WarmUp #2WarmUp #2

►1. Using the text on pgs. 24, 25 & 32, 1. Using the text on pgs. 24, 25 & 32, analyze the map, read the paragraph analyze the map, read the paragraph relating to the map & answer the relating to the map & answer the respective questions.respective questions.

►2. Begin reading pg. 33:2. Begin reading pg. 33:

““Mesopotamia & Sumer”Mesopotamia & Sumer”

The Ancient Middle EastThe Ancient Middle East

MesopotamiaMesopotamia► MesopotamiaMesopotamia means “the means “the

land between the rivers” in land between the rivers” in GreekGreek valley between the Tigris & valley between the Tigris &

Euphrates RiversEuphrates Rivers► Fertile Crescent:Fertile Crescent: fertile land fertile land

between Mediterranean Sea between Mediterranean Sea & the Persian Gulf& the Persian Gulf

► silt:silt: deposited by two rivers deposited by two rivers each year when the rivers each year when the rivers flooded; helped farmingflooded; helped farming

► farmers learned to farmers learned to control control the floodingthe flooding & civilization & civilization started to flourish in started to flourish in MesopotamiaMesopotamia

The Cradle of Civilization

The Fertile Crescent:“Crossroads of the World”

-connected Europe, Asia & Africa

-flooding was unpredictable: miserable outlook on life

First Civilization~First Civilization~ The The Sumerians~Sumerians~

► about 4500 BC: present about 4500 BC: present day Iraqday Iraq

► began building began building city-states: city-states: cities & surrounding cities & surrounding countryside that worked countryside that worked together for mutual together for mutual defense & had their own defense & had their own governmentgovernment

► early city-states:early city-states: Ur, Erech & KishUr, Erech & Kish

Religion in Sumerian city-Religion in Sumerian city-statesstates

► polytheism: belief in many godspolytheism: belief in many gods nature was controlled by gods (floods, nature was controlled by gods (floods,

harvests etc)harvests etc) prevailing thought that gods were like prevailing thought that gods were like

people:people:►ate, drank, fell in love, married, fought, etc.ate, drank, fell in love, married, fought, etc.

made offerings to them through made offerings to them through priests/priestessespriests/priestesses

► each city-state worshipped their own godseach city-state worshipped their own gods

► ziggurat:ziggurat: pyramid on top of temple pyramid on top of temple

theocracy:theocracy: a government a government ruled by divine authorityruled by divine authority

► The The ruler’s/government’s jobruler’s/government’s job was to maintain city was to maintain city walls, irrigation walls, irrigation systems, lead army, systems, lead army, enforce laws, collect enforce laws, collect taxes & keep records.taxes & keep records.

► Kings were the gods’ Kings were the gods’ representatives on representatives on Earth.Earth.

Government

Tower of Babel?!?Tower of Babel?!?

ZigguratsZiggurats

WritingWriting► Sumer:Sumer: developed the first developed the first

writing systemwriting system cuneiform:cuneiform: wedge shaped writing wedge shaped writing

done with a stylusdone with a stylus Used for business purposes, to Used for business purposes, to

record religious rites, tax recordsrecord religious rites, tax records► clay tablets & clay envelopesclay tablets & clay envelopes► scribes:scribes: writers writers

► Epic of Gilgamesh:Epic of Gilgamesh: Sumerian Sumerian literature about a legendary kingliterature about a legendary king

The Epic of GilgameshThe Epic of Gilgamesh►Read the excerpt on pg. 38 & answer Read the excerpt on pg. 38 & answer

the 2 questions. the 2 questions.

►Create a visual cartoon, with a Create a visual cartoon, with a different box for each step of his different box for each step of his journey…journey… i.e. a graphic noveli.e. a graphic novel

Sumerian TechnologySumerian Technology► first to invent the first to invent the

wheelwheel► sails for boatssails for boats►war chariotswar chariots► irrigation systemsirrigation systems► plowplow► arches, columns, arches, columns,

ramps & inclined walksramps & inclined walks► sewerssewers► buildings made of mudbuildings made of mud

► 12-month calendar12-month calendar► bricks made of sun bricks made of sun

baked claybaked clay►math based on 60math based on 60

secondsecond minute minute 360-degrees360-degrees

Fertile Crescent: Map Fertile Crescent: Map AnalysisAnalysis

►Analyze the maps on Analyze the maps on “Conquering the “Conquering the Fertile Crescent” Fertile Crescent” on pg. 40-41 & on pg. 40-41 & answer the 2 questions.answer the 2 questions.

InvadersInvaders

►Sumerian city-states Sumerian city-states were on flat were on flat plains, easily invaded by warrior plains, easily invaded by warrior societiessocieties ceased to exist about 1750 BCceased to exist about 1750 BC

-constant warfare-constant warfare-invaded & taken over-invaded & taken over

►Sargon:Sargon: leader of the leader of the AkkadiansAkkadians from from the North, invades & sets up the the North, invades & sets up the world’s first empireworld’s first empire

The Akkadians:The Akkadians: First Empire First Empire► empire:empire: consists of many nations consists of many nations

& people& people easy to build; hard to maintaineasy to build; hard to maintain

► 2330 BC: Sargon founds the2330 BC: Sargon founds the first first empire! empire! borrows many things from Sumeria borrows many things from Sumeria

because of because of cultural diffusioncultural diffusion lasts for 140 years before falling to lasts for 140 years before falling to

eastern tribes eastern tribes

► 1792 BC: 1792 BC: HammurabiHammurabi sets up sets up empire in Babylon & gains empire in Babylon & gains control of Sumer & Akkadcontrol of Sumer & Akkad

BabylonianBabylonianss

--------first written set of LAWS

Code of Hammurabi:•282 laws carved in stone•public display•very harsh as punishment fit the crime

•“eye for an eye”Laws- based on social status

Society:-patriarchal = men controlled-women had few rights -arranged marriages-Sumerian culture/language/cuneiform: still being

taught Invaded: 1600 BC: Babylon fell to the Hittites

-iron stronger than bronze

Indo-EuropeansIndo-Europeans►group of people who speak a language group of people who speak a language

from one mother tonguefrom one mother tongue Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Persian, Germanic Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Persian, Germanic

languageslanguages

►Hittites:Hittites: group of Indo-Europeans group of Indo-Europeans used iron weaponsused iron weapons brought them to Mesopotamiabrought them to Mesopotamia destroyed ~1200 BC by destroyed ~1200 BC by sea peoplessea peoples

AssyriansAssyrians► militaristic: tortured, beheaded (skinned?) prisonersmilitaristic: tortured, beheaded (skinned?) prisoners► deporteddeported troublesome people to outer edges of region troublesome people to outer edges of region► built capital at Nineveh: 1built capital at Nineveh: 1stst library library► King Assurbanipal builds the world’s first library with King Assurbanipal builds the world’s first library with

22,000 clay tablets22,000 clay tablets► used used iron weapons: iron weapons: empire by 700 BCempire by 700 BC► very efficient communications very efficient communications ► very ruthless people:very ruthless people: no mercy on captured peoplesno mercy on captured peoples► practiced practiced forced assimilationforced assimilation: : forcing people to give forcing people to give

up their identity and become like the conquerorsup their identity and become like the conquerors► finally overthrown by Medes (Iran) & finally overthrown by Medes (Iran) & ChaldeansChaldeans

AssyriansAssyrians

The Chaldeans The Chaldeans (a short-lived (a short-lived Empire)Empire)

► 612BC: 612BC: people deported by Assyrians people deported by Assyrians attacked & destroyed Ninevehattacked & destroyed Nineveh

► ChaldeansChaldeans Babylon becomes capital AGAINBabylon becomes capital AGAIN math & astronomy to use for astrologymath & astronomy to use for astrology

► King NebuchadnezzarKing Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylonrebuilt Babylon Hanging GardensHanging Gardens for wife for wife fights Egyptians & Jewsfights Egyptians & Jews captures Jerusalemcaptures Jerusalem

► deports & enslaves Jews to Babylondeports & enslaves Jews to Babylon► King Solomon’s Temple destroyedKing Solomon’s Temple destroyed

Persians conquered Babylon from the east!Persians conquered Babylon from the east!

PhoeniciansPhoenicians

Phoenicia Phoenicia ► PhoeniciaPhoenicia

present-day Lebanonpresent-day Lebanon

► traderstraders not fighters not fighters major portsmajor ports controlled by several controlled by several

empiresempires

► carriers of carriers of civilizationcivilization alphabet: 22 lettersalphabet: 22 letters

► first to use coined $first to use coined $$$$$

► barter system barter system scrapedscraped both had to have both had to have

something the other something the other wantedwanted

coins could be stored coins could be stored & saved: livestock & & saved: livestock & food could notfood could not

LYDIA

In-Class Assessment

Answer the following ?s in complete Answer the following ?s in complete sentences.sentences.

► 1. Who created the first empire?1. Who created the first empire? Name the empire.Name the empire.

► 2. Who created the first set of laws?2. Who created the first set of laws? Give the name of the laws.Give the name of the laws.

► 3. What do we call a society ruled & dominated by 3. What do we call a society ruled & dominated by men?men?

► 4. Explain assimilation.4. Explain assimilation.

Hebrews (Israel)Hebrews (Israel)

IsraelIsrael►AbrahamAbraham

migrated from Mesopotamia (Ur) to Jordan River migrated from Mesopotamia (Ur) to Jordan River Valley of PalestineValley of Palestine

founder of the Jews/Hebrews/Israelites (2000 BC)founder of the Jews/Hebrews/Israelites (2000 BC)

► 22ndnd, but favored son Isaac & grandson Jacob (Israel): , but favored son Isaac & grandson Jacob (Israel): patriarchspatriarchs Jacob had 12 sons: each established a tribeJacob had 12 sons: each established a tribe

►““12 Tribes of Israel”12 Tribes of Israel”

About 400 years later, the Israelites left Palestine for About 400 years later, the Israelites left Palestine for Egypt because of a drought/famine.Egypt because of a drought/famine.

Egyptians enslaved the JewsEgyptians enslaved the Jews-after a few hundred years, the Jews gained their -after a few hundred years, the Jews gained their freedom & left under freedom & left under Moses (the Exodus)Moses (the Exodus)

Kings of IsraelKings of Israel► 1. Saul1. Saul

first to unite tribes first to unite tribes

► 2. David2. David defeated the defeated the

PhilistinesPhilistines formed a dynastyformed a dynasty

► 3. Solomon3. Solomon made Jerusalem a great made Jerusalem a great

capital through building the capital through building the templetemple►height of powerheight of power

lots of building = lots of lots of building = lots of taxestaxes

one of his 700+ wives was one of his 700+ wives was the daughter of Pharaoh the daughter of Pharaoh (Egypt)(Egypt)

IsraelIsrael ((ctnd)ctnd)

► Kingdom divided in half:Kingdom divided in half: Israel: northIsrael: north Judah: south Judah: south

► by 722 BC: by 722 BC: Israel conquered by the Israel conquered by the AssyriansAssyrians & the & the people were forcibly people were forcibly assimilatedassimilated

► by 586 BC: by 586 BC: Judah conquered by Judah conquered by Babylonians/ChaldeansBabylonians/Chaldeans & & sent into exilesent into exile King Solomon’s Temple destroyedKing Solomon’s Temple destroyed Jewish Diaspora:Jewish Diaspora: scattering of Jews outside Judahscattering of Jews outside Judah

► Eventually some Jews in exile returned to Palestine when Eventually some Jews in exile returned to Palestine when Cyrus & Persians Cyrus & Persians overthrew the Babyloniansoverthrew the Babylonians rebuilt temple: the “second temple”rebuilt temple: the “second temple”

JewishJewish BeliefsBeliefs► only 1 God, called YHWY (only 1 God, called YHWY (monotheismmonotheism))

► YHWY is good & justYHWY is good & just expects His people to be the sameexpects His people to be the same

► YHWY made a YHWY made a covenantcovenant (contract) with (contract) with AbrahamAbraham God would give the people a promised land God would give the people a promised land

(Israel/Palestine) if they followed His commands(Israel/Palestine) if they followed His commands

►When Jews left Egypt, God gave the When Jews left Egypt, God gave the LawLaw to to Moses including Moses including The 10 CommandmentsThe 10 Commandments

Jewish Beliefs (ctnd)Jewish Beliefs (ctnd)► Jews set apart from other peoples because of their Jews set apart from other peoples because of their

Mosaic laws Mosaic laws (i.e. keeping “kosher”)(i.e. keeping “kosher”)► prophetsprophets warned Israel when they werent warned Israel when they werent

following God or taking care of justicefollowing God or taking care of justice also showed them the future also showed them the future

► the Abrahamic covenant + the Mosaic Law + the the Abrahamic covenant + the Mosaic Law + the prophets = the 3 parts of the religion: JUDAISMprophets = the 3 parts of the religion: JUDAISM Judeo-Christian beliefs & traditionsJudeo-Christian beliefs & traditions

► Christianity builds onto JudaismChristianity builds onto Judaism

► the first 5 books of the Jewish holy book were the first 5 books of the Jewish holy book were written by Moses: the written by Moses: the TorahTorah (the Hebrew Bible) (the Hebrew Bible) Talmud:Talmud: finished AD 500 by Jewish scholars finished AD 500 by Jewish scholars

► explains & interprets behaviors, other writings & how to live daily lifeexplains & interprets behaviors, other writings & how to live daily life

JudaismJudaism

► Fiddler On The RoofFiddler On The Roof famous musical about a Jewish family living in Russia in the late 1800’s famous musical about a Jewish family living in Russia in the late 1800’s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRdfX7ut8gw

Persian EmpirePersian Empire

►modern Iranmodern Iran

PersiansPersians► CyrusCyrus

treats conquered people with respecttreats conquered people with respect lets them continue to self govern & keep their lets them continue to self govern & keep their

religions religions mercy & multiculturalismmercy & multiculturalism allowed exiled peoples to return home, including allowed exiled peoples to return home, including

JewsJews

► RELIGION: RELIGION: ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism 600BC 600BC Zoroaster/Zarathustra: founderZoroaster/Zarathustra: founder Avesta: sacred textAvesta: sacred text monotheisticmonotheistic Ahura Mazda: creator god Ahura Mazda: creator god Ahriman: evil spiritAhriman: evil spirit good & evil forces (dualism)good & evil forces (dualism) Day of Judgment: rewarded or punishedDay of Judgment: rewarded or punished

Persian Empire cont’d.Persian Empire cont’d.► Cyrus’ successor (Cyrus’ successor (Darius the Darius the

GreatGreat) extended empire by ) extended empire by invading Greeceinvading Greece divides the empire into satrapiesdivides the empire into satrapies

► military very powerfulmilitary very powerful king’s guards called king’s guards called Ten Ten

Thousand ImmortalsThousand Immortals b/c number b/c number of soldiers never under 10,000 of soldiers never under 10,000 menmen

► Eventually kings cared more Eventually kings cared more about intrigue & power than about intrigue & power than ruling well & the Empire fellruling well & the Empire fell

► Conquered by Alexander the Conquered by Alexander the Great & the GREEKSGreat & the GREEKS

Compare Judaism & Compare Judaism & ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism

► Create a Venn Diagram (Double Bubble Create a Venn Diagram (Double Bubble Map) on the religions of the Persians and the Map) on the religions of the Persians and the Israelites using pgs. 49 & 53.Israelites using pgs. 49 & 53.

In common

Judaism Zoroastrianism