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Waste charges. Waste-processing charges such as land-fill and
incineration costs are likely to increase,
based on the principle of "polluter pays." The prevention of
waste and emissions, re-use and recycling
will consequently become more economic.
The project team should list improvement options on the DfE
Improvement Options Worksheet,
grouping them according to a classification based on the seven
DfE Strategies. The ImprovementOptions Worksheet can also be
reformatted to include the DfE Sub-Stratgies. (DfE STRATEGIES)
After listing the improvement options, the team can then use the
DfE Strategy Wheel Worksheet to
visualize the main areas for product improvement.
DfE involves design procedures that minimize material and energy
consumption while maximizing the
possibility for reuse and recycling. Effective recycling closes
the life cycle loop and returns energy and
materials back to circulation. At every stage of the product
life cycle, from the extraction of raw
materials to the end of use phase, Nokia is looking for ways to
reuse and recycle materials as well as
dispose of waste safely. In product design we begin with the
end. Clearly, greater eco-efficiency can be
achieved when product design teams work closely with recyclers
and others involved in end-of-life
treatment.
Material choice
Liquid residues
Product delivery
Product use
Refurbishment, recycling, disposal
For the infrastructure stage (lc1), energy and solid waste were
considered to be the two dominant
environmental factors. The Supporting Information shows that the
matrixes for the manufacturing
stages (lc2, lc3, and lc4) are similar to each other, with
energy, hazardous materials, and air emissions as
the dominant factors and with energy and air taken as the most
important. (Note: Because anodizing
process B represents a significant improvement in the area of
hazardous material choice, this relative
ranking will tend to downplay the advantage of B over anodizing
process A.) For process termination,
lc5, the residues and energy use are taken to be the major
factors, with solid waste as the principal
factor. For lc6, energy use is the predominant factor, followed
by hazardous materials and the residues.
The company has an incentive to reduce the use of metals and
plastics, reduce the amount of energy
used in operation and recycle what is used because that will
reduce their costs, even while they still get
paid for providing the service.
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To enhance component reuse and material recycle, engineers must
embed strategic modularity into the
product and reduce the cost to the recycling organizations. The
key issue is the up front 121
ANNALS OF THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA2005 TOME III.
Fascicole 2
consideration of recycle modularity at the early stages of
product design that addresses product families
and its generations.
DfE practices are different ways of designing improved
environmental performance into a product.
Several of the more common ones are described below.
Material Substitution: Replacing product constituents with
substitute materials that are superior in
terms of increased recyclability, reduced energy content,
etc.
Waste source reduction: Reducing the mass of the product or its
packaging, thus reducing the resulting
quantity of waste matter per product unit.
Substance use reduction: Reducing or eliminating the types and
amounts of undesirable substances
(e.g., toxics or CFCs) that are either incorporated into the
product or used in its manufacturing process.
Energy use reduction: Reducing the energy required to produce,
transport, store, maintain, use, recycle,
or dispose of the product and its packaging
Life extension: Prolonging the useful life of a product or its
components, thus reducing the associated
waste stream (see below under design for reusability)
Design for separation and disassembly: Simplifying product
disassembly and material recovery usingtechniques such as snap
fastening of components and color coding of plastics
Design for recycling: Ensuring both high levels of recycled
content in product materials and maximum
recycling, i.e., minimum waste, at end of product life
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Design for disposal: Assuring that all non-recyclable materials
and components can be safely and
efficiently disposed (e.g., ink/pigment restrictions)
Design for reuse: Enabling some components of a product to be
recovered, refurbished, and reused
Design for remanufacture: Enabling recovery of post-industrial
or post-consumer waste for recycling as
input to the manufacture of new products
Design for energy recovery: Extraction of energy from waste
materials, e.g., through incineration
Life cycle DfE strategies Specific strategiesRaw
materialsMaterial useOptimization
Design for resource conservation- Reduction of material use- Use
renewable material- Use recycled and recyclable
Design for low impact material- Avoid toxic or hazardous sub.-
Use of lower energy contentManufacturing
CleanmanufacturingDesign for cleaner production- Minimize the
variety of material
- Avoid waste of material- Select low impact ancillary
materiaand processDistribution
EfficientdistributionDesign for efficient distribution
- Reduce the weight of product- Reduce the weight of packaging-
Ensure re-usable and recyclabletransport packaging
- Ensure efficient distributionProduct
UseCleanuse/operation
Design for energy efficiencyDesign for material conservation
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Design for minimal consumptionAvoidance of wasteDesign for
low-impact use/operation
Design for durabilityEnd of LifeEnd of Life
optimization
Design for re-useDesign for re-manufacturing
Design for disassemblyDesign for recycling
Design for safe disposa
