Warm-Up: GalileoWarm-Up: Galileo In 1992, the Roman Catholic Church righted a In 1992, the Roman Catholic Church righted a

wrong it had inflicted upon a scientist in 1633. wrong it had inflicted upon a scientist in 1633. Pope John Paul II admitted that the Church Pope John Paul II admitted that the Church had been wrong to bring Galileo Galilei before had been wrong to bring Galileo Galilei before the Roman Inquisition for his scientific the Roman Inquisition for his scientific teachings. Galileo was shown the traditional teachings. Galileo was shown the traditional instruments of torture used by the Inquisition. instruments of torture used by the Inquisition. Then he was given the chance to recant Then he was given the chance to recant (renounce) his views of heresy. Galileo was (renounce) his views of heresy. Galileo was placed under house arrest in Florence for the placed under house arrest in Florence for the rest of his life and forbidden to teach.rest of his life and forbidden to teach.

What did Galileo teach that was heresy What did Galileo teach that was heresy to the church at that time?to the church at that time?

Warm-Up: Philosopher MatchupWarm-Up: Philosopher Matchup

1.1. VoltaireVoltaire

2.2. Baron de Baron de MontesquieuMontesquieu

3.3. Denis DiderotDenis Diderot

4.4. Jean-Jacques Jean-Jacques RousseauRousseau

5.5. John LockeJohn Locke

a)a) Social ContractSocial Contract

b)b) The EncyclopediaThe Encyclopedia

c)c) The Spirit of LawsThe Spirit of Laws

d)d) CandideCandide

e)e) Two Treatises on Two Treatises on GovernmentGovernment

Warm-Up: Laissez-faireWarm-Up: Laissez-faire

In 1776, a Scottish professor, Adam In 1776, a Scottish professor, Adam Smith, published Wealth of Nations. Smith, published Wealth of Nations. This book became the foundation for This book became the foundation for “laissez-faire” economics.“laissez-faire” economics.

In 2-3 sentences, what is In 2-3 sentences, what is “laissez-faire”? How did it differ “laissez-faire”? How did it differ from mercantilism?from mercantilism?

TAKS Practice QuestionTAKS Practice Question The scientific revolution began a slow but The scientific revolution began a slow but

profound change in the way people viewed profound change in the way people viewed and studied the world. Which of the and studied the world. Which of the following expresses one of the major following expresses one of the major effects of the scientific revolution?effects of the scientific revolution?a)a) The scientific revolution began to erode The scientific revolution began to erode

beliefs in magical spells, witchcraft, and beliefs in magical spells, witchcraft, and astrology.astrology.

b)b) The scientific revolution had an immediate The scientific revolution had an immediate impact on agriculture and medicine.impact on agriculture and medicine.

c)c) The scientific revolution created wealth and The scientific revolution created wealth and power for many scientists and thinkers.power for many scientists and thinkers.

d)d) The scientific revolution was a major cause of The scientific revolution was a major cause of social revolutions that followed it.social revolutions that followed it.

Chapter 17 Chapter 17 Revolution Revolution & & EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Section 1: Section 1: The Scientific The Scientific

RevolutionRevolution

Section 2: Section 2: The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

AstronomyAstronomy

PtolemyPtolemy GeocentricGeocentric: placed : placed

the earth at the the earth at the center of the center of the universeuniverse

CopernicusCopernicus HeliocentricHeliocentric: placed : placed

the sun at the the sun at the center of the center of the universe; planets universe; planets revolve around the revolve around the sun; the moon sun; the moon revolved around revolved around the earththe earth

Astronomy & ScienceAstronomy & Science GalileoGalileo

(mathematics)(mathematics) Regularly observed the Regularly observed the

“heavens” using a “heavens” using a telescopetelescope

Discovered mountains Discovered mountains on the moon, four on the moon, four moons revolving moons revolving around Jupiter and around Jupiter and sunspotssunspots

Church ordered him to Church ordered him to abandon his abandon his Copernican ideasCopernican ideas

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg

NewtonNewton Principia: Principia: defined defined

the 3 the 3 laws of laws of motionmotion

Universal Law of Universal Law of Gravity: Gravity: every every object is attracted object is attracted to another object to another object in the universe by in the universe by gravitygravity

Astronomy & ScienceAstronomy & Science

MedicineMedicine William HarveyWilliam Harvey

On the Motion of On the Motion of the Heart and the Heart and BloodBlood said the said the heart was the heart was the beginning point beginning point of circulationof circulation

Proved blood Proved blood flows in both flows in both veins and arteries veins and arteries – makes a – makes a complete circuitcomplete circuit

Circulatory System

Robert BoyleRobert Boyle Boyle’s Law: Boyle’s Law:

properties of gasproperties of gas Proved volume of Proved volume of

gas varies with gas varies with the pressure the pressure exerted on itexerted on it

Founder of Founder of modern modern chemistrychemistry

MedicineMedicine

Women in ScienceWomen in Science Margaret CavendishMargaret Cavendish

““We have no power at all We have no power at all over natural causes and over natural causes and effects…for man is but a effects…for man is but a small part, his powers are small part, his powers are but particular actions of but particular actions of Nature, and he cannot have Nature, and he cannot have a supreme and absolute a supreme and absolute power.”power.”

Point:Point: man can not control man can not control nature, their surroundingsnature, their surroundings

Maria WinkelmannMaria Winkelmann Discovery of the cometDiscovery of the comet Applied for position of Applied for position of

assistant astronomer at the assistant astronomer at the Berlin Academy – rejected Berlin Academy – rejected because she was a woman because she was a woman and had no degreeand had no degree

Scientific MethodScientific Method Francis BaconFrancis Bacon A systematic A systematic

procedure for procedure for collecting and collecting and analyzing evidenceanalyzing evidence

Creating organized Creating organized experiments to test experiments to test hypotheses hypotheses (theories) would (theories) would lead to correct lead to correct general principlesgeneral principles

ReasonReason DescartesDescartes

““I think, therefore I I think, therefore I am”am”

““The mind cannot be The mind cannot be doubted but the body doubted but the body and material world and material world can, the two must be can, the two must be radically different.”radically different.”

Separation of mind Separation of mind and matter (body)and matter (body)

Modern rationalism: Modern rationalism: belief that reason is belief that reason is the chief source of the chief source of knowledgeknowledge

Father of Modern Philosophy

PhilosophersPhilosophers Philosophers were writers, professors, Philosophers were writers, professors,

journalists, etc.journalists, etc. Nobility and middle classNobility and middle class Role of philosophy was to change the worldRole of philosophy was to change the world

VoltaireVoltaire

Belief in religious Belief in religious tolerationtoleration

Deism: Deism: religious religious philosophy philosophy based on reason based on reason and natural law and natural law (creator of the (creator of the universe)universe)

DiderotDiderot Encyclopedia, or Encyclopedia, or

Classified Classified Dictionary of the Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, Sciences, Arts, and Tradesand Trades (28 (28 volumes)volumes)

Attacked religious Attacked religious superstitionsuperstition

Supported Supported religious tolerationreligious toleration

EconomicsEconomics Adam SmithAdam Smith Belief in Belief in free free

enterprise enterprise would would benefit societybenefit society

Laissez-faire Laissez-faire economics: economics: state state should leave should leave economy aloneeconomy alone

3 Roles of 3 Roles of Government:Government: Protection (Army)Protection (Army) Injustice (Police)Injustice (Police) Keeping up public Keeping up public

works (roads)works (roads)

MontesquieuMontesquieu French nobilityFrench nobility The Spirit of Laws The Spirit of Laws

studied 3 studied 3 governmentsgovernments Republics:Republics: for small for small

statesstates Despotism:Despotism: for large for large

statesstates Monarchies:Monarchies: for for

moderate-size statesmoderate-size states 3 branches of 3 branches of

governmentgovernment Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651)Leviathan (1651) Life is not about Life is not about

morals, but self-morals, but self-preservationpreservation

To save people from To save people from destroying one destroying one another, people another, people must form a state by must form a state by agreeing to be agreeing to be governed by an governed by an absolute ruler with absolute ruler with complete powercomplete power

John LockeJohn Locke Opposed absolute ruleOpposed absolute rule BeliefsBeliefs

People live in a state of People live in a state of freedom and equalityfreedom and equality

People had People had natural rights – natural rights – rights with which people rights with which people are bornare born

People need to be reasonable People need to be reasonable towards governmenttowards government

Government should Government should protect peoples rightsprotect peoples rights

If they don’t, the people If they don’t, the people have the right to overthrow have the right to overthrow the governmentthe government

RousseauRousseau Argued that Argued that

people adopted people adopted laws and laws and government to government to protect private protect private propertyproperty

Social Contract: Social Contract: when an entire when an entire society agrees to society agrees to be governed by its be governed by its general willgeneral will

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

Vindication of the Vindication of the Rights of WomenRights of Women

Noted that the same Noted that the same people who argued people who argued that women must obey that women must obey men also said that men also said that government based on government based on the power of monarchs the power of monarchs over their subjects was over their subjects was wrongwrong

Entitled to the same Entitled to the same rights as menrights as men

Reading & the French Reading & the French SalonsSalons

Increased literacy due Increased literacy due to more titles issued to more titles issued and the development and the development of magazinesof magazines

Salon: elegant rooms Salon: elegant rooms in an urban housein an urban house Salons brought together Salons brought together

writers, artists, writers, artists, aristocrats, government aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy officials, and wealthy middle-class peoplemiddle-class people

Religion in the Religion in the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Looking for a deeper Looking for a deeper devotion to Goddevotion to God

Methodism – John Methodism – John WesleyWesley

Gave the lower & Gave the lower & middle classes in middle classes in English society a sense English society a sense of purpose and of purpose and communitycommunity

Stressed the Stressed the importance of hard importance of hard workwork

The Baroque PeriodThe Baroque Period

During Catholic During Catholic reform movementreform movement

Mixture of Mixture of Renaissance ideals Renaissance ideals with spiritual with spiritual feelingsfeelings

Reflected search Reflected search for powerfor power Churches & Palaces Churches & Palaces

were magnificent & were magnificent & richly detailedrichly detailed

The ArtsThe Arts Ideas of the Ideas of the

Enlightenment Enlightenment impacted the world of impacted the world of cultureculture

Baroque: Baroque: bold bold ornamentation that ornamentation that expressed grandeur expressed grandeur and powerand power

Rococo: Rococo: emphasized emphasized grace, charm and grace, charm and gentle actiongentle action Delicate designs and Delicate designs and

graceful curvesgraceful curves Pursued pleasure, Pursued pleasure,

happiness & lovehappiness & love Sense of enchantment Sense of enchantment

and enthusiasmand enthusiasm

MusicMusic Baroque PeriodBaroque Period

BachBach German organist & composerGerman organist & composer Mass in B MinorMass in B Minor

HandelHandel German composerGerman composer Known for his religious music – Known for his religious music –

MessiahMessiah Classical PeriodClassical Period

HaydnHaydn Musical directorMusical director The CreationThe Creation and and The SeasonsThe Seasons

MozartMozart Child prodigy; failed to make big Child prodigy; failed to make big

financial gains – life was financial gains – life was miserablemiserable

The Marriage of Figaro, The The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic FluteMagic Flute, and , and Don GiovanniDon Giovanni

Johann Sebastian Bach Antonio Vivaldi – The Four Seasons

George Frider Handel – The

Messiah

Baroque Musicians & Architecture

Rococo/Classical Musicians & Architecture

Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – The Magic Flute

Johann Sebastian Bach

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

Brought culture to Brought culture to the massesthe masses

Elizabethan Elizabethan Literature:Literature: Universal Universal genius combined genius combined language skills with language skills with deep insight into deep insight into human psychology human psychology and the human and the human conditioncondition

Romeo & Juliet

The Globe Theater

Ch.17 – Revolution & Ch.17 – Revolution & EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Section 3: The Impact of the EnlightenmentSection 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment

Enlightened RulersEnlightened Rulers Enlightened AbsolutismEnlightened Absolutism

Rulers…Rulers…Allow religious toleration, freedom Allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and of the press and the of speech and of the press and the rights of private propertyrights of private property

Nurture the arts, sciences, and Nurture the arts, sciences, and educationeducation

Obey laws and enforce them fairly Obey laws and enforce them fairly for all subjectsfor all subjects

PrussiaPrussiaFrederick William IFrederick William I

Strove to maintain a highly Strove to maintain a highly efficient bureaucracyefficient bureaucracy

Doubled the army’s size – one Doubled the army’s size – one of the best armies in Europeof the best armies in Europe

Believed in duty, obedience Believed in duty, obedience and sacrificeand sacrifice

Frederick IIFrederick II Enlarged army and kept strict Enlarged army and kept strict

watch over bureaucracywatch over bureaucracy Abolished the use of tortureAbolished the use of torture Granted freedom of speech Granted freedom of speech

and pressand press Religious tolerationReligious toleration

Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire

Maria TheresaMaria Theresa Difficult to rule because Difficult to rule because

empire was largeempire was large Worked to centralize the Worked to centralize the

empire and strengthen the empire and strengthen the power of the statepower of the state

Not open to reformNot open to reform

Joseph IIJoseph II Abolished serfdomAbolished serfdom Eliminated the death penaltyEliminated the death penalty Established the principle of Established the principle of

equality for allequality for all Enacted religious reforms – Enacted religious reforms –

religious tolerationreligious toleration Problem: alienated nobles by Problem: alienated nobles by

freeing the serfs – lost freeing the serfs – lost popularitypopularity

•

RussiaRussia Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

Intelligent woman who Intelligent woman who seemed to favor seemed to favor enlightened enlightened

Invited Diderot to Russia Invited Diderot to Russia to help develop reformsto help develop reforms

Thought of his ideas as Thought of his ideas as impracticalimpractical

Only considered equality Only considered equality for allfor all

Knew that success Knew that success depended on support depended on support from Russian nobilityfrom Russian nobility