WARM-UP 9/8- WHAT DO YOU THINK THIS MAP IS SHOWING US?
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WARM-UP 9/9 Answer the following questions on a separate sheet
of paper. What internal forces affect the earth, and how? What
external forces affect the earth, and how?
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QUIZ!!!! On a separate sheet of paper answer the following
questions: 1.What are the three types of tectonic plate movements?
2.What landforms do plate movements cause: give three specific
examples. (BE SPECIFIC) 3.What natural hazards to plate movements
cause? 4.What is erosion? 5.What is weathering?
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FORCES OF THE EARTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES
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EXTERNAL LAYERS Atmosphere Oxygen Lithosphere Crust, uppermost
mantle Hydrosphere water elements on earth Biosphere lithosphere
and hydrosphere together
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INTERNAL LAYERS Core center of the earth iron and nickel Outer
core molten rock Mantle several layers Crust thin layer of rock at
the earths surface
EARTHS SURFACE HAS CHANGED Over the past 200 million year the
plates of the Earth have shifted to form the modern day world
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INTERNAL FORCE- PLATE TECTONICS Internal forces begin beneath
the lithosphere Tectonic plates enormous moving pieces of the
earths lithosphere How do tectonic plates move? Divergent
Convergent subduction, ocean to ocean, land to land
Transformation
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INTERNAL FORCE- EARTHQUAKE Focus center of earthquake epicenter
is the point directly above the focus of the earths surface
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INTERNAL FORCE- TSUNAMI Underwater earthquake causes water to
rise up and cause coastal damage
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INTERNAL FORCE- VOLCANOES Magma, gasses, and water below the
surface of the earth Convection layer Ring of Fire Rim of the
Pacific Ocean
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EXTERNAL FORCES Weathering Erosion
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WEATHERING Breakdown of rock and other materials into smaller
pieces Mechanical weathering physical breakdown of rocks and
minerals Chemical weathering breakdown of rocks and minerals
through chemical processes (e.g. oxidization)
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EROSION Movement or removal of pieces of rock or soil through
wind, glaciers, or water Wears away at the earths surface
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HOMEWORK Page 32-36 #1-4 on page 36
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WHERE IN THE WORLD WEDNESDAY
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1. Kennedy Space Center 2. Located in Cape Canaveral, Florida
3. American culture created this 4. Built in 1968 5. Built as a
launch site for space exploration
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ACTIVITY Continue with your research from yesterday! You will
get the same laptop you had yesterday. Turn in the landforms packet
when you are finished.
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WARM-UP 9/11- ON A SEPARATE SHEET OF PAPER ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESTION. How did the events of September 11, 2001 impact our lives
today? Use of a page!!
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BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS Oceans Ocean is an interconnected
body of salt water that covers about 71 percent of our planet
Divided up into five parts Ocean motion- currents, waves, and tides
Currents- act like rivers flowing through the ocean Waves- swells
or ridges produced by winds Tides- regular rises and falls of the
ocean created by the gravitational pull of the moon or sun These
motions help to distribute heat on the planet Winds blow over the
ocean and are either heated or cooled by the water
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BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS Hydrological cycle
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BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS Lakes, rivers, and streams
Drainage basin- an area drained by a major river and its
tributaries Ground water- water held in the pores of rock Water
table- level at which the rock is saturated
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BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS Landforms- are naturally formed
features on the surface of the Earth Oceanic landforms The Earths
surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean
is called the- continental shelf Floor of the ocean has ridges,
valleys, canyons, and plains Ridges mark places where new crust is
being formed on the edges of the tectonic plates- The longest
continuous range- Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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BODIES OF WATER AND LANDFORMS Continental landforms relief- the
major geographic feature that separates one type of landform from
another Relief- the difference in elevation of a landform from its
lowest point to its highest point Four categories of relief
Mountains Hills Plains Plateaus Topography- the combination of the
surface shape and composition of the landforms and their
distribution in a region A topographic map shows us the landforms
with their vertical dimensions and their relationship to other
landforms
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You are going to create a mini poster to represent 10
landforms. You will need to have illustrations of ten landforms all
in one picture. Next to each landform you need to have a definition
of that landform. You will be graded on: One picture for each
landform One definition for each landform Presentation and
design
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WARM-UP 9/12 How is the Earth-Sun relationship related to
weather conditions and climate? Explain in at least 5 complete
sentences. When you are finished turn in your warm-up paper,
landform packet, and landform mini-poster!
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CLIMATE BASICS Climate- is the name for the general conditions
of temperature and precipitation for an area over a long period of
time. Several factors affect climate Latitude Elevation Wind and
ocean currents Topography (landforms, size of land mass, etc.)
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Latitude is the most important factor in determining climate
The three major climate zones on the Earth are the polar,
temperate, and tropical zones. CLIMATE ZONES 66 N 23 1/2 N 00 23
1/2 S 66 S Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of
Capricorn Antarctic Circle
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POLAR (HIGH LATITUDE ZONES) In each hemisphere, the polar zone
extends from the pole to about 66 degrees latitude. In polar zones,
the average yearly temperature is below freezing.
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TEMPERATE (MIDDLE LATITUDE ZONES) In each hemisphere, the
temperate zone is found between 66 degrees and 23 N and S latitude.
Moderate temperature and year-round rain.
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TROPICAL (LOW LATITUDE) ZONES The tropical zones, which extend
from 30 N and S latitude to the equator, have high temperatures and
high humidity.
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ELEVATION Elevation, or altitude, is the distance above sea
level As elevation increases, temperature decreases
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WIND Convection- the transfer of heat in the atmosphere by
upward motion of the air Hot air flows towards the poles and cold
air goes to the equator
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OCEAN CURRENTS Waters in the ocean flow in large circular
systems Warm waters flow towards the poles and cold waters flow
towards the equator Winds + ocean current = different weather
Coriolis Effect- rotation Ocean currents also affect the amount of
precipitation
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ACTIVITY Become an expert on your climate Fill out the chart
Create a mini poster with all of the required information Tomorrow
you will present and fill out all the climates
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WARM-UP 9/15 1. Draw a picture of the Earth and label the 5
major lines of latitude. 2. Then label the low latitude, middle
latitude, and high latitude climate zones.
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CAUSES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE Earths motions Earths orbit, tilt,
and wobble affect insolation Plate tectonics Continents move to
different latitudes affection insolation Sunspots May relate to
Earths changing temperatures Volcanoes Volcanic winter, acid rain
from SO2 in the atmosphere Global warming Increases temperatures
and moves precipitation belts
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EL NIO & LA NIA The warming of the waters in the South
Pacific (west of South America) Natural change in the climate Every
2-7 years, prevailing easterly winds that blow over the central
Pacific Ocean slow or reverse direction Changes the ocean
temperature and affects weather worldwide Easterly winds normally
bring seasonal rains and push warm ocean water toward Asia and
Australia Generally speaking El Nio brings cooler and wetter
weather to the southern United States La Nina brings the
opposite
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HOW DOES CLIMATE AFFECT OUR LIVES? Limits amount of Earths
surface we can use Polar regions, deserts, rainforests Influences
agriculture Tourism and recreation Water resources Disease and
Illness
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DEFINING A CLIMATE REGION Climate regions tell geographers a
lot about a region without giving many local details
Generalizations are made about typical conditions Defined by many
factors like temperature, precipitation, location, topography, and
elevation Different methods to define climate region Use of
latitude: tropical (low-latitude), dry, mid- latitude, high
latitude, highland Variations within these categories
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TROPICAL WET Little variation in temperature over the year
Always hot- average temperature of 80 Days begin sunny but have
clouded up by the afternoon More than 80 inches of rain annually
These climates are found in Central and South America, Africa, and
Southwest Asia
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TROPICAL WET AND DRY Subregion always has a rainy season in
summer and a dry season in winter Temperatures are cooler in the
dry season and warmer in the wet season Rainfall is less than in
the tropical wet region and occurs mostly in the wet season Found
next to tropical wet climates in Africa, South and Central America,
and parts of Asia
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SEMIARID Does not receive very much precipitation About 16
inches per year Hot summers and mild to cold winters Some semiarid
regions can produce snow This climate is found in the interior of
continents or in a zone around deserts Lots of agricultural
productivity
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DESERT Categorized by the amount of rainfall Can be hot or
cool/cold Receive less than 10 inches of rain per year Hot deserts
have low humidity and high day temperatures Nights get cold because
dry air cannot hold heat Cool/cold deserts are found in the
mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere Usually in the rain shadow
of mountain ranges Summer temperatures are warm to hot Winter
temperatures are cool to below freezing
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MEDITERRANEAN Named for the land around the Mediterranean Sea
Also exists in areas like the US west coast and parts of Australia
Summers are dry and hot Winters are cool and rainy Climate supports
dense populations and rich agricultural activity
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MARINE WEST COAST Located close to the ocean Frequently cloudy,
foggy, and damp Winds over the warm ocean moderate temperatures so
they are usually constant Precipitation is evenly distributed
throughout the year Located on parts of the US, Canadian, and
European west coasts
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HUMID SUBTROPICAL Long periods of summer heat and humidity
Found on the east coast of continents are are subject to hurricanes
in late summer or autumn Winters are mild to cool Suitable for
raising crops such as rice Located in SE US and China
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HUMID CONTINENTAL Great variety in temperature and
precipitation Located in the mid-latitude interiors of Northern
Hemisphere continents Usually experience four seasons Length of
each season determined by the latitude
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SUBARCTIC Covered by evergreen forests called taiga Huge
temperature variations between summer and winter Summers are short
and cool and winters are always very cold Temperature at or below
freezing last 5-8 months during the year Can be found in Canada and
Russia
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TUNDRA Tundra: Flat, treeless lands that form a ring around the
Arctic Ocean Almost exclusively located in the Northern Hemisphere
Usually less than 15 inches of precipitation per year Permafrost:
subsoil is constantly frozen Summer lasts only a few weeks and the
temperature may only slightly reach 40
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ICE CAP Region has snow, ice, and permanently freezing
temperatures It is so cold that it rarely snows Sometimes called
polar deserts because they receive less than 10 inches of
precipitation per year Antarctica has this climate
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HIGHLANDS This climate varies with latitude, elevation, other
topography, and continental location Rugged mountain areas like the
Andes of South America have climates that are based of factors like
whether a slope faces north or south and whether it is exposed to
winds carrying moisture
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HOMEWORK FOR TONIGHT (9/15) Read pages 59-63 and answer
questions 1-4 on page 63.
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WARM-UP 9/16- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON YOUR WARM-UP
PAPER. What are some examples of natural hazards? What causes
natural hazards to happen?
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EARTHQUAKES What is it? A sudden movement of the Earths crust
caused by a release of pressure built up along fault lines.
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VOLCANOES What is it? An opening or vent in the Earths crust
where lava, ash, and other debris are ejected at regular or
periodic intervals
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HURRICANES What is it? A tropical storm with winds in excess of
74 mph. There are 5 levels or categories of a hurricane based on
wind speed.
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TSUNAMIS A huge wave caused by an undersea earthquake or
volcano.
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LANDSLIDE What is it? Rapid downward movement of dry earth and
rock.
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LAHAR What is it? A fluid mass or mudflow with hardened
volcanic debris such as lava, rocks, etc. The wet debris may be
caused by rain, the sudden melting of snow, etc.
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FLOODING What is it? A great flowing or overflowing of land
that is usually dry.
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DROUGHT What is it? A long period of time with very low or no
rainfall.
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FOREST FIRES What is it? Uncontrolled fire in a forest.
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WARM-UP 9/17
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1.What landmark is this? 1.The Space Needle 2.Where is it
located? 2.Seattle, Washington 3.Which culture created it?
3.American 4.Why/when was this landmark created? Why is it
happening? 4.Built as an observation tower in 1962 5. What defining
characteristics stand out to you?
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AdaptArctic CircleConvergeMiddle (Temperate) Latitude Zone
Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Perceptual23
NTransformationLongitude Prime Meridian DivergeHigh (polar)
Latitude Zone 66SFormal Functional23 STODALSModifyPlace
SubductionLatitudeLow (Tropical) Latitude Zone MovementAbsolute
Location