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Warm-Up. How is the Egyptian social structure similar to the social structure today?. VOCAB. Polytheistic - The worship of many gods Pyramid - A tomb to preserve the body of a Pharaoh for the afterlife The Nile - The river in North Africa around which the Egyptian civilization formed - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Warm-Up
How is the Egyptian social structure similar to the social structure today?
VOCAB
• Polytheistic- The worship of many gods• Pyramid- A tomb to preserve the body of a
Pharaoh for the afterlife• The Nile- The river in North Africa around which
the Egyptian civilization formed• Hieroglyphics- The Egyptian system of Writing• Pharaoh- God-king of ancient Egypt• “The Gift of the Nile”- the Egyptian civilization
ONLY WRITE DOWN THE UNDERLINDED INFO
Egyptian Timeline
• Old Kingdom (2700-2150)– Hieroglyphics and religion
develop in Egypt– pyramids built
• Middle Kingdom (2040-1786)– extension of Egyptian control into
Nubia
• New Kingdom (1570-1075)– militaristic - Hebrews enslaved– mummification perfected
Geography
• River dominates Egyptian world/thought
• Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis– Permits some trade – Defense from invasion
• Contributes to feeling of safety
– preserves artifacts
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“Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus
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The Nile
• yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion– Predictable– Irrigation systems
• Encourages – Trade– Communication– Political unity
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The Nile
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The Nile And a Stable food Supply
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The Nile
The Nile and Religion
• Impact on religion– divided life - living and dying.
• East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples
• West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs
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Religion
• Omnipresence of religion• Polytheistic
– interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun
– over 2000 gods
• Pharaoh as living god• Afterlife
– Evolution of who has an afterlife• Old vs. New Kingdom
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Osiris
• God of the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart
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Horus
• Horus, god of balance and harmony
• maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil.
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Early Pyramids
Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats
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Why build Pyramids?
• Religious structures- Tombs
• Belief in the afterlife demanded: 1. Bodies be interred whole
2. Material goods for use in afterlife be present
• The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs1. First were mastabas
2. Then pyramids
3. Then later… hidden tombs
Mastaba
Great Pyramid and Technology
• Tomb for Khufu• an almost perfect square (deviation .05%) • Orientation is exactly North, South, East West • 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high • 20 years to build• Average block weighs 2.5 tons
– Some weigh 9 tons!
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Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu
Queen Pyramids in front2 3 4 51 6
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Mummies
• Not known when it started in Egypt• Perfected by time of New Kingdom• How to make a mummy: 70 steps
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Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated
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Inner coffin
Mummy
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Second inner coffin lid
Second inner coffin
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Shawabti box
Gift bearers
Model boat
Funerary Gifts and Art
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The Pharaoh
• Religion and Government
• God-King – Temporal power
• owns all the land and people and what people posses
• law vs. Pharaoh's will
• irrigation
• no city walls
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The Pharaoh
• God-King – Religious
• direct descendant of the Sun god
• controls access to the afterlife
• July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh
– 365 day calendar.
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Daily Life in Egypt
• Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs
• main food is beer and bread– Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion,
beans, and millet
• common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height
• Most common job … farming
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Farmers in Egypt and food supply
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Hieroglyphics
• Language is written without vowels
• Different pronunciations– MNFR as Memphis– SR as Osiris– TTMS as either Thutmose,
Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese
• Who learns this writing style?
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Hieroglyphics
• Use in temples
• Rosetta Stone
• Napoleon and Egyptology.
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Egyptian Artwork
Egyptian Farmers & animals
Stela (carved stone)
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Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you!