiently disposed (e.g., ink/pigment restrictions)

    Design for reuse: Enabling some components of a product to be recovered, refurbished, and reused

    Design for remanufacture: Enabling recovery of post-industrial or post-consumer waste for recycling as

    input to the manufacture of new products

    Design for energy recovery: Extraction of energy from waste materials, e.g., through incineration

    Life cycle DfE strategies Specific strategiesRaw

    materialsMaterial useOptimization

    Design for resource conservation- Reduction of material use- Use renewable material- Use recycled and recyclable

    Design for low impact material- Avoid toxic or hazardous sub.- Use of lower energy contentManufacturing

    CleanmanufacturingDesign for cleaner production- Minimize the variety of material

    - Avoid waste of material- Select low impact ancillary materiaand processDistribution

    EfficientdistributionDesign for efficient distribution

    - Reduce the weight of product- Reduce the weight of packaging- Ensure re-usable and recyclabletransport packaging

    - Ensure efficient distributionProduct

    UseCleanuse/operation

    Design for energy efficiencyDesign for material conservation

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    Design for minimal consumptionAvoidance of wasteDesign for low-impact use/operation

    Design for durabilityEnd of LifeEnd of Life

    optimization

    Design for re-useDesign for re-manufacturing

    Design for disassemblyDesign for recycling

    Design for safe disposa