Warm Up:

Review for Chapter 15 Quiz

Chapter 16

Section 1

How long can a president serve in office?

22nd Amendment 1951

• Set a 10 year limit on the number of years a president could serve

• A response to the presidency of FDR

Eisenhower

• World War II hero• Elected president in

1952 as a Republican

Cold War

• Brinkmanship- going to the brink of war without actually getting there

• Making threats that were strong enough to bring results, without having to follow through

Cold War

• Massive Retaliation- the U.S. would use overwhelming force, including nuclear weapons, to settle a conflict

Cold War

• CIA – Central Intelligence Agency• Created in 1947 to spy on foreign

governments• During Eisenhower presidency, helped

overthrow the governments of Iran and Guatemala

Cold War

• Stalin died in 1953• Nikita Khrushchev emerged as new leader• Warsaw Pact (1955) military alliance of Soviet

dominated countries of Eastern Europe• Soviets used military force to end uprisings in

Poland, Hungary

Cold War

• 1960, Soviets shot down U-2 spy plane• Captured pilot, Francis Gary Powers• Put in trial in USSR, found guilty of spying• Held for two years• Exchanged for release of Soviet spy• Damaged U.S- Soviet relations

Cold War Hot Spots

Cold War - Asia

• In 1954, France lost struggle to maintain its colony in Vietnam

Vietnam divided in half• North Communist• South Democratic

Cold War - Asia

Domino Theory - belief that if Vietnam became Communist, the rest of the nations in the region would follow

SEATO- Southeast Asian Treaty Organization

• Australia, Great Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand and the U.S.

• Agreed to work together to resist communism

Cold War – Middle East

• Israel declared independence in 1948• Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq

immediately attacked• Israel won the war, conquered the land

that had been set aside for an Arab Palestine

Cold War – Middle East

• Egypt, under Abdel Nasser, sought support of Soviet Union

• U.S. withdrew financial support of Aswan High Dam project

• In response, Egypt seized the Suez Canal• Blocked Europe’s access to oil supplies,

Israel's access to Red Sea

Cold War – Middle East

• Israel launched surprise attack on Egypt• Britain and France sent forces to take

control of Canal• Soviets threatened to enter conflict• Eisenhower insisted invaders leave Egypt• Egypt maintained control of canal

Cold War – Middle East

Eisenhower Doctrine 1957• U.S. help, on request, any nation in the

Middle East resist communist aggression

Warm Up:

• What are Americans afraid of?

Chapter 16

Section 2

Arms Race

• Hydrogen Bomb (H-Bomb) - hundreds of times more powerful than nuclear weapons used in Japan

• First detonated by Americans in 1952

• Soviet detonated in 1953

Arms Race

• Jan. 1957 U.S. test missile with 2,000 mile range

• Aug. 1957 Soviets test missile with 4,000 mile range

ICBM - Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

Arms Race

• 1954, U.S. develops nuclear powered subs

• Later, nuclear powered subs are fitted with ICBM’s

Space Race

• Oct. 1957. Soviets launch first artificial satellite, Sputnik

• Nov. 1957 Sputnik II, carries dog into space• National Defense Education Act (1958)

millions of dollars for math and science education in public schools

• Jan. 1958 U.S. launches first satellite• July 1960, NASA formed to lead U.S. space

program

Threat of Nuclear War

• Faced with possibility of destruction of entire cities

• Nuclear fallout - streams of radioactive particles caused by nuclear explosions

Threat of Nuclear War

• Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) – prepare public for nuclear emergencies

Watch “Duck and Cover”

Threat of Nuclear War

• Air raid sirens• Handbook “How to Survive and Atomic

Bomb”• Taught children techniques for surviving

nuclear blast• Heightened the fear of the public

Threat of Nuclear War

• Interstate Highway System (1956)

• Means of ground transportation

• Evacuate cities into the countryside

Threat of Nuclear War

• Many individuals began building fall out shelters

• Underground bunker, stocked with food and supplies

Threat of Nuclear War

• U.S. began a rapid expansion of the military during peacetime

• “military-industrial complex” – permanent arms industry

• Eisenhower viewed this as necessary, but a potential threat to freedom

Do you think that the U.S. government should spend

huge sums of money preparing for conflicts that it

may never fight?