Warm-upWarm-up1) What is the central dogma?1) What is the central dogma?

2) Put the following steps of protein synthesis in order.2) Put the following steps of protein synthesis in order.

___ ___ Polypeptides (proteins) are formed as ribosomes move Polypeptides (proteins) are formed as ribosomes move along the messenger RNA strand.along the messenger RNA strand.

DNA molecules serve as templates for making DNA molecules serve as templates for making messenger RNA molecules.messenger RNA molecules.

Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosome.Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosome.

Messenger RNA molecules move to the ribosome.Messenger RNA molecules move to the ribosome.

3) List as many factors as you can that make a protein different 3) List as many factors as you can that make a protein different from another proteinfrom another protein

Evolution:Evolution: Science Department Science Department

Unit ReviewUnit Review#1-42#1-42

Science Standards: Science Standards: 7a-d, 8a-e7a-d, 8a-e

Charles Darwin

1. What is a fossil?1. What is a fossil?

History of the Earth (8e)

1. What is a fossil?1. What is a fossil?

remains of ancient life

History of the Earth (8e)

2. What is the fossil 2. What is the fossil record?record?

2. What is the fossil record?2. What is the fossil record?

all the information about past life

3. What is 3. What is macroevolution? Give macroevolution? Give

an example.an example.

3. What is macroevolution? 3. What is macroevolution? Give an example.Give an example.

evolution over long periods of time evolution over long periods of time (millions of years)(millions of years)

ex Fossil Recordex Fossil Record

4. What is 4. What is microevolution?microevolution?

4. What is microevolution?4. What is microevolution?

all of the small changes in all of the small changes in genes that happen in a few genes that happen in a few generations generations

ex Light and Dark Moths, Englandex Light and Dark Moths, England

5. What are the 5. What are the fourfour Geologic Geologic Eras (in order oldest – Eras (in order oldest –

recent)?recent)?

5. What are the 5. What are the fourfour Geologic Geologic Eras (in order oldest – Eras (in order oldest –

recent)?recent)? Most RecentMost Recent

OldestOldest

6. Which era was the 6. Which era was the longestlongest??

6. Which era was the 6. Which era was the longestlongest??

PrecambrianPrecambrian

7. Which era are we currently 7. Which era are we currently in?in?

7. Which era are we currently 7. Which era are we currently in?in?

CenozoicCenozoic

8. Label the eras below.8. Label the eras below.

A.

B.

C.

8. Label the eras 8. Label the eras below.below.

MesozoicMesozoic

PaleozoicPaleozoic

PrecambrianPrecambrian

A.

B.

C.

9. What is a mass 9. What is a mass extinction?extinction?

9. What is a mass 9. What is a mass extinction?extinction?

a large number of unrelated species a large number of unrelated species quickly diequickly die

10. Why did life continue to 10. Why did life continue to exist on Earth after each exist on Earth after each

mass extinction?mass extinction?

10. Why did life continue to 10. Why did life continue to exist on Earth after each exist on Earth after each

mass extinction?mass extinction? new habitats and resources were new habitats and resources were

available to themavailable to them

11. Is there more or less 11. Is there more or less diversity diversity beforebefore a mass a mass

extinction?extinction?

11. Is there more or less 11. Is there more or less diversity diversity beforebefore a mass a mass

extinction?extinction? More!!More!!

12. Define natural selection: 12. Define natural selection: Natural Selection (8a)

12. Define natural selection: 12. Define natural selection:

how individuals who are better how individuals who are better suited to survive and reproduce suited to survive and reproduce successfully in their environmentsuccessfully in their environment

Natural Selection (8a)

13. What happens to 13. What happens to organisms that are NOT organisms that are NOT

well suited to their well suited to their environments?environments?

13. What happens to 13. What happens to organisms that are NOT organisms that are NOT

well suited to their well suited to their environments?environments?

die or adaptdie or adapt

14. What does “survival of 14. What does “survival of the fittest” mean?the fittest” mean?

14. What does “survival of 14. What does “survival of the fittest” mean?the fittest” mean?

organisms with high levels of fitness organisms with high levels of fitness (ability to survive, reproduce, and adapt)(ability to survive, reproduce, and adapt)

15. Give one example of how 15. Give one example of how natural selection occurs:natural selection occurs:

15. Give one example of how 15. Give one example of how natural selection occurs:natural selection occurs:

Darwin’s Darwin’s Finches:Finches: Finches in the Galápagos Islands have beaks adapted to eat the foods available in the birds’ habitats.

16. Define Species:16. Define Species:Diversity of Species (7c, 7d, 8b)

16. Define Species:16. Define Species:

a group of similar organisms that can a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring breed and produce fertile offspring

Diversity of Species (7c, 7d, 8b)

17. Define Diversity:17. Define Diversity:

17. Define Diversity:17. Define Diversity:

a variety of something such as a variety of something such as animals or plantsanimals or plants

(Pond A has more diversity)(Pond A has more diversity)

Pond A Pond B

18. Populations with (18. Populations with (more or more or less)less) diversity diversity are more likely to survive.are more likely to survive.

18. Populations with (18. Populations with (more or more or less)less) diversity diversity are more likely to survive.are more likely to survive.

MOREMORE

19. Does asexual reproduction19. Does asexual reproduction increase or decrease increase or decrease

diversity?diversity?

19. Does asexual reproduction19. Does asexual reproduction increase or decrease increase or decrease

diversity?diversity? DECREASEDECREASE Because Because (like cloning) all of its offspring would be

the same.

20. What is a mutation?20. What is a mutation?

20. What is a mutation?20. What is a mutation?

is any change in a is any change in a DNA sequenceDNA sequence

21. Are mutations always 21. Are mutations always harmful? Do they always harmful? Do they always

have some effect?have some effect?

Most mutations are harmless, and some Most mutations are harmless, and some are helpfulare helpful

22. Do mutations 22. Do mutations increase or increase or decreasedecrease diversity in a diversity in a

population?population?

22. Do mutations 22. Do mutations increase or increase or decreasedecrease diversity in a diversity in a

population?population?

INCREASEINCREASE

23. Which group in 23. Which group in the diagram the diagram has the has the mostmost

biodiversity biodiversity during during the Cretaceous the Cretaceous

period? period? the Quaternary the Quaternary

Period?Period?

23. Which group in the 23. Which group in the diagram has the diagram has the mostmost

biodiversity biodiversity

during the during the Cretaceous period? Cretaceous period?

the Quaternary Period?the Quaternary Period? Lizards and Lizards and

LizardsLizards How? Look at the How? Look at the

WIDEST bandWIDEST band

24. Which of the ponds below has 24. Which of the ponds below has more diversity? more diversity?

Which has a Which has a higher chance of survival?higher chance of survival?

Pond A Pond B

Pond A contains 100 organisms - 30 algae, 15 frogs, 10 cattails, 5 ducks, 5 geese, 20 guppies, 13 bass, and 2 alligators.

Pond B contains 100 organisms – 50 algae, 25 geese, 20 bass, and 5 alligators.

24. Which of the ponds below has 24. Which of the ponds below has more diversity? more diversity?

Which has a Which has a higher chance of survival?higher chance of survival?

Pond A Pond B

Pond A --because contains 8 types of organisms

Pond A --because contains 4 types of organisms

Pond A contains 100 organisms - 30 algae, 15 frogs, 10 cattails, 5 ducks, 5 geese, 20 guppies, 13 bass, and 2 alligators.

Pond B contains 100 organisms – 50 algae, 25 geese, 20 bass, and 5 alligators.

25. Does natural selection 25. Does natural selection work directly on work directly on

phenotypes or genotypes of phenotypes or genotypes of an individual?an individual?

Genetics and Natural Selection (7a, 7b)

25. Does natural selection 25. Does natural selection work directly on work directly on

phenotypes or genotypes of phenotypes or genotypes of an individual?an individual?

Phenotype (physical characteristic)Phenotype (physical characteristic) ex leopards eat what they see…they don’t ask the prey what genotype ex leopards eat what they see…they don’t ask the prey what genotype

they have!they have!

Genetics and Natural Selection (7a, 7b)

26. The combined genetic 26. The combined genetic information of all members information of all members of a population is called theof a population is called the

..

26. The combined genetic 26. The combined genetic information of all members information of all members of a population is called theof a population is called the

..

Gene PoolGene Pool

27. Explain why lethal alleles, such as 27. Explain why lethal alleles, such as sickle-shaped blood cells, continue sickle-shaped blood cells, continue

to show up in the gene pool.to show up in the gene pool.

27. Explain why lethal alleles, such as 27. Explain why lethal alleles, such as sickle-shaped blood cells, continue sickle-shaped blood cells, continue

to show up in the gene pool.to show up in the gene pool. this disease is passed on by this disease is passed on by

heterozygous individuals heterozygous individuals ANDAND

natural selection works on natural selection works on phenotype phenotype notnot genotype. genotype.

28. Why don’t carriers of these 28. Why don’t carriers of these alleles get eliminated through alleles get eliminated through

natural selection?natural selection?

28. Why don’t carriers of these 28. Why don’t carriers of these alleles get eliminated through alleles get eliminated through

natural selection?natural selection? Natural selection acts on phenotypeNatural selection acts on phenotype

—they are normal.—they are normal.

29. In England after the industrial revolution, 29. In England after the industrial revolution, dark moths had an advantage over light dark moths had an advantage over light

moths. If dark color in moths is moths. If dark color in moths is dominant (D) why did light moths (dd) dominant (D) why did light moths (dd)

continue to reappear?continue to reappear?

29. In England after the industrial revolution, 29. In England after the industrial revolution, dark moths had an advantage over light dark moths had an advantage over light

moths. If dark color in moths is moths. If dark color in moths is dominant (D) why did light moths (dd) dominant (D) why did light moths (dd)

continue to reappear?continue to reappear? When heterzygous, dark moths mate When heterzygous, dark moths mate

(Dd X Dd), they produce light moths (Dd X Dd), they produce light moths (dd).(dd).

DD Dd

Dd dd

D d

D

d

30. In genetic drift, changes in 30. In genetic drift, changes in allele (gene) frequencies allele (gene) frequencies change due to change due to

..

Genetic Drift (8c)

30. In genetic drift, changes in 30. In genetic drift, changes in allele (gene) frequencies allele (gene) frequencies change due to change due to

.. CHANCE!CHANCE! Why? In small populations, Natural Selection is Why? In small populations, Natural Selection is

not the only source of evolutionary change and not the only source of evolutionary change and the laws of probability (genetics) don’t really the laws of probability (genetics) don’t really work.work.

Genetic Drift (8c)

31. Genetic drift occurs in 31. Genetic drift occurs in population that are population that are

in size.in size.

31. Genetic drift occurs in 31. Genetic drift occurs in population that are population that are

in size.in size. smallsmall

   GENETIC DRIFT: In small populations, individuals that carry a particular allele may have more descendants than other individuals. Over time, a series of chance occurrences of this type can cause an allele to become more common in a population.

32. What is the bottleneck 32. What is the bottleneck effect?effect?

32. What is the bottleneck 32. What is the bottleneck effect?effect?

Is what Is what happens when happens when only a few only a few members members survive a survive a major major catastrophe catastrophe and pass on and pass on those those genotypesgenotypes

33. Give an example of a 33. Give an example of a situation that could cause situation that could cause

the bottleneck effect?the bottleneck effect?

33. Give an example of a 33. Give an example of a situation that could cause situation that could cause

the bottleneck effect?the bottleneck effect? Flood, fire, Flood, fire,

earthquake, earthquake, meteorite, meteorite, worldwide worldwide diseasedisease

34. The type of genetic drift 34. The type of genetic drift that follows colonization of that follows colonization of a new habitat by a small a new habitat by a small

group of individuals is group of individuals is called called

..

Original Popn.

New Popn.

34. The type of genetic drift 34. The type of genetic drift that follows colonization of that follows colonization of a new habitat by a small a new habitat by a small

group of individuals is group of individuals is called called

.. Founder EffectFounder Effect

Original Popn.

New Popn.

35. The Amish people 35. The Amish people having an unusually high having an unusually high

occurrence of six fingers are occurrence of six fingers are an example of an example of

..

35. The Amish people 35. The Amish people having an unusually high having an unusually high

occurrence of six fingers are occurrence of six fingers are an example of an example of

.. Founder EffectFounder Effect

36. Label the 3 graphs below.36. Label the 3 graphs below.

36. Label the 3 graphs below.36. Label the 3 graphs below.

Graph A: Graph A: Directional Directional SelectionSelection

Graph B. Graph B. Stabilizing Stabilizing SelectionSelection

Graph C: Graph C: Disruptive Disruptive SelectionSelection

37. Define speciation:37. Define speciation:Speciation (8d)

37. Define speciation:37. Define speciation:

is the is the evolutionary process by which process by which new biological new biological species arise. arise.

is the result of reproductive isolationis the result of reproductive isolation

Speciation (8d)

38. Why are horses and donkeys 38. Why are horses and donkeys considered to be two different considered to be two different

species? species? (think about the definition of species)(think about the definition of species)

Species:Species: a group of similar organisms that can a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspringbreed and produce fertile offspring

38. Why are horses and donkeys 38. Why are horses and donkeys considered to be two different considered to be two different

species? species? (think about the definition of species)(think about the definition of species)

Species:Species: a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspringfertile offspring

They usually don’t breed naturally. They usually don’t breed naturally. When they do, they produce a mule; When they do, they produce a mule; most mules are sterile.most mules are sterile.

Mule

39. Define Reproductive 39. Define Reproductive Isolation. Give 3 examples:Isolation. Give 3 examples:

39. Define Reproductive 39. Define Reproductive Isolation:Isolation:

Is when the members of different Is when the members of different populations cannot interbreed and populations cannot interbreed and new species come upnew species come up

exex 1. Behavioral Isolation 1. Behavioral Isolation

2. Geographic Isolation2. Geographic Isolation

3. Temporal Isolation3. Temporal Isolation

40. What happens when animals 40. What happens when animals are unable to reproduce for are unable to reproduce for

long periods of time with long periods of time with another population of the another population of the

same animal?same animal?

40. What happens when animals 40. What happens when animals are unable to reproduce for are unable to reproduce for

long periods of time with long periods of time with another population of the another population of the

same animal?same animal? They become reproductively isolated They become reproductively isolated

and gene pool differences increaseand gene pool differences increase

41. Define Geographic 41. Define Geographic Isolation:Isolation:

41. Define Geographic 41. Define Geographic Isolation:Isolation:

occurs when two occurs when two populations are populations are separated by separated by geographic barriers geographic barriers such as rivers, such as rivers, mountains, or mountains, or bodies of waterbodies of water

42. What happens two populations of 42. What happens two populations of animals are geographically animals are geographically

isolated for long periods of time isolated for long periods of time and as a result can no longer and as a result can no longer reproduce with each other?reproduce with each other?

42. What happens two populations of 42. What happens two populations of animals are geographically animals are geographically

isolated for long periods of time isolated for long periods of time and as a result can no longer and as a result can no longer reproduce with each other?reproduce with each other?

They become different speciesThey become different species

STUDY!!!STUDY!!!