Warm up –Justify answerWarm up –Justify answer 1. A scientist has a hypothesis that a large volcanic 1. A scientist has a hypothesis that a large volcanic

eruption caused a change in global temperature. Which caused a change in global temperature. Which information gained from ice cores is most useful in information gained from ice cores is most useful in supporting the sc ientist’ssupporting the sc ientist’s

hypothesis.hypothesis.

A levels of dissolved oxygen B identities of trace metals

C estimates of natural D amounts of atmospheric

radioactivity dust 2. Why do scientists study fossils? A to understand how volcanoes are formed B to understand life on Earth as it was millions of years ago C to understand when mountains were created D to help predict the future.

Write in Cornell note Write in Cornell note style style 1. What is biodiversity?1. What is biodiversity?

2. What does evolution mean?2. What does evolution mean? 3. What can cause this and how?3. What can cause this and how? 4. What is the theory of evolution4. What is the theory of evolution 5. Who is the father of this theory and why?5. Who is the father of this theory and why? 6. How did he come up with his theory?6. How did he come up with his theory? 7. What did his travels reveal?7. What did his travels reveal? 8. What did he observe?8. What did he observe? 9. Why was his voyage important?9. Why was his voyage important?

What is Biological What is Biological Diversity?Diversity?

Earth has millions of Earth has millions of organisms of everyorganisms of every

imaginable shape, size, and imaginable shape, size, and habitat. habitat.

The variety and The variety and abundance of species abundance of species

that make up a that make up a biological community biological community is called is called biodiversitybiodiversity....

The Big Question is …The Big Question is …

How did all these How did all these different different

organisms arise?organisms arise? How are they How are they

relatedrelated?

What is “evolution”?What is “evolution”? EvolutionEvolution meansmeans changechange overover

time.time.

What causes this change?What causes this change?

Mutations - a permanent Mutations - a permanent change in the DNA sequence change in the DNA sequence of a geneof a gene

What is “evolution”?What is “evolution”? Evolution means change over timeEvolution means change over time

What is the Theory of What is the Theory of Evolution”?Evolution”?

Change in the gene pool Change in the gene pool of a population of a population from generation to generationfrom generation to generation by such by such processes as mutation, artificial/natural processes as mutation, artificial/natural selection, and genetic drift. selection, and genetic drift.

A scientific theory is NOT just a belief, A scientific theory is NOT just a belief, it is a well-supported tested it is a well-supported tested explanation.explanation.

Timeline of Theory

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

Who is considered the Father of Evolution?

The first person to explain the cause of The first person to explain the cause of biological diversitybiological diversity

How did Darwin How did Darwin come up with his come up with his Theory of Evolution?Theory of Evolution?

1.Charles Darwin (1809-1882) 1.Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Sailed around the world 1831-1836Sailed around the world 1831-1836

Darwin went on an around-the-world trip on the HMS Beagle and traveled to the Galapagos Islands.

H.M.S Beagle RouteH.M.S Beagle Route

What did What did Darwin’s Darwin’s Travels reveal?Travels reveal? The The diversity of living diversity of living

species species was far greater was far greater than anyone had than anyone had previously known!previously known!

Species of different Species of different origins had similar origins had similar structuresstructures

These observations led These observations led him to develop the him to develop the theory of evolution!!theory of evolution!!

What did he observe?What did he observe? He particularly liked He particularly liked

and observed the and observed the finchesfinches. He also . He also observed the observed the tortoisestortoises on different on different islands.islands.

He observed He observed each each different group had different group had its own nicheits own niche..

He studied 13 He studied 13 different different species species and saw how they and saw how they adapted to their adapted to their environment.environment.

Land Tortoises Darwin Finches

Blue-Footed Booby Marine Iguanas

Galapagos Animals Darwin Studied

Why did tortoises and birds Why did tortoises and birds differ among the islands of differ among the islands of the Galapagos?the Galapagos?

Each island Each island had its own had its own type of type of tortoises tortoises and birds and birds that were that were clearly clearly different different from other from other islandsislands

Galapagos Galapagos TurtlesTurtles

Why was the Voyage Why was the Voyage important?important?

Darwin Darwin collected specimens collected specimens from from each place they stopped.each place they stopped.

Included shells, animals, fish, plants Included shells, animals, fish, plants and fossils.and fossils.

Compared Compared specimens of different specimens of different origins and realized some had similar origins and realized some had similar structures.structures.

Living Organisms and FossilsLiving Organisms and Fossils Some of those Some of those fossils resembled organisms that fossils resembled organisms that

were still alivewere still alive..

Others looked completely unlike any creature he Others looked completely unlike any creature he had ever seen.had ever seen.

As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose.As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose. Why had so many of these species disappeared? Why had so many of these species disappeared?

How were they related to living species?How were they related to living species?

Darwin’s TripDarwin’s Trip

On your own Wrap up On your own Wrap up Why were the finches so interesting to Why were the finches so interesting to

Darwin?Darwin?

What were some of their differences?What were some of their differences?

How did he account for their differences?How did he account for their differences?

What is Natural selection?What is Natural selection?

The Galapagos IslandThe Galapagos Island The smallest, lowest The smallest, lowest

islands were hot, dry, and islands were hot, dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse vegetationsparse vegetation

The higher islands had The higher islands had greater rainfall and a greater rainfall and a different assortment of different assortment of plants and animals-plants and animals-Isabela- Island had rich Isabela- Island had rich vegetationvegetation..

Darwin was Darwin was fascinated by the fascinated by the land tortoises land tortoises

Galapagos Turtles

Giant tortoises varied Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways in predictable ways from one island to from one island to another.another.

The shape of a The shape of a tortoise's shell could tortoise's shell could be used to identify be used to identify which island it which island it inhabited. inhabited.

Patterns of DiversityPatterns of Diversity

Darwin realized many Darwin realized many places have similar places have similar ecosystems, but ecosystems, but different inhabitants.different inhabitants.

He studied the He studied the correlation between correlation between fossils found and the fossils found and the organisms alive today.organisms alive today.

Glyptodon - lived 2,500,00 to 10,000 years ago

Armadillo - presently lives in the Americas

Thought ProcessThought Process

He pondered why some plants and He pondered why some plants and animals are extinct; whilst others are animals are extinct; whilst others are emerging from currently unknown origins.emerging from currently unknown origins.

Theorized that not all of the species were Theorized that not all of the species were dying but actually adapting and evolving.dying but actually adapting and evolving.

Who helped Darwin?Who helped Darwin?

James Hutton:James Hutton: 1795 Theory of 1795 Theory of Geological changeGeological change

Forces change Forces change earthearth’’s surface s surface shapeshape

Changes are slowChanges are slow Earth much older Earth much older

than thousands of than thousands of yearsyears

Who helped Darwin?Who helped Darwin?

Charles Lyell:•Book: Principles of Geography-Geographical features can be built up or torn down Darwin thought if earth changed over time, what about life?

Geologists: Geologists: Hutton and LyellHutton and Lyell

Fundamentalists said that the Fundamentalists said that the earth was around 6000 years oldearth was around 6000 years old

Hutton and Lyell argued that the Hutton and Lyell argued that the earth is many millions of years earth is many millions of years old b/cold b/c

layers of rock take time to formlayers of rock take time to form processes such as volcanoes processes such as volcanoes

and earthquakes shaped the and earthquakes shaped the earth and still occur todayearth and still occur today

Who helped Darwin?Who helped Darwin?Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus 19th century English economist19th century English economistIf population grew (more Babies If population grew (more Babies born than die)born than die)

Insufficient living spaceInsufficient living space Food runs outFood runs out Darwin applied this theory to Darwin applied this theory to

animalsanimals

LamarkLamarkTheory of acquired Theory of acquired characteristicscharacteristics

Lamark said Lamark said organisms acquired organisms acquired traits by using their traits by using their bodies in new waysbodies in new ways

These new These new characteristics were characteristics were passed to offspringpassed to offspring

Lamark was totally Lamark was totally wrong!wrong!

Darwin Darwin finally finally published his published his ideas in 1859ideas in 1859

Other naturalists Other naturalists were developing the were developing the same theory that same theory that Darwin did. Darwin did.

Even though he was Even though he was afraid of the afraid of the Church’s reaction Church’s reaction to his book he to his book he wanted to get credit wanted to get credit for his work.for his work.

What did Darwin What did Darwin theorize?theorize?

Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Theory of Evolution and Theory of Evolution and Natural selectionNatural selection

9. Artificial Selection 9. Artificial Selection nature provides variation, humans select nature provides variation, humans select

variations that are useful. variations that are useful. Example - a farmer breeds only his best Example - a farmer breeds only his best

livestocklivestock

Evolution via Natural Evolution via Natural SelectionSelection ““Survival of the Survival of the

Fittest”Fittest” Some individuals Some individuals

are better suited are better suited for the for the environment.environment.

Members of each Members of each species have to species have to compete for food, compete for food, water and shelter.water and shelter.

10. Natural 10. Natural SelectionSelection The traits that The traits that

help an organism help an organism survive in a survive in a particular particular environment are environment are “selected” in “selected” in natural selectionnatural selection

Natural Selection and Natural Selection and Species FitnessSpecies Fitness

Overtime, natural selection results in Overtime, natural selection results in changes in the inherited changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. characteristics of a population.

These changes increase a species These changes increase a species fitness (survival rate)fitness (survival rate)

Descent with Descent with Modification Modification Each living Each living

species has species has descended descended with changes with changes from other from other species over species over timetime

ADAPTATIONADAPTATION

Evolutionary Evolutionary changes in structure changes in structure or behavior that or behavior that develops over many develops over many generations to generations to enable an organisms enable an organisms to survive to survive successfully in its successfully in its habitat habitat ..

Behavioral adaptationBehavioral adaptation Structural adaptation Structural adaptation

ADAPTATIONADAPTATION

ADAPTATION

Summary of Darwin’s TheorySummary of Darwin’s Theory

1. Organisms differ; variation is inherited1. Organisms differ; variation is inherited

2. Organisms produce more offspring than 2. Organisms produce more offspring than survivesurvive

3. Organisms compete for resources3. Organisms compete for resources

4. Organisms with advantages survive to pass 4. Organisms with advantages survive to pass those advantages to their childrenthose advantages to their children

5. Species alive today are descended with 5. Species alive today are descended with modifications from common ancestorsmodifications from common ancestors

13. Evidence of Evolution13. Evidence of Evolution

1.1. Fossil RecordFossil Record

2.2. Geographic Distribution of Living Geographic Distribution of Living SpeciesSpecies

3.3. Homologous Body structuresHomologous Body structures

4.4. Similarities in Embryology Similarities in Embryology

Evidence of Evidence of EvolutionEvolution

Fossil Record provides evidence Fossil Record provides evidence that living things have evolvedthat living things have evolved

Fossils show the history of life on Fossils show the history of life on earth and how different earth and how different groups of organisms have groups of organisms have changed over timechanged over time

Evidence of Evidence of EvolutionEvolution

Geographic Distribution of Geographic Distribution of Living SpeciesLiving Species When the world had one main When the world had one main

landmass (Pangaea) and the landmass (Pangaea) and the species migrated to specific species migrated to specific areas as the landmass shifted areas as the landmass shifted apart.apart.

Similar animals in different Similar animals in different locations were the locations were the product of different lines product of different lines of descentof descent

Descent Descent Two typesTwo types Descent with modification- Descent with modification- Over time, natural Over time, natural

selection produces organisms that have different selection produces organisms that have different structure, establish different niches, or occupy structure, establish different niches, or occupy different habitats. As a result, they look different different habitats. As a result, they look different from their ancestors.from their ancestors.

Common Descent- Common Descent- all living and extinct all living and extinct organisms were derived from a common organisms were derived from a common ancestor.ancestor.

13. Evidence 13. Evidence of of EvolutionEvolutionHomologous Body Homologous Body

StructuresStructures traits that are similar traits that are similar

in different species in different species because the species because the species share a common share a common ancestor.ancestor.Ie. Arm, fin and wing Ie. Arm, fin and wing may have evolved may have evolved from the forelimb of a from the forelimb of a common vertebrate.common vertebrate.

Turtle

Alligator

Bird

Homologous Body Homologous Body StructuresStructures

Analogous structuresAnalogous structures

Structures that are similar in function, but are not inherited from a common ancestor.

Ex. Insect and Bird Wings

Vestigial OrgansVestigial OrgansInherited, but reduced in size and often unused.

ex. Pythons have hip and leg bones

Evidence of Evidence of EvolutionEvolution

Similarities in Similarities in EmbryologyEmbryology

In their early In their early stages of stages of development, development, chickens, turtles chickens, turtles and rats look and rats look similar, providing similar, providing evidence that evidence that they shared a they shared a common common ancestry.ancestry.

Embryological developmentEmbryological development