Warm UPWarm UP Identify the following topics in your own Identify the following topics in your own

wordswords– Drive Reduction TheoryDrive Reduction Theory– Optimal ArousalOptimal Arousal– HypothalamusHypothalamus– LeptinLeptin– Set PointSet Point– Alfred KinseyAlfred Kinsey– Extrinsic MotivationExtrinsic Motivation– Industrial PsychologyIndustrial Psychology– Theory xTheory x

Chapter 13 Emotion pt. 1: Facial Chapter 13 Emotion pt. 1: Facial Expressions and Theories of Expressions and Theories of

EmotionsEmotions

Emotion is MultifacetedEmotion is Multifaceted Emotion Emotion refers to the refers to the

mix of:mix of:

1. Physiological Arousal1. Physiological Arousal

2. Expressive Behaviors 2. Expressive Behaviors (how you react to the (how you react to the physiological arousal)physiological arousal)

3. Conscious Experience 3. Conscious Experience (how you cognitively (how you cognitively interpret environment)interpret environment)

Facial Expressions Are Facial Expressions Are UniversalUniversal

No matter what part of the world you No matter what part of the world you are from, facial expressions are from, facial expressions indicating 6 basic emotions tend to indicating 6 basic emotions tend to be universal. be universal.

Facial Expressions Are Facial Expressions Are UniversalUniversal

The six universal emotions are:The six universal emotions are:1.1. HappinessHappiness2.2. AngerAnger3.3. SurpriseSurprise4.4. SadnessSadness5.5. FearFear6.6. DisgustDisgust

Context Affects Context Affects Interpretation of Facial Interpretation of Facial

ExpressionsExpressionsBecause of the Because of the context, many context, many interpret the interpret the bottom monster bottom monster as fearful while as fearful while seeing the top seeing the top monster as angry monster as angry even though they even though they have the same have the same facial expression.facial expression.

Cultural Differences In Cultural Differences In Emotion ExpressionEmotion Expression

Although the facial language is Although the facial language is universal worldwide, cultures differ in universal worldwide, cultures differ in how much emotion they express. how much emotion they express.

Western cultures like North America Western cultures like North America often have intense, prolonged often have intense, prolonged emotional displays while some Eastern emotional displays while some Eastern cultures like Japan often hide their cultures like Japan often hide their emotions, especially when the emotion emotions, especially when the emotion is negative. is negative.

Why?Why?

Effects of Facial Effects of Facial ExpressionsExpressions

Do we smile because we Do we smile because we are happy, or are we are happy, or are we happy because we smile? happy because we smile?

There is an interplay There is an interplay between the emotion and between the emotion and our expression of it. The our expression of it. The muscle contractions muscle contractions associated with emotions associated with emotions tend to amplify that tend to amplify that emotion.emotion.Facial Facial Expression ExerciseExpression Exercise

Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion The theories of emotion deal with the The theories of emotion deal with the

interplay between your experience of interplay between your experience of the emotion and your body’s the emotion and your body’s physiological response, looks to physiological response, looks to answer questions like:answer questions like:

Does your heart pound Does your heart pound because you are afraid...or because you are afraid...or are you afraid because you are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding? feel your heart pounding?

James-Lange Theory of James-Lange Theory of EmotionEmotion

The James-Lange theory would argue The James-Lange theory would argue you feel fear because your heart is you feel fear because your heart is pounding.pounding.

The James-Lange theory argues that The James-Lange theory argues that our experience of emotion is our our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.stimuli.

James-Lange Theory of James-Lange Theory of EmotionEmotion

??

Fear(emotion)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Cannon-Bard Theory Of Cannon-Bard Theory Of EmotionEmotion

Cannon and Bard would NOT argue Cannon and Bard would NOT argue that feeling of fear causes your heart that feeling of fear causes your heart to pound NOR that your heart to pound NOR that your heart pounding causes the feeling of fear; pounding causes the feeling of fear; they believe each occur they believe each occur simultaneously. simultaneously.

Cannon-Bard Theory:Cannon-Bard Theory: theory that theory that an emotion arousing stimulus an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological simultaneously triggers physiological responses responses ANDAND the subjective the subjective experience of emotion.experience of emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Cannon-Bard Theory of EmotionEmotion

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Fear(emotion)

Applying the TheoriesApplying the Theories Assuming someone had an injury in Assuming someone had an injury in

which they were unable to feel any which they were unable to feel any bodily sensations, how would this bodily sensations, how would this affect emotional responses according affect emotional responses according to the two theories?to the two theories?

Schacter’s Two Factor Schacter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion Brings Theory of Emotion Brings

Cognition InCognition In Schacter criticized the Cannon-Bard Schacter criticized the Cannon-Bard

theory by arguing that we don’t theory by arguing that we don’t automatically know when we are automatically know when we are happy, angry, jealous, etc. We use happy, angry, jealous, etc. We use situational cues to label our physical situational cues to label our physical arousal. arousal.

Schacter Two Factor Theory:Schacter Two Factor Theory: argues argues that to experience an emotion one that to experience an emotion one must be physically aroused must be physically aroused ANDAND we we must cognitively label the arousal. must cognitively label the arousal.

CONTEXT MATTERS!!CONTEXT MATTERS!!

Schacter’s Two Factor Schacter’s Two Factor TheoryTheory

Cognitivelabel

“I’m afraid”

Fear(emotion)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Must Cognition Precede all Must Cognition Precede all Emotions?Emotions?

Because some Because some pathways, especially pathways, especially ones involving ones involving amygdalaamygdala (fear), (fear), bypass cortical bypass cortical areas involved in areas involved in thinking.thinking.

But certain likes, But certain likes, dislikes, and fears dislikes, and fears do ignore conscious do ignore conscious thinking. thinking.

Two Routes to EmotionTwo Routes to Emotion

Appraisal

Event

Emotionalresponse

Physiologicalactivation

Expressivebehavior

Subjectiveexperience

Two Dimensions of Emotion Two Dimensions of Emotion Are Valence and ArousalAre Valence and Arousal

1. Valence1. Valence refers to the level of refers to the level of pleasantness of the emotion.pleasantness of the emotion.

2. Arousal2. Arousal refers to how much the refers to how much the emotion physically activates the body.emotion physically activates the body.

Different levels of valence and arousal Different levels of valence and arousal lead to different levels of emotion.lead to different levels of emotion.

Cognitive interpretations also effect Cognitive interpretations also effect how these dimensions work. how these dimensions work.

Two Dimensions of EmotionTwo Dimensions of EmotionPositivevalence

Negativevalence

Higharousal

Lowarousal

pleasantrelaxation joy

sadnessfear

anger

Final Emotion Application 5 Final Emotion Application 5 PointsPoints Christine is holding her 8 month-old Christine is holding her 8 month-old

baby when a fierce dog appears out of baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the baby’s face. Christine for the baby’s face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, then the baby, screams at the dog, then notices that her heart is banging and notices that her heart is banging and that she’s broken out in a cold sweat. that she’s broken out in a cold sweat.

How would the James-Lange, How would the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Two-Factor Cannon-Bard, and Two-Factor Theories explain Christine’s Theories explain Christine’s reaction?reaction?