Warm-Up

• "Good habits formed at youth make all the difference.”– Aristotle

Unit 3: Classical Civilizations

Greece and Rome

The Minoans

• Developed around 2000 BC

• Named after their King Minos

• Capital city of Knossos on the island of Crete

• Had a running water system

• 1400 BC, invaders from mainland conquered Minoans

The Mycenaeans

• A warring people that took Minoan civilization traits and made life better for themselves

• Developed early form of Greek writing called Linear B.

The City-States

• Polis- Greek word for city-state. Consists of a fort, the city, and surrounding farm lands and village.

• Acropolis- Greek for hill. Usually where the fort, temples and public buildings were.

• Agora- the marketplace and meeting place.

Government

• Aristocracies- city-state controlled by noble class. Military, economy, judges, established laws and punishments.

• Tyrants- illegally took power, but had people’s support. A ruler with absolute power.

Popular Government

• The idea that people can and should rule themselves.

• Democracy- a government in which citizens take part.

Society

• Myths- stories about gods, goddesses, and heroes. Most came from Homer’s two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey.

• A polytheistic society.

• Priests and Priestesses could speak to the gods through Oracles.

• Olympic Games- a way to please the gods by showing off strength and bravery.

Warm-Up

• What is the name of the early form of Greek writing?

Sparta

• Gained control of the Peloponnesus around 1100 BC.

• People they conquered became slaves called Helots.

• Two kings, one led the army, the other took care of the city-state.

• Oligarchy- a government ruled by “few”

Military Society

• Every male Spartan was to be a military machine.

• By age 7, Spartan boys went into military camps.

• By age 18, they trained specifically for war.

• Men would serve in the military until the age of 60, or were killed in battle

• Women were trained, but not like the men. They devoted themselves to the city-state and the men.

Athens

• Poor soil for farming, became good sea traders.• Introduced coined money in 600 BC• Practiced early forms of democracy

– Direct Democracy- all citizens participate directly in making decisions.

– Representative Democracy- citizens elect representatives to govern for them.

• US modern government.

• Draco- created Athens first written law code in 621 BC. –Draconian law- harsh or severe law.

Parthenon

Philosophers

• Socrates- taught education was key to personal growth. Used the Socratic Method, answering a question with a question.

• Plato- a student of Socrates, founder of the Academy. Believed in a universal world

• Aristotle- a student of Plato. He believed that every field of knowledge had to be studied logically. Believed in the physical world.

Warm-Up

• What type of government structure did the Greek city-state Athens have?

Math, Science, Medicine

• Pythagoras- believed everything could be explained mathematically. – Theorem-

• Hippocrates- founder of medical science performing experiments to understand the human body.– Hippocratic Oath- code of laws followed by

doctors to always help the sick with their abilities, but never to injure.

The Persian Wars

• 500 BC, Persians and Greeks began fighting.

• Darius crushed the Greek forces early on.• 490 BC, Greeks defeated Persians at the

Battle of Marathon.• 480 BC, Xerxes, Darius’s son, led forces

to Thermopylae. Defeated Greek forces there.

• Greek navy defeats Persian navy, eventually wins war.

The Age of Pericles

• Pericles was a great general and statesmen in Athens from 461 to 429 BC.

• Established the most democratic government in history.

• Responsible for building the Parthenon.

• Used Athenian Navy to keep Persians out of Greece.

• He failed to unite Greece under Athens.

The Peloponnesian War

• In 431 BC, war between Sparta and Athens broke out.

• Continued on and off for 27 years.• Sparta allied with the Persians and

blocked Athens food supplies.• Athens finally surrendered to Sparta in 404

BC• Greece was unstable for many years after

this war.

Warm-Up

• Who is considered the founder of medical science?

Conquering the World

• Peloponnesian War left Greek city-states in shambles.

• Philip II of Macedon- became king in 359 BC and united Greece.

• In 336 BC he was assassinated. His son, Alexander the Great, becomes king.

Alexander the Great• Completely crushed Darius

III, Persian King, and took control of Persia.

• Conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Mesopotamia and Egypt.

• Invaded India for 4 years, never conquered India.

• Became ill and died in Babylon in June 323 BC. He was only 32 years old.

Spread of Culture

• Alexander wanted to spread Greek and Persian cultures amongst the world.

• Religious ideas spread throughout empire

• Philosophies of Socrates and Aristotle spread to Egypt and Mesopotamia.

The Hellenistic Age

• Also called the Golden Age• Great contributions

– Euclid- development of geometry– Archimedes- calculated the value of pi– Eratosthenes- calculated the distance

around the earth.– Herodotus- considered the Father of

History.

• Lasts till 156 BC when Rome takes over.

After Alexander

• After his death, his empire was split up into three kingdoms- Macedon, Egypt, and Syria.– Ptolemy in Egypt– Seleucid in Syria/Persia– Cassander in Macedonia

• Rule is weak and Rome was able to take over.

Warm-Up

• Who is considered the father of history?

Warm-Up

• What is the Greek term for a city-state?

ROME

Twelve Tables

• Ancient legislation that was the foundation of Roman Law.

• Served as the constitution of the Roman Republic.

Birth of the Roman Empire

• The First Triumvirate- rule of three, Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus.

• Caesar became consul in 59 BC, Crassus died in battle in 53 BC, Pompey became consul in 52 BC.

• Caesar built up army and conquered Gaul (France).

• Caesar marched army to Rome, in 44 BC, Caesar was declared dictator for life.

Rome after Caesar

• Octavian- Caesar’s grandnephew, was named heir to Rome.

• Senate gave him the name, Augustus, “the revered one.” He is now known as Augustus Caesar, or simply Augustus.– 27 BC-14 AD– Called himself Princeps, “First Citizen”

• Pax Romana- “Roman Peace”, the time period known during the rule of Augustus and his successors.– 9AD-209AD

A Few Notable Rulers

• Nero- the last Roman ruler of the Julius Caesar lineage (54-68 AD). Blamed for a fire that almost took out Rome.

• Hadrian- (117-138 AD), helped conquer Britannia and built Hadrian’s Wall.

• Marcus Aurelius- (161-180 AD) helped keep invaders from the north and east from attacking Rome.

Roman Contributions

• ARCHITECTURE:

• Colosseum- gladiatorial fights, fights between man and beast, reenactments of naval battles.

• Aqueducts- bridge like structures that carried water from mountains to the city and farm lands.

• Circus Maximus- chariot races.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sLy5VCMuKM

Circus Maximus

Warm-Up

• What is the name of the architecture structure that would bring water into the city of Rome?

Contributions cont…

• Ptolemy- developed a system of astronomy and geography. The Ptolemaic System, the belief that stars, planets and sun revolved around Earth, lasted for 1500 years.

• Galen- medical scientist, wrote lots of medical journals that people studied for centuries.

Warm-Up

• What does Pax Romana mean?

Warm-Up

• What is the name of noble class land owners in Rome? Who was their conflict with?

Christianity• Jesus of Nazareth taught teachings based

off the Jewish traditions.• Jewish rabbis, feared Jesus, convinced

Roman officials that Jesus was trouble.• Roman officials arrested Jesus and Jesus

was crucified.• Jesus rose from the dead and his

followers started calling him Messiah in Greek, Christos, giving him the name Jesus Christ.

The Spread of Christianity

• The Apostles of Jesus went across the Roman Empire spreading the teachings of Jesus and Christianity.

• Romans viewed Christianity in the 1st century as a small group of radicals that could be ignored.

• Romans then feared Christianity, believed it was an attack on their religion and laws.

• By 200 AD, Rome began to fall and people turned to Christianity for hope.

Romans Adopt Christianity

• In 312 AD, Roman emperor Constantine declared his support for Christianity. He promoted the religion across the empire.

• In 391 AD, emperor Theodosius declared Christianity the official religion of Rome.

The Fall of Rome

• Money issues occurred, soldiers weren’t getting paid enough, left army.

• Invaders from Germanic tribes start attacking Roman borders.

• The Empire was too big to rule for one person, it was split up between East and West.

Diocletian

• In 284 AD, split the Roman empire in 2, East and West.

• He ruled in the East.

• He was able to drive out invading barbarians.

• Retired in 305 AD.

Constantine

• His father, Constantius, was emperor of West Rome. He died, Cons. became emperor.

• Emperor of East did not like, went to war, Constantine won.

• In 324 AD, Constantine was sole emperor of whole Roman Empire.

• Established the new capital of the empire, Constantinople, in the East.

Warm-Up

• Which Emperor split the Roman Empire in 2?

The Final Invasions

• Germanic tribes would continue to attack Rome over a period of 100 years.– Goths (Visigoths & Ostrogoths) In 410 AD,

Visigoths sacked Rome.– Vandals sacked Rome in 455 AD– Franks

• In 451, The Huns, led by Attila, attacked Rome, was defeated.

• In 476 AD, Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor of the west was overthrown.

Causes of Decline

• Germanic invasions

• Too big to govern and protect.

• Poor leadership at times.

• Heavy taxes to pay more soldiers crushed the economy.

Warm-Up

• “Good people do not need laws to them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws.“– Plato