Warm Up1. Napoleon brought an end to what

government?2. What government did he establish?3. Describe plebiscite:4. Explain one thing that Napoleon changed in

France.5. Who was Napoleon’s arch rival?6. Describe the continental system:7. Why did this not work?8. What is nationalism?

Warm Up Congress of Vienna Notes

1. Purpose of the Congress of Vienna: 2. Conservatism: 3. Liberalism: 4. Principle of Legitimacy: 5. Principle of Intervention: 6. Liberator of Argentina: 7. Liberator of Venezuela:

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Warm Up1. What did Napoleon sell to make money?2. What is the Spanish Ulcer?3. Why did the peasants burn their own houses

and fields?4. Where did Napoleon first get exiled to?5. How did Napoleon get back the throne?6. What was the name of the last battle of

Napoleon?7. Where did Napoleon finally die?

• Began in Great Britain in the late 1700s– Changes in technology led to the switch from human

and animal power to machines doing the work

Contributing Factors• Increase in the food supply– This was due mainly to the Agricultural Revolution,

where new inventions and better livestock breeding methods led to more food being produced with less amounts of labor

– Poor farmers now moved to the cities looking for jobs• Population grew and created a large workforce• Had a ready supply of money (capital) to invest in

industrial machines and factories– Capital = money available for investment– Entrepreneur = a person interested in finding new

business opportunities and new ways of making profits

• Lots of natural resources: coal, iron ore• Large supply of materials and markets from

colonies–Huge empire and the largest and most

powerful navy in the world• Great Britain was politically stable• Factors of production–Capital, Entrepreneur, Land, Labor

Changes in Textile Production• Textile = cloth-making, mostly from wool or

cotton• Two-step process– Spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton– Weavers wove the thread into cloth on looms

• Cottage Industry– Prior to the Industrial Revolution, work such as

textile production was done by individuals in their rural homes

– Merchants would drop off the raw materials and then come back later for the finished product

• Series of Technological Advances– “flying shuttle” was invented by John Kay, and made

weaving faster, doubled the speed at which a weaver could do his job

– Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves which produced thread faster

– Water-powered loom invented by Edmund Cartwright– These new machines were becoming too big to be put

into a cottage and Richard Arkwright built the first factory with 200 workers to house his water frame• More efficient to bring workers to the new machines

and have them work in factories near rivers

• Finally James Watt improved the steam engine, which used steam to drive machinery – Coal was used to heat water to produce steam– Factories no longer had to be located near water• Many factories were now built in cities and

near roads and ports–Other uses for the steam engine• Robert Fulton developed the steamship• Steam engines also used to power locomotives

• Imported more and more raw cotton and cotton cloth became Britain’s most valuable product

• The Clermont dimensions • Length: 43m (142 ft.) • Max width: 4.3m (14 ft.) • Max. height: 19m (62 ft.) • Draught: 4.8 m (15 ft. 9 in) • Displacement: 1,210 tons • Average Speed: 4.7 miles per hour • Time saved: 150 miles in thirty-two hours • sailing schooner time: 4 Long Days according to

wind and tides.

• The Clermonts side paddle wheels were 4 feet (1.2 meters) wide and 15 feet (4.6 meters) in diameter. After the rebuilding, the Clermont was 149 feet (45.4 meters) long and 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide.

Warm Up

1. cloth-making, mostly from wool or cotton2. was invented by John Kay3. produced thread faster4. built the first factory with 200 workers5. improved the steam engine6. developed the steamship7. Reasons why steamships are so revolutionary?8. used to power locomotives

Coal and Iron Industries• The success of the steam engine increased the need for

coal and led to an expansion in coal production– Steam engines required immense amounts of fuel to

heat water– By 1800 Britain produced 80% of Europe’s coal– New processes using coal led to the iron industry

• Henry Cort developed a process called puddling – coal used to burn away impurities in crude iron– High quality iron used to build new machines and

transportation– Produced more iron than the rest of the world

combined

Warm Up Industrial Revolution1. What country did the Industrial Revolution

begin?2. Define Capital:3. Define Entrepreneur: 4. 2 Reasons why Great Britain was the leader

of the Industrial Revolution:5. What are the 4 factors of production?6. What is the cottage industry?7. 1 Advantage and Disadvantage of Factory

cities:

Railroads• Important to the success of the Industrial

Revolution–More efficient means of transporting goods and

resources– Faster shipment of goods– Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced

goods– Entrepreneurs could reinvest profits into new

equipment – ongoing economic growth• Created new jobs – both on the trains themselves,

building the railroads, and rest stops

Spread of Industrialization• First to be industrialized in continental Europe was

Belgium– Belgium was followed later by France and

Germany– Their gov’ts were active in encouraging the

development of industrialization• The United States also began to industrialize after a

young mill worker from Great Britain named Samuel Slater migrated to the U.S. and built the first factory in Rhode Island

Working in Factories• The factory created a new labor system– Factory owners wanted to use their new machines

constantly• Workers forced to work in shifts

– Had to create a system of work discipline• Factory work was divided into several separate parts

and each worker was assigned one task that was easy to learn– Even children could easily learn it

• Factory work was dangerous– No safety protection from the massive machines, no

worker’s compensation

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• Long work hours – from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, only lunch break (no other breaks)

• Bad conditions, no minimum wage, no job security, noisy, and poor sanitation– If you don’t like it, there are many people who

will take your place since they need the money

Factory Towns• Whole towns grew up around the factories– Families lived in shoddy, crowded buildings with

cramped quarters• Some neighborhoods in Manchester had only two

toilets for every 250 people– Lots of pollution – soot filled the air from burning

coal, the smoke also contained other poisonous chemicals• Destroyed lungs and nature

• Factory towns were highly unsanitary, disease spread rapidly, and many died– Six out of every ten children died before the age of 5

Social Impact• Growth of cities– People moved from farms to cities for jobs– Pitiful living conditions – cholera, tuberculosis

• Two new social classes – growth of the middle class– Industrial middle class = people who own the

factories– Industrial working class = people who work in the

factories• Most of the workers were women and children– They were cheaper to pay then men– Factory work seen as “women’s work”

Pg. 644

Warm Up1. What invention brings faster shipments of

goods?2. Where was the first factory built in the US?3. Three positives and three negatives of

factories:4. Who worked in the factories and why?5. What 2 social classes did factories create?6. Define Mass Production:7. Advantage of identical parts: 8. Founder of Communism:

Process of Mass Production• In the U.S., one change that occurred to the factory

system was the development of mass production– Mass production = the system of manufacturing large

numbers of identical items– Elements of mass production include interchangeable

parts and the assembly line• Interchangeable parts = identical machine-made

parts• Assembly line = the product moves from worker to

worker, as each one performs a step in the manufacturing process

• With this new division of labor system, workers can make many items quickly at a more affordable cost

Responses to the Industrial Revolution• Weavers and other cottage industry workers were being

put out of work thanks to the new machines– In the early 1800s, a group called the Luddites began

to break into factories to destroy the machines– They blamed the machines for their problems• They burned factories and smashed machines, but

overall they were not successful• Socialism– The horrible working conditions created by the

Industrial Revolution led to a movement known as socialism

– Socialists, such as Robert Owen, believed that for the good of all, society or the gov’t should own property and control industry• Socialists believed in the equality of all people and

wanted to get rid of economic cooperation• Owen built a mill complex in New Lanark,

Scotland, where he clothed and fed his workers and they enjoyed good working conditions along with free education for their children

– Another socialist was Karl Marx, who viewed Owen as a “utopian” socialist

• Karl Marx and Communism– Communism = a system of social organization in

which all property is held in common

• Hated capitalism and against private property– Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848• He believed that all of world history was a “history

of class struggles”• The bourgeoisie (middle class) owned all the

means of production and oppressed the proletariat (working class)–The bourgeoisie were getting richer and the

proletariat poorer• Marx believed that the proletariat would rise up

and overthrow the bourgeoisie in a violent revolution• This would lead ultimately to a classless society in

which gov’t would no longer be needed and capitalism would collapse

• Labor Unions– People formed unions to try to gain better working

conditions, less hours, and higher pay• Labor union = organizations representing workers’

interests– Unions were illegal at first, but eventually gained

acceptance – Britain was the first to recognize unions– Unions won the right to strike in the 1870s• A strike is where members of a union refuse to

work in order to pressure an employer into meeting their demands

– Unions will make considerable progress in making the living and working conditions better

• In 1832 the British Parliament produced the Sadler Report– It described the abuses in factories and coal

mines• Parliament also passed laws that limited work hours

for adults and children– Factory Act of 1833 – children had to be older

than nine to be able to work in factories