Upload
jegjegt
View
214
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 Waste Charges
1/4
Waste charges. Waste-processing charges such as land-fill and incineration costs are likely to increase,
based on the principle of "polluter pays." The prevention of waste and emissions, re-use and recycling
will consequently become more economic.
The project team should list improvement options on the DfE Improvement Options Worksheet,
grouping them according to a classification based on the seven DfE Strategies. The ImprovementOptions Worksheet can also be reformatted to include the DfE Sub-Stratgies. (DfE STRATEGIES)
After listing the improvement options, the team can then use the DfE Strategy Wheel Worksheet to
visualize the main areas for product improvement.
DfE involves design procedures that minimize material and energy consumption while maximizing the
possibility for reuse and recycling. Effective recycling closes the life cycle loop and returns energy and
materials back to circulation. At every stage of the product life cycle, from the extraction of raw
materials to the end of use phase, Nokia is looking for ways to reuse and recycle materials as well as
dispose of waste safely. In product design we begin with the end. Clearly, greater eco-efficiency can be
achieved when product design teams work closely with recyclers and others involved in end-of-life
treatment.
Material choice
Liquid residues
Product delivery
Product use
Refurbishment, recycling, disposal
For the infrastructure stage (lc1), energy and solid waste were considered to be the two dominant
environmental factors. The Supporting Information shows that the matrixes for the manufacturing
stages (lc2, lc3, and lc4) are similar to each other, with energy, hazardous materials, and air emissions as
the dominant factors and with energy and air taken as the most important. (Note: Because anodizing
process B represents a significant improvement in the area of hazardous material choice, this relative
ranking will tend to downplay the advantage of B over anodizing process A.) For process termination,
lc5, the residues and energy use are taken to be the major factors, with solid waste as the principal
factor. For lc6, energy use is the predominant factor, followed by hazardous materials and the residues.
The company has an incentive to reduce the use of metals and plastics, reduce the amount of energy
used in operation and recycle what is used because that will reduce their costs, even while they still get
paid for providing the service.
8/14/2019 Waste Charges
2/4
To enhance component reuse and material recycle, engineers must embed strategic modularity into the
product and reduce the cost to the recycling organizations. The key issue is the up front 121
ANNALS OF THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA2005 TOME III. Fascicole 2
consideration of recycle modularity at the early stages of product design that addresses product families
and its generations.
DfE practices are different ways of designing improved environmental performance into a product.
Several of the more common ones are described below.
Material Substitution: Replacing product constituents with substitute materials that are superior in
terms of increased recyclability, reduced energy content, etc.
Waste source reduction: Reducing the mass of the product or its packaging, thus reducing the resulting
quantity of waste matter per product unit.
Substance use reduction: Reducing or eliminating the types and amounts of undesirable substances
(e.g., toxics or CFCs) that are either incorporated into the product or used in its manufacturing process.
Energy use reduction: Reducing the energy required to produce, transport, store, maintain, use, recycle,
or dispose of the product and its packaging
Life extension: Prolonging the useful life of a product or its components, thus reducing the associated
waste stream (see below under design for reusability)
Design for separation and disassembly: Simplifying product disassembly and material recovery usingtechniques such as snap fastening of components and color coding of plastics
Design for recycling: Ensuring both high levels of recycled content in product materials and maximum
recycling, i.e., minimum waste, at end of product life
8/14/2019 Waste Charges
3/4
Design for disposal: Assuring that all non-recyclable materials and components can be safely and
efficiently disposed (e.g., ink/pigment restrictions)
Design for reuse: Enabling some components of a product to be recovered, refurbished, and reused
Design for remanufacture: Enabling recovery of post-industrial or post-consumer waste for recycling as
input to the manufacture of new products
Design for energy recovery: Extraction of energy from waste materials, e.g., through incineration
Life cycle DfE strategies Specific strategiesRaw
materialsMaterial useOptimization
Design for resource conservation- Reduction of material use- Use renewable material- Use recycled and recyclable
Design for low impact material- Avoid toxic or hazardous sub.- Use of lower energy contentManufacturing
CleanmanufacturingDesign for cleaner production- Minimize the variety of material
- Avoid waste of material- Select low impact ancillary materiaand processDistribution
EfficientdistributionDesign for efficient distribution
- Reduce the weight of product- Reduce the weight of packaging- Ensure re-usable and recyclabletransport packaging
- Ensure efficient distributionProduct
UseCleanuse/operation
Design for energy efficiencyDesign for material conservation
8/14/2019 Waste Charges
4/4
Design for minimal consumptionAvoidance of wasteDesign for low-impact use/operation
Design for durabilityEnd of LifeEnd of Life
optimization
Design for re-useDesign for re-manufacturing
Design for disassemblyDesign for recycling
Design for safe disposa