Warm-UpSuzy wanted to make sweet tea. Shedecided to test 5 different pitchers of teawith different amounts of sugar to seeexactly how much sugar she should add tomake the tea perfectly sweet.• What is the independent variable?• What is the dependant variable?• What would be the control?• What would be the controlled variables?

Biochemistry

What is an atom?

basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of

negatively charged electrons

What is the atomic

number?

# of protons

What is the atomic mass?

# of protons + neutrons

Usually, # protons and electrons are

equal.

1

1

Hydrogen

Protons

Electrons

Carbon

Protons

Electrons

Neutrons

6

6

6

Phosphorous

Protons

Electrons

Neutrons

15

15

15

Now you try:

1. Oxygen

2. Nitrogen

Oxygen

Protons

Electrons

Neutrons

8

8

8

Nitrogen

Protons

Electrons

Neutrons

7

7

7

How do atoms interact with each other?

through their electrons

Which electrons do you think atoms use to do their interacting?

the electrons in the outermost shell

aka

VALENCE ELECTRONS

What do we call these interactions?

bonds

There are 2 types of bonds

• IONIC – 1 atom gives away valence electrons to another

• COVALENT – both atoms share valence electrons

IONIC BOND

Na Cl

Exchange of electrons

IONIC BOND

Na Cl

COVALENT BOND

O O

Sharing of electrons

COVALENT BOND

O O

Let’s look at some other covalent bonds

Water H20

H O H

H N H

H

Ammonia NH3

Carbon Dioxide CO2

O C O

Molecule vs Compound

• A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements.

• All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds.

• Molecular hydrogen (H2), molecular oxygen (O2) and molecular nitrogen (N2) are not compounds because each is composed of a single element.

• Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are compounds because each is made from more than one element. The smallest bit of each of these substances would be referred to as a molecule. For example, a single molecule of molecular hydrogen is made from two atoms of hydrogen while a single molecule of water is made from two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

Water makes up a large portion of our body.

Ammonia is found in urine as a waste product of breaking down proteins.

Carbon dioxide is a waste product that we exhale.

These molecules are all found in the human body.

Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Lipids• Nucleic acids

What is the purpose of eating food?

• to extract the organic compounds we need to carry out chemical reactions (breaking down of proteins, carbohydrates) in our body

What did you have for

breakfast?

Carbohydrates

• Most abundant of the biomolecules• Storage and transport of energy • Sugar and starch• Structural component (cellulose in

plants)

CarbohydratesC,H,O

hexagon shape

Proteins

• Large compounds made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds in a chain

• Structural components of animal cells• includes enzymes that catalyze (speed

up) reactions• Needed for metabolism & building

muscle

ProteinsC,H,O,N

Y shapedzig-zag

Lipids

• Fats, oils, waxes, & cholesterol• Energy storage• Structural component of cell membrane• insulation

Types of Fats

• Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature

has C=C double bonds

plants (olive oil)

• Saturated: solid at room temperature

no C=C double bonds

saturated (full) with hydrogen

animals (lard)

Lipids

C,H,Olong chain

Nucleic Acids

• made of nucleotides• make up and store genetic material• DNA• RNA code for protein

C,H,O,N,P

Answer the following

1. If you wanted quick energy, which biomolecule would you ingest?

2. If you wanted to build muscle, which biomolecule would you ingest?

After we eat these biomolecules, how are they

used in our bodies?

Biomolecules in our cells!

So what makes up these biomolecules?

Macromolecules

• big molecules that are made up of smaller molecules

• A smaller unit of molecules or monomer combines with other monomers to make a large molecule or polymer.

• Mono means single• Poly means many

ex: glucose (monomer) combine

to form starch (polymer)

glucose

ex: amino acids (monomer) combine

to form protein (polymer)

ex: nucleotides (monomer) combine

to form nucleic acids (polymer)

ex: fatty acid (monomer)and glycerol combine to form triglyceride (polymer)

Types of Fats

• Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature

has C=C double bonds

plants (olive oil)• Saturated: solid at room temperature

no C=C double bonds

saturated (full) with hydrogen

animals (lard)

Which are saturated or unsaturated?

What are trans fats?

Unsaturated fats that have hydrogen added to make them more desirable, but are really bad for you. Trans fats

raise your LDL (bad cholesterol).

You will be able to answer:

1. What is happening during a condensation reaction?

2. What is happening during a hydrolysis reaction?

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Dehydration synthesis reaction

Dehydration synthesis reaction

What is happening during dehydration synthesis?

• Monomers combine to form polymers• Water (H2O) molecules formed

H2O

Hydrolysis reaction

What’s happening during a hydrolysis reaction

• polymers break up into monomers• Water (H2O) is used

• Hydro refers to water… lysis means to break apart

H2O

• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__enzyme_action_and_the_hydrolysis_of_sucrose.html