Warm-up: Centripetal Acceleration Practice Assume a satellite in low Earth orbit has an acceleration, caused by gravity, of 9.81 m/s 2. If the radius of

Warm-up: Centripetal Acceleration PracticeAssume a satellite in low Earth orbit has an

acceleration, caused by gravity, of 9.81 m/s2. If the radius of the orbit is approximately the radius of the Earth, 6370 km, find the velocity of the satellite and the time for one orbit.

Review: Centripetal acceleration

A particle undergoing circular motion is accelerating, even if its speed is not changing.

The acceleration of an object moving in a circle is toward the center of the circle.

It is thus referred to as centripetal acceleration.

The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration depends on the velocity of the particle tangent to the circle.

r

va tC

2

©2008 by W.H. Freeman and Company

AP Physics C

All images ©2008 by W.H. Freeman and Company

Rotational Motion

Rotational Kinematics

We will begin our study of rotational motion by considering the motion of a rigid body about a fixed axis, or an axis that is moving parallel to itself like a rolling ball.

Angular Position Because the object is

rigid, and the axis is fixed, all the points in the object maintain the same relative position.

When the object rotates, every point rotates through the same angle.

The angle θ, measured relative to some starting position, gives the angular position of every point in the object.

Angular DisplacementWhen the object rotates

on its axis, each point undergoes the same angular displacement Δθ.

If we measure the angular displacement in radians, we can easily find the distance traveled by each point, since by definition of radian measure

where r is the radial distance from the center.

r arcan ofLength

Angular Displacement Example

Two people ride on a carousel. One rides on a horse located 5 meters from the center. The other rides on a swan located 3 meters from the center.

When the carousel goes around ¼ of a revolution, how far does each person travel?

r arcan ofLength

Angular velocityWe define the angular

velocity as the rate of change of angular position.

Since radians are dimensionless, the dimensions of the angular velocity are T-1.

The magnitude of the angular velocity is the angular speed.

Counterclockwise rotation corresponds to a positive velocity.

dt

d

Angular velocity practiceWhat is the angular speed, in

radians/second, of a motor that spinning with 6000 rpm?

Angular accelerationThe angular acceleration

is the rate of change of angular velocity.

Since radians are dimensionless, the dimensions of angular acceleration velocity are T-2.

This acceleration refers to the increase or decrease in rotational speed of the particle.

2

2

dt

d

dt

d

Angular and Tangential QuantitiesEach angular quantity

has a corresponding tangential quantity. The arc length s is the

distance travelled along the circle, in m .

The tangential velocity is the speed of the particle in the direction tangent to the circle, in m/s.

The tangential acceleration is the acceleration of the particle tangent to the circle, in m/s2.

r

dt

dr

dt

dr

dt

dva tt

r

dt

dr

dt

dr

dt

dsvt

rs length arc

Angular equations of motion for constant acceleration Begin with the definition of angular

acceleration.

If the acceleration is constant, what is the angular velocity?

Then what is the displacement?

dt

d

Ct t 0

221

00 tt

Rotational motion of a rigid body is analogous to linear motion.

Straight line motionRotation about a fixed axis

Linear position x.

Linear displacement Dx

Linear velocity v

Linear acceleration a

Angular position .q

Angular displacement Dq

Angular velocity ω

Angular acceleration α

Equations of motion for constant acceleration

Straight line motionRotation about a fixed axis

)(2 020

2

0

221

00

xxavv

atvv

attvxx

)(2 020

2

0

221

00

t

tt

Problem solving with rotational motion.Convert tangential velocities, speeds etc.

to their angular counterparts by dividing by the radius.

Solve for the angular motion by using the angular equations of motion just as we did with linear motion.

Convert quantities to their tangential counterparts if needed.

Centripetal acceleration in angular form.We can write the equation for centripetal

acceleration in terms of the angular velocity.

r

r

r

r

r

va tC

2222 )(

2raC

Angular kinematics examplesToast falling off a table usually starts to fall when it

makes an angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal, and falls with an initial angular speed of where l is the length of one side. On what side of the bread will the toast land if it falls from a table 0.5 m high? If it falls from a table 1.0 m high? Assume l = 0.10 m, and ignore air resistance.

When a turntable rotating at 33 rev/min is turned off, it comes to rest in 26 s. Assuming constant angular acceleration, find the angular acceleration and the angular displacement. If the turntable is 0.20 m in radius, how far would an ant riding on the outside edge have moved in that time?

lg /956.0

Rotational Dynamics: Equilibrium

Rotational EquilibriumWhat causes angular acceleration?F1 and F2 are forces equal in size but acting in

opposite directions.

Will both situations result in angular acceleration?

Torque

A force F acts on mass m located with a rigid body.

Only the tangential component affects the rotation of the disk.

The farther away from the axis of rotation the force is, the greater the effect on the rotation.

Torque

The torque that acts on mass m in the rigid body is the tangential force FT times the distance from the axis of rotation r.

Τ=FT r = (F sin φ) r

TorqueAnother way of looking at

the same thing is to say the torque is caused by the entire force, but the distance is only the perpendicular distance of the force to the line of action of the force.

This distance, which is r sin φ, is known as the lever arm l.

So our formula becomes Τ=F l = F (r sin φ) = Fr sin

φ

Conditions of EquilibriumWe learned last year that there are two

conditions for equilibrium.

The net external force acting on the body must be zero.

The net external torque about any point must be zero.

Torque and Rotational Equilibrium ExamplesA 700 N window washer is standing on a

uniform scaffold supported by a vertical rope at each end. The scaffold weights 200.0 N and is 3.00 m long. What is the force in each rope when the window washer stands 1.00 m from one end?

Does the Sun exert a torque on the Earth relative to the Earth’s rotational axis? Discuss.

Rotational equilibrium exampleA 700 N window washer is standing on a

uniform scaffold supported by a vertical rope at each end. The scaffold weights 200.0 N and is 3.00 m long. What is the force in each rope when the window washer stands 1.00 m from one end?

Answers: 333 N and 567 N

Rotational Dynamics:Newton’s 2nd Law for Rotation

Newton’s Second Law for Rotational MotionConsider a mass m in a

rigid body that is free to rotate.

The mass is acted on by a force F. What does the radial

component do? What does the

tangential force do?The mass will undergo a

tangential acceleration at.

This acceleration is in addition to the constant centripetal acceleration.

Newton’s Second Law for Rotational Motion

By Newton’s 2nd Law,

The tangential acceleration is related to the angular acceleration.

Thus,

tt maF

rat

mrFt ©2008 by W.H. Freeman and Company


Multiplying both sides by r:

The left-hand side of this equation is the torque.

2mrrFt

)( 2mr


Newton’s Second Law for Rotational MotionFor a single particle

of mass m

The quantity in parentheses is called the rotational inertia.It tells how much

torque must be applied to produce a given angular acceleration.

)( 2mr


Newton’s Second Law for Rotational MotionWe can add up the torques on every mass

mi in the object to derive an equation for the entire rigid object.

Since this is a rigid object, α is the same for every particle. Thus we can remove it from the sum.

2ii mr

2iii rm


The internal torques add up to zero, so the left hand side of the above is just the net external torque.

The quantity in brackets above depends on the mass and radius of each particle, both of which are fixed for a rigid object and choice of axis. So, that sum is also fixed for a given object and rotational axis. It is called the rotational inertia.

2iii rm


Where I = rotational inertia

Rotational inertia is also called the moment of inertia.

IEXTNET ,

object. continuous afor

particles. of system afor

2

2

dmrI

rmIi

ii

Example: Rotational Inertia for a System of ParticlesCalculate the rotational inertia of the

following system of particles about the given axis.


Example: Rotational Inertia for a System of ParticlesCalculate the rotational inertia of the

following system of particles about the given axis.


Example: Rotational Inertia of a uniform thin rod.Calculate the moment of inertia of this rod

about an axis at one end.



Parallel Axis TheoremThe parallel-axis theorem states

Where ICM is the rotational inertia about an axis containing the Center of Mass

I is the rotational inertia about an axis parallel to ICM

M = total mass and h = distance between axes.

2MhII CM

Parallel Axis Theorem ExampleUse the parallel-axis theorem to find the

rotational inertia about the center of mass of an uniform thin rod.


Newton’s 2nd Law for Rotation Example 1A bike is placed on a

stand so it can be used as a stationary bike. The bike is pedaled so that a force of 18 N is applied to the rear sprocket at a distance of rs = 7.0 cm from the axis. Treat the wheel as a hoop (I = MR2) of radius R=35 cm and mass M = 2.4 kg. What is the angular velocity of the wheel after 5.0 s?


Newton’s Second Law for Rotation Example 2A 2.5 kg, 11 cm radius cylinder, initially at

rest, is free to rotate about the axis of the cylinder. A rope of negligible mass is wrapped around it and pulled with a force of 17 N. Assume the rope does not slip, find the torque exerted on the cylinder by the rope, the angular acceleration of the cylinder, and the angular speed of the cylinder after 0.50 s.

Answers: 1.9 Nm, 1.2 x 102 rad/s2, 6.2 x 102 rad/s


Nonslip ConditionsMany problems

involve a taut string wrapped around a pulley. Assuming the string does not slip, the string will have the same velocity as the tangential velocity of the pulley over which it passes.


Newton’s 2nd Law for Rotation: Example 3An object of mass m

hangs on a light string that is wound around the rim of a pulley of rotation inertia I and radius R. The wheel bearing is frictionless and the string does not slip. Find the tension in the string and the acceleration of the object.


Rotational Dynamics:Kinetic Energy

Rotational Kinetic EnergyWe can apply the formula for kinetic energy

to rotation as well. In a rotating rigid body, each particle moves with a velocity vt=rω.

2212

21 )( iitiiROT rmvmK

2221 iiROT rmK

221 IKROT

Rotational Kinetic Energy ExampleCalculate the rotational kinetic energy of

the Earth, and compare that to the kinetic energy of the Earth’s motion around the Sun. Assume the Earth is a sphere of radius 6.4 x 106 m and mass 6.0 x 1024 kg. The radius of the Earth’s orbit is 1.5 x 1011 m.

Rolling Objects

Rolling ObjectsConsider an object with

a circular cross section that rolls without slipping across a flat surface.

The point of contact between the wheel and the ground moves a distance s = Rφ.

Since the center of mass remains above the point of contact, it also moves s=Rφ.

Rolling Objects

RsCM

R

dt

dR

dt

dsv CMCM

R

dt

dRaCM

Rolling ObjectsFor an object that rolls

without slipping, the motion of the center of mass is described by the same equations as an object rotating about a fixed axis.

Newton’s Second Law for rotation also holds, if the torques are calculated about an axis containing the center of mass.

τNET, CM = ICMα

Rolling ObjectsThe total kinetic

energy of a moving object is the kinetic energy of the center of mass plus the kinetic energy of the particles relative to the CM.

Here, that means the rotation kinetic energy plus the kinetic energy of the CM motion. 2

212

21

CMCM mvIK

A bowling ball of radius 11 cm rolls without slipping up a ramp. If the initial speed of the ball is 2 m/s find the height h that the ball reaches when it momentarily comes to rest.

A cue stick hits a cue ball horizontally a distance d above the center of the ball. Find the value of d for which the cue ball will roll without slipping from the beginning. Express your answer in terms of the radius R of the ball.

Documents

Warm-up: Centripetal Acceleration Practice Assume a satellite in low Earth orbit has an acceleration, caused by gravity, of 9.81 m/s 2. If the radius of