Warm Up Answers Warm Up Answers

2.2.The maker doesn’t want it, the buyer The maker doesn’t want it, the buyer doesn’t use it, and the user doesn’t doesn’t use it, and the user doesn’t see it. What is it. see it. What is it.

CoffinCoffin

3. 3.  YYURYYUBICURYY4ME  YYURYYUBICURYY4ME Answer: Too wise you are, Too Answer: Too wise you are, Too

wise you be, I see you are, too wise you be, I see you are, too wise for me.wise for me.

Warm UpWarm Up

•Find a group of 2 or 3 to work Find a group of 2 or 3 to work withwith

4. 1.How many passengers are left on the train? 4. 1.How many passengers are left on the train? 1515

2. How many passengers have gotten off the 2. How many passengers have gotten off the train since the first station? train since the first station? 5050

3. How many passengers have gotten on the 3. How many passengers have gotten on the train since the first station?train since the first station?6565

4. How many stations were there? 4. How many stations were there? 66

5. How old was the train engineer5. How old was the train engineer

Chapter 10 Thinking and Chapter 10 Thinking and Language:Language: Cognition, Problem Cognition, Problem

Solving, and Causes of Solving, and Causes of IrrationalityIrrationality

Chapter 10’s Focus: The Chapter 10’s Focus: The Cognitive PerspectiveCognitive Perspective

CognitionCognition refers to mental refers to mental activities associated with activities associated with processing, processing, interpreting, interpreting, understanding, and understanding, and communicating information.communicating information.

Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology studies: studies:

Concept Formation Concept Formation Problem SolvingProblem SolvingDecision MakingDecision MakingJudgment FormationJudgment Formation

How We ThinkHow We ThinkFor Classification For Classification

/Efficiency Purposes /Efficiency Purposes Humans Create: Humans Create:

Concepts:Concepts: mental mental grouping of similar grouping of similar objects , events, ideas, objects , events, ideas, or peopleor people. .

Concepts are often Concepts are often organized into organized into hierarchieshierarchies..

Types of ConceptsTypes of Concepts

How We ThinkHow We Think

Humans usually form concepts Humans usually form concepts by creating a:by creating a:

Prototype:Prototype: mental image or mental image or best example of a categorybest example of a category. . Allows us to incorporate items Allows us to incorporate items easily.easily.

To most people, a robin is “birdier” than a Penguin

An Item’s Failure To Match An Item’s Failure To Match Prototype Leads to Trouble Prototype Leads to Trouble

Classifying It.Classifying It.

Methods of Problem SolvingMethods of Problem Solving

1. 1. Trial and Error: Trial and Error: guess guess and checkand check

Methods of Problem SolvingMethods of Problem Solving2. 2. Algorithm:Algorithm:

methodical, logical methodical, logical pattern or pattern or procedure that procedure that guarantees solving guarantees solving of a particular of a particular problem.problem.

Looks at Looks at all possible all possible combinationscombinations or has or has specific formula to specific formula to solve the problem. solve the problem.

Methods of Problem SolvingMethods of Problem Solving3. 3. Heuristics:Heuristics: “common sense” “common sense” or or

rule of thumb strategies which rule of thumb strategies which allow us to solve problems allow us to solve problems efficiently and usually quickly.efficiently and usually quickly.

Short-cuts that involve our Short-cuts that involve our preconceptionspreconceptions..

Who would you rather have baby sit your child? Answer is based on your heuristic for appearance.

Algorithms vs. HeuristicsAlgorithms vs. Heuristics

Unscramble Unscramble

S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H Y G

--AlgorithmsAlgorithms go through all go through all 907,208 combinations907,208 combinations

--Heuristics Heuristics would take out YY, would take out YY, etc.etc.

-Other heuristics?-Other heuristics?

Methods of Problem Methods of Problem SolvingSolving

Insight:Insight: sudden sudden realization of realization of how to solve a how to solve a problem problem without a real without a real strategy strategy involvedinvolved. .

The Light-Bulb The Light-Bulb going off when going off when you get an idea.you get an idea.

Kohler’s Chimpanzee Study Kohler’s Chimpanzee Study Illustrates InsightIllustrates Insight

Obstacles to Problem SolvingObstacles to Problem Solving

Confirmation Bias:Confirmation Bias: human human tendency to search for tendency to search for information that confirms your information that confirms your preconceptionspreconceptions

Study: What is the pattern?Study: What is the pattern?

2 4 6

Obstacles to Problem Obstacles to Problem SolvingSolving

Fixation:Fixation: refers to the refers to the inability to see a problem from inability to see a problem from a new perspectivea new perspective..

How would you arrange six matches to form 4 equal lateral triangles?

Solution to Matchstick Solution to Matchstick ProblemProblem

Obstacles to Problem SolvingObstacles to Problem Solving

Mental Set:Mental Set: tendency to tendency to approach a particular problem approach a particular problem in a particular way.in a particular way.

You usually use strategies that You usually use strategies that have have been successful in the been successful in the past at solving problemspast at solving problems even even though it may not be most though it may not be most efficient strategy for the new efficient strategy for the new problem. problem.

The Three Jugs ProblemThe Three Jugs Problem

Solution to the Jugs Solution to the Jugs ProblemProblem

B-A-2C=desired B-A-2C=desired amount of water.amount of water.

Problem 6 & 7 Problem 6 & 7 had easier had easier solutions though solutions though which were which were probably blocked probably blocked by mental set.by mental set.

6 & 7 Solution6 & 7 Solution

Candle Mounting Candle Mounting ProblemProblem

Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

Candle Mounting Candle Mounting SolutionSolution

Inability to solve this problem may result from functional fixedness. Have to recognize that a box need not always serve as a container

Obstacles to Problem SolvingObstacles to Problem Solving

Functional Fixedness:Functional Fixedness: tendency to think of objects tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual only in terms of their usual functions.functions.

CAN EQUAL

Possible Obstacles to Possible Obstacles to Problem SolvingProblem Solving

Representative Heuristic:Representative Heuristic: “common sense” “common sense” way of judging way of judging likelihood of things in terms of likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match our how well they seem to match our prototypes.prototypes.

May lead us to make May lead us to make incorrect incorrect assumptions.assumptions.

Example of Representative Example of Representative Heuristic ErrorsHeuristic Errors

Below is Linda, she loves books and Below is Linda, she loves books and hates loud noises. Is she more likely hates loud noises. Is she more likely to be a librarian or a beautician? to be a librarian or a beautician?

Possible Obstacles to Possible Obstacles to Problem SolvingProblem Solving

Availability Heuristic:Availability Heuristic: judging judging the likelihood of an event based the likelihood of an event based on how readily the event comes on how readily the event comes to mind.to mind.

Availability Heuristic Can Availability Heuristic Can Lead Us to Irrationally Fear Lead Us to Irrationally Fear Things Which Are Unlikely.Things Which Are Unlikely.

EX:EX: People are tend to be more fearful People are tend to be more fearful of the dangers of airplane travel than of of the dangers of airplane travel than of traveling in an automobile. traveling in an automobile.

EX:EX: People are tend to be more fearful People are tend to be more fearful of being raped by a stranger even of being raped by a stranger even though it is more likely they will be though it is more likely they will be raped by someone they know. raped by someone they know.

OverconfidenceOverconfidence

Decision Making: Decision Making: OverconfidenceOverconfidence

When making When making decisions, humans decisions, humans tend to be tend to be overconfident in their overconfident in their decisions and abilitiesdecisions and abilities..

On questions where 60% On questions where 60% of respondents answer of respondents answer correctly, correctly, respondents respondents usually feel 75% usually feel 75% confident.confident.

Influences on Decision Influences on Decision MakingMaking

Framing:Framing: refers refers to the way an to the way an issue is posed; issue is posed; can drastically can drastically effect decision effect decision makingmaking..

Best way to market Best way to market ground beef:ground beef:

25% fat OR 75% 25% fat OR 75% leanlean??

Influences on Decision Influences on Decision MakingMaking

Belief Bias:Belief Bias: the way the way pre-existing beliefs can pre-existing beliefs can distort logical distort logical reasoning; reasoning; can make can make invalid conclusions invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid seem valid, or valid conclusions seem conclusions seem invalid. invalid.

Decisions influenced Decisions influenced by subject matterby subject matter..

Is the following a valid Conclusion:

1. Democrats support free speech.2. Dictators are not democrats.Conclusion: Dictators

do Not support free speech.

Influences on Decision Influences on Decision MakingMaking

Belief Belief Perseverance:Perseverance: Once we have Once we have decided that we decided that we believe something, believe something, we will we will tend to tend to keep on believing keep on believing it, even in the it, even in the face of face of disconfirming disconfirming evidenceevidence..

Riddles- Riddles- 1.1. What is the next number in the series: What is the next number in the series:

10,4,3,11,15….?10,4,3,11,15….?A.A. 1414 B. 1B. 1 C. 17C. 17 D.12D.12

2. What is so unusual about the sentence below2. What is so unusual about the sentence belowJackdaws love my big sphinx of quartzJackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz

3. How can you physically stand behind your father 3. How can you physically stand behind your father while he is standing behind you?while he is standing behind you?

4. What occurs once in every minute,twice in every 4. What occurs once in every minute,twice in every moment,yet never in a thousand?moment,yet never in a thousand?

5. Can you translate the following into a sentence?5. Can you translate the following into a sentence?100204180100204180