Warmup: What do the following Warmup: What do the following word stems mean?word stems mean?

If you don’t know, guess.

PaleoPaleo – – Like Like paleopaleontologyntology

NeoNeo – – Like Like neoneonatal nursenatal nurse

EgalitarianEgalitarian

ForagerForager

Domesticated AnimalDomesticated Animal

PatriarchyPatriarchy

Pater – fatherPater – father -archy – rule by-archy – rule by Mater - motherMater - mother

SinistrabrevirosmarchySinistrabrevirosmarchy

PastoralismPastoralism

Specialization of laborSpecialization of labor

TextilesTextiles

MetallurgyMetallurgy

Stone -> Bronze -> IronStone -> Bronze -> Iron

Hierarchical social structureHierarchical social structure

BureaucracyBureaucracy

StratificationStratification

DivineDivine

DisseminationDissemination

AgrarianAgrarian

Monumental architectureMonumental architecture

DiffusionDiffusion

PRE-HISTORYPRE-HISTORY

PALEOLITHIC AND PALEOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC

SOCIETIES TO THE SOCIETIES TO THE RISE OF CITIESRISE OF CITIES

EVOLUTION OF EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETYHUMAN SOCIETY

The Hominids The Hominids – AustralopithecusAustralopithecus

Appeared in east Africa about 4 million to 1 million years ago Appeared in east Africa about 4 million to 1 million years ago The term means "the southern ape" but it belongs to hominids The term means "the southern ape" but it belongs to hominids Walked upright on two legs, well-developed hands Walked upright on two legs, well-developed hands Fashioned stone tools, probably knew how to use fire later Fashioned stone tools, probably knew how to use fire later

Homo erectusHomo erectus – Flourished 1.5 million to 200,000 years ago, east Africa Flourished 1.5 million to 200,000 years ago, east Africa

The term means "upright walking human" The term means "upright walking human" Large brain allowed for different functionsLarge brain allowed for different functions Sophisticated tools, definitely knew how to control fire Sophisticated tools, definitely knew how to control fire Developed language skills Developed language skills Language probably a hunting skill Language probably a hunting skill

– Migrations of Migrations of Homo erectusHomo erectus 500,000 to 200,000 years ago500,000 to 200,000 years ago First migrated to north Africa First migrated to north Africa Later migrated to Asia and Europe Later migrated to Asia and Europe

PALEOLITHIC AGEPALEOLITHIC AGE

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens – The term means "consciously thinking human" The term means "consciously thinking human" – Evolved as early as 250,000 years ago Evolved as early as 250,000 years ago – Brain with large frontal regions for conscious and reflective Brain with large frontal regions for conscious and reflective

thought thought – The advantages of intelligence over other species The advantages of intelligence over other species

Migrations of Migrations of Homo sapiensHomo sapiens – Beginning more than 100,000 years ago, spread throughout Beginning more than 100,000 years ago, spread throughout

Eurasia Eurasia – Several ice ages between 120 and 25 thousand years ago Several ice ages between 120 and 25 thousand years ago – Land bridges enabled them to populate islands of Indonesia, Land bridges enabled them to populate islands of Indonesia,

New Guinea New Guinea The natural environment The natural environment

– Homo sapiensHomo sapiens used knives, spears, bows, and arrows used knives, spears, bows, and arrows – Brought tremendous pressure on other species Brought tremendous pressure on other species

Early Human MigrationEarly Human Migration

PALEOLITHIC PALEOLITHIC CULTURECULTURE

Neanderthal peoples Neanderthal peoples – Named after the site of the Neander valley in S.W. Germany Named after the site of the Neander valley in S.W. Germany – Flourished in Europe and S.W. Asia between 100 and 35 thousand years ago Flourished in Europe and S.W. Asia between 100 and 35 thousand years ago – Careful, deliberate burials-evidence of a capacity for emotion and feelings Careful, deliberate burials-evidence of a capacity for emotion and feelings

Cro-Magnon peoples Cro-Magnon peoples – The first human beings of fully modern type, appeared 40,000 years ago The first human beings of fully modern type, appeared 40,000 years ago – Classified as Classified as Homo sapiens sapiensHomo sapiens sapiens – A noticeable interest in fashion and artistic production A noticeable interest in fashion and artistic production

Social OrganizationSocial Organization– Small family units, clans of generally no more than 15-20 peopleSmall family units, clans of generally no more than 15-20 people– Organized hunting bands, led by elders with greatest knowledge of hunting, Organized hunting bands, led by elders with greatest knowledge of hunting,

gatheringgathering– Women could be leadersWomen could be leaders

Venus figurines Venus figurines – Besides jewelry and furniture, there were also Venus figurines and paintings Besides jewelry and furniture, there were also Venus figurines and paintings – The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility

Cave paintings Cave paintings – Best known are Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain Best known are Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain – Subjects: mostly animals; Purposes: aesthetic, "sympathetic magicSubjects: mostly animals; Purposes: aesthetic, "sympathetic magic

Venus figurines Venus figurines – Besides jewelry and Besides jewelry and

furniture, there were furniture, there were also Venus figurines also Venus figurines and paintings and paintings

– The figurines reflect The figurines reflect a deep interest in a deep interest in fertility fertility

ORIGINS OF AGRICULTUREORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE Neolithic era Neolithic era

– ""New stone ageNew stone age" - refined tools and agriculture " - refined tools and agriculture – Time period: from about 12,000 to 6,000 years ago Time period: from about 12,000 to 6,000 years ago – Most likely, Most likely, Paleolithic women Paleolithic women began systematic cultivation began systematic cultivation

of plants of plants – Paleolithic men Paleolithic men began to domesticate animals began to domesticate animals – "Agricultural transition" is better than "agricultural "Agricultural transition" is better than "agricultural

revolution" revolution" Early agriculture Early agriculture

– The earliest evidence found between 10,000 to 8000 B.C.E. The earliest evidence found between 10,000 to 8000 B.C.E. – Slash-and-burn cultivation involved frequent movement of Slash-and-burn cultivation involved frequent movement of

farmers farmers – About 5000 B.C.E., agriculture well-established in Asia and About 5000 B.C.E., agriculture well-established in Asia and

Americas Americas The spread of agriculture The spread of agriculture

– Advantages of cultivation over hunting and gatheringAdvantages of cultivation over hunting and gathering– Developed indigenously in several different cultural hearths Developed indigenously in several different cultural hearths – Agriculture provided a surplusAgriculture provided a surplus

Some people start to change from Some people start to change from hunting/foraginghunting/foraging to to agrarianagrarian life. life.

How will this drastically change society in terms ofHow will this drastically change society in terms of

Population?Population? Material possessions?Material possessions? Diet?Diet? Gender roles?Gender roles? The environment?The environment? Social hierarchies?Social hierarchies? Religion?Religion? Architecture?Architecture?

EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETYEARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY Population explosion caused by surplus Population explosion caused by surplus Emergence of villages and towns Emergence of villages and towns

– Jericho, earliest known Neolithic village (north of the Dead Jericho, earliest known Neolithic village (north of the Dead Sea) Sea)

– Agricultural society, supplemented by hunting and limited Agricultural society, supplemented by hunting and limited trade trade

– Mud huts and defensive walls Mud huts and defensive walls Specialization of labor Specialization of labor

– Neolithic site of Çatal Hüyük (south-central Anatolia) Neolithic site of Çatal Hüyük (south-central Anatolia) Developed into a bustling town with more than 8,000 Developed into a bustling town with more than 8,000

inhabitantsinhabitants Craft industries - pottery, metallurgy, and textile productionCraft industries - pottery, metallurgy, and textile production

– Ruling class, priestly, craftsmen, and merchants were Ruling class, priestly, craftsmen, and merchants were common common

Social distinctions Social distinctions – Agriculture brought about private land ownership Agriculture brought about private land ownership – Social classes emergedSocial classes emerged, as seen in Çatal Hüyük site, as seen in Çatal Hüyük site

Beliefs Beliefs – Neolithic peoples celebrated deities associated with life Neolithic peoples celebrated deities associated with life

cyclecycle– Increasing deification, Increasing deification, anthropomorphismanthropomorphism of nature, of nature,

seasonsseasons– Increasing masculinization of deities Increasing masculinization of deities

NEOLITHIC ERA IN SOUTHWEST ASIANEOLITHIC ERA IN SOUTHWEST ASIA

Cain and Abel = Cain and Abel = Neolithic Revolution?Neolithic Revolution?

ORIGINS OF URBAN LIFEORIGINS OF URBAN LIFE

Emergence of cities Emergence of cities – Tended to emerge in hostile environmentsTended to emerge in hostile environments– Harsh environments required stronger Harsh environments required stronger

organizationorganization– Cities were larger and more complex Cities were larger and more complex – Cities influenced life of large regions Cities influenced life of large regions

Earliest cities in Southern MesopotamiaEarliest cities in Southern Mesopotamia– Region called SumerRegion called Sumer– Ur, Erech, Uruk Ur, Erech, Uruk

Other hearths of urban civilizationOther hearths of urban civilization– Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley– Nile River ValleyNile River Valley– River Valley of the Huang HeRiver Valley of the Huang He– Coastal Jungles of MexicoCoastal Jungles of Mexico

Clash of CulturesClash of Cultures

Agrarians vs. PastoralistsAgrarians vs. Pastoralists

(Farmers vs. Shepherds)(Farmers vs. Shepherds)

PART I:PART I:THE ORIGINS OF THE ORIGINS OF

CIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION

PART IPART I Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age

– Humans had spread around globeHumans had spread around globe– Humans were hunter-gatherersHumans were hunter-gatherers– Life style could not support large numbersLife style could not support large numbers– Man makes tools of stone, boneMan makes tools of stone, bone

Began around 9,000 BCEBegan around 9,000 BCE– Rise of agricultureRise of agriculture– Culture becomes increasingly complexCulture becomes increasingly complex

PALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHICPALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHIC

Many resist sedentarismMany resist sedentarism– PastoralistsPastoralists– Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20thth

centurycentury Development uneven across regionsDevelopment uneven across regions Change often slowChange often slow Indigenous development vs. diffusionIndigenous development vs. diffusion

CIVILIZATION’S 1CIVILIZATION’S 1STST PHASE PHASE Five major centers beginning around 4,500 Five major centers beginning around 4,500

BCEBCE– Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)– Nile River ValleyNile River Valley– Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley– Northern China (Huang He)Northern China (Huang He)– Central AmericaCentral America

Civilizations arose in few areas, spread outCivilizations arose in few areas, spread out Often arose around control of waterOften arose around control of water

– Called “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizationsCalled “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizations– Irrigation, flood control at center of power, Irrigation, flood control at center of power,

changeschanges Ancient period lasts generally to 1000 BCEAncient period lasts generally to 1000 BCE

THE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATIONTHE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATION

Permanent InstitutionsPermanent Institutions– Religious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheismReligious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheism– Political: Monarchy, aristocracy, militariesPolitical: Monarchy, aristocracy, militaries– Social: Rise of classesSocial: Rise of classes– Gender: Patriarchy Gender: Patriarchy

Trade and CommerceTrade and Commerce Systems of Record KeepingSystems of Record Keeping Intellectual TraditionsIntellectual Traditions

– Arts, ArchitectureArts, Architecture– LiteraturesLiteratures

WIDER CONTACTSWIDER CONTACTS

Each civilization had particular patternsEach civilization had particular patterns Effects of GeographyEffects of Geography

– Either facilitated, hindered communicationEither facilitated, hindered communication– Strengthened, weakened local cultureStrengthened, weakened local culture

ContactsContacts– War, Trade, DiseasesWar, Trade, Diseases– NomadsNomads– MigrationMigration

MesopotamiaMesopotamia

The SumeriansThe Sumerians

ZigguratsZiggurats