WarmUp #2

• Analyze the maps on pgs. 712, 716 & 721.– Answer the 2 questions on each of these

pages:•pg. 712: “Europe, 1815”•pg. 716: “The Unification of Italy, 1858-1870”

•pg. 721: “The Unification of Germany, 1865-1871”

Nationalism & Unification

Germany Italy

Causes of unification

State leading unification

Leaders of unification

Methods used to bring about unification

Ruler of unified nations

Aftermath of unification

---using Chapter 24, Sections 1 & 2---

Nationalismin Eastern Europe &

Russia

Austrian Empire• multi-national empire…ruled by the Hapsburg family

– opposed to liberalism– no freedom of press – kept a close watch on universities (…usually, the source

of rebellion & revolt)– revolutions of 1820, 1830 & 1848 led to growing calls for

independence & nationalism• Hungarian Magyars had the most influence• Compromise of 1867

– gave Hungary its own constitution, parliament & capital– still part of the Austrian empire – created a dual monarchy: Austria-Hungary

• problems existed because lots of other national groups wanted recognition or independence, as well

Ethnic Groups in Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire• large multi-national empire in Southeastern Europe &

Southwestern Asia (Middle East)…but in decline since the 1600s• European states worried about the collapse of the Ottoman

Empire & the rise of Russia > Constantinople• Crimean War

– dispute over access to Jerusalem & the Holy Land – France & Great Britain helped the Ottoman Empire vs. Russia– fought for 2 years: “Most Unnecessary War in History”– ended in a stalemate with 500,000 deaths– Florence Nightingale: famous nurse

• Balkan Wars– European countries fighting for dominance– ended with independence for Serbia– ended with Bosnia-Herzegovina, being annexed by Austria

Crimean War

Two Examples of NationalismUse Chp. 24, Sec. 3 to

complete this chart.Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire

Government

Economy ---use the map in the text---

Ethnic Groups

Response to Nationalism

Russia• controlled most land

(Europe into Asia), with many ethnic groups

• the Czars had absolute power & opposed the ideas of the Enlightenment

• not much industrialization, as mostly agricultural: high reliance on serfs

• ideas of reform spread in Russia: Decembrists tried to gain reforms, but were captured & sent to Siberia by Czar Nicholas I

Russian Reaction

• Czar Alexander II: major reformer!– 1861: freed the serfs & gave them land in

communes (wanted a market system = capitalism)– new judicial system with some self-government – reorganized the army & the navy

• radical groups wanted more, so assassinated Alexander II in 1881

• Czar Alexander III– strong personality & reversed father’s reforms– cracked down on the revolutionary groups – Pograms: violent attacks on the Jews

Czar Alexander II

Czar Nicholas II• Czar Nicholas II began industrialization of Russia with the Trans-Siberian

Railroad• 1904: conflict with Japan…lost Russo-Japanese War• January 22nd, 1905: peaceful group of peasants & workers led by priests

walked to the Czar’s palace with demands for reform• Bloody Sunday: Russian troops panicked & fired into the crowd, killing

hundreds of protesters– shocked the people of Russia, causing mass strikes (rebellion vs.

Czar)– peasants rebelled against landlords & students protested in streets

• Nicholas II issued October Manifesto:– promised a constitution– individual liberties– Duma: elected legislative body

• appeased people for awhile, but Nicholas II wanted absolute power, so soon took back the reforms & closed the Duma

Czar Nicholas II

Bloody Sunday

The Russian CzarsNicholas I Alexander II Alexander III

Write the repression or reforms that took place under each of these three czars of Russia, using Chapter 24, Section 4 of the text.

IN-CLASS ASSESSMENT

1. Before the Compromise of 1867, why was the Austrian Empire watching universities?

2. What was the Compromise of 1867?

3. What was the long-term problem within the new Austria-Hungary, in regards to dealing with minority groups in the Empire?

4. Who were the group of reformers who were captured by Czar Nicholas I & sent to Siberia?

5. What is Czar Alexander II most known for?

6. January 22nd, 1905 is known in Russia as _________.