Warm-Up – 09.October.2014We will be starting our new unit on the Age of Exploration. In the next five minutes write down the following questions and make educated guesses.(1) Why do you think Europeans wanted to explore? (Give

three reasons)(2) What European countries would lead the way in

exploration? (Name at least two)(3) What would be some effects or outcomes from

European exploration? (Give at least three effects)In the next minute, pair with someone beside you and exchange your ideas for each question. When Mr. K holds his hand up and says “Bring it back,” be prepared to share with the class.

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

Motives for Exploration• Need a route by sea to Asia (India and China)– The Ottoman Empire, due to its conquests, controls the

land route to Asia

• Motives for European exploration:– God – spread their faith to new lands– Glory – want fame and adventure– Gold – search for wealth

• Able to expand due to new technologies:– Better ships and cartography (map-making)– New technologies from the Arabs, such as the compass

and astrolabe

Portugal Takes the Lead• Portugal was the first country to launch large-scale

voyages of exploration• In 1420 Prince Henry the Navigator sponsors expeditions

to sail along the western coast of Africa– His ultimate goal was to find a water route around

Africa to India– Portuguese sailors learned that both gold and slaves

were available on Africa’s west coast• Bartholomeu Dias was the first European to sail around

the tip of Africa looking for a route to India in 1488 – he was forced to turn back due to violent storms

• Vasco da Gama set out for India in 1497 and ten months later he became the first European to reach India by sea – Brings back a cargo of spice, makes a profit of several

thousand percent• Pedro Cabral sailed to the west and ended up sighting and

claiming land that became known as Brazil• The Portuguese were interested in setting up trading

centers, not interested in conquering – They took the spice trade from the Muslims by force– Had the advantage since they put cannons on their

ships

Spain Sails West• While the Portuguese sailed east to reach the source of

the spice trade, the Spanish sailed west• Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain financed

Christopher Columbus to sail west to reach Asia in 1492– Columbus thinks that the circumference of the world is

not as large as others thought it was– Reaches Cuba in 1492, but thinks he is in Asia, on

islands known as the Indies– Sails a total of four missions – explores many Caribbean

islands and Honduras, which he names the Indies and calls the people Indians

– The Spanish call Columbus a hero since they think he has found a new route to Asia

• In 1502 Amerigo Vespucci sailed along the coast of South America and he finally realized that this wasn’t Asia, but a new land– It is later named America in his honor and the Spanish

set out to explore it• Vasco Nunez de Balboa led an expedition across the

Isthmus of Panama and became the first European to view the Pacific Ocean

• Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail west around the world in 1519 with five ships and 250 men– Magellan was killed in a fight in the Philippines against

the native people but his men continued on– In 1522 18 survivors from Magellan’s expedition

arrived back in Spain, the first people to ever circumnavigate the world

• Treaty of Tordesillas – signed by both Spain and Portugal in 1494 that gives a line of demarcation dividing their new territories– Each feared that the other would claim some of its

newly discovered territories– This treaty gives an imaginary north-to-south line

through the Atlantic Ocean and the easternmost part of South America• Everything west of this line went to Spain and

Portugal got everything east of the line

Other Explorers• John Cabot sailed to and explored the Atlantic coast of

Canada and New England– He set out on a second voyage, but his entire fleet

vanished• Sir Francis Drake sailed around the tip of South America

and explored its west coast– He stopped in what is now California and then went on

to become the second man to circumnavigate the globe• Henry Hudson explored parts of eastern America and had

a river and a bay named after him• Jacques Cartier sailed past the island of Newfoundland

into the St. Lawrence river– He claimed all the land along the river as the province

of New France (Canada)

Explorers and their Routes

Chapter 16, section 1, pages 472-473

The Spanish Empire• The Spanish don’t just settle for a trading empire, they are

going to conquer and colonize• Conquistadors = Spanish conquerors of the Americas– Had incredible success due to guns, horses, and disease– Hernan Cortez arrived with 600 men to take on the

Aztec empire• Other Native American groups joined them since

they hated the Aztec • Around 1520 Cortez defeats the Aztec empire

– Ten years later Francisco Pizarro arrives with 200 men to take on the Inca empire

• Pizarro took the new Inca emperor prisoner and killed him although they received lots of gold for ransom• He then conquered the Inca empire

– By 1550 Spain controlled northern Mexico and the western part of South America

• Spain created a system of colonial administration– The Spanish kings chose officials called viceroys to rule

a large area in the king’s name– Encomienda system – a colonist was given a certain

amount of land and a number of Native Americans to work the land for him

• Catholic missionaries convert and baptize hundreds of thousands of natives

• Drop in population among the Native Americans caused by forced labor, starvation, and disease– European diseases caused much death to the native

populations who lacked immunity to such diseases, such as smallpox

– Haiti went from a population of 100,000 when Columbus arrived to only 300 by 1570

– Mexico’s population dropped from 25 million to 3 million• Decreased by 30% in the first ten years following

contact with the Europeans– The Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to 2

million by 1600

Learning GroupsGroup 1: Chariots

(near door)Alora

JakeemShaniya

J.D.Devin

Group 2: Pharaohs(near office window)

TamiaHasaun

NickHarmony

Austin

Group 3: Spartans(near whiteboard)

ChrisKimberly T.

YenniferCameron

LeoGroup 4: Gladiators

(near my desk)Andria

DesmondJesseJorge

Kimberly U.

Group 5: Knights(near outside

window)MattJulisaCarlosTaylor

Da’Tonio

Learning Groups – Graphic OrganizersIn your learning groups, you will be responsible for making a graphic organizer on one of the following:(1)What made exploration possible?(2)Outcomes and results of exploration and expansionDirections:(1)Move into your groups within a minute once signaled to do so(2)Read the pages in the textbook designated in your directions(3)With your group, draft a chart based on the template given(4)Show your draft to Mr. K for approval to start on your final draft(5)Work on your final draft(6)Return materials to their original location when finished

TransitionIn the next two minutes,-Move desks back to original location-Throw trash away-Place materials back in their original location (markers near television)-Place finished work on cart-Place unfinished work on shelf below television

Other Colonies• Portugal colonized Brazil• France established several colonies in New France or

Canada– Only small groups of traders colonized these areas – The French also did not enslave Native Americans, in

fact many traders married Native American women– Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec– Rene-Robert La Salle claimed the enormous

Mississippi region for France and named it Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV

• The Dutch established New Netherlands and bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans, founding the city of New Amsterdam– The Dutch were more interested in the profitable

spice trade and they eventually lost New Netherlands to the English, who renamed it New York

• The first English colony established was the settlement of Jamestown in Virginia– The English soon established the thirteen colonies

• Rivalries over trading and colonies eventually led to war

The Columbian Exchange and Economic Concepts

• The Columbian Exchange = global transfer that happened when large-scale contact between European and American societies led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease– Plants such as potatoes and tomatoes were

introduced into Europe, while animals such as horses and pigs were introduced into the Americas

• Colony = a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct gov’t control– Played a role in the theory of mercantilism

• Mercantilism is an economic theory that the prosperity of a nation depends on a large supply of gold and silver– A nation’s strength depended on its wealth, which

was measured by the amount of gold and silver it possessed

– Mercantilists believed that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world – had to take wealth and power away from other nations

– Could build wealth in two ways:• Extract gold and silver from mines• Have a favorable balance of trade

– Balance of trade = the difference in value between what a nation imports and exports over time• Favorable = export more than import

– Place high tariffs (taxes) on imported goods– Favorable balance of trade was a central goal for

mercantilist nations• Establishing colonies was also essential to the

mercantilist system since colonies were useful as:– Sources of raw materials for the parent country– Markets for finished goods from the parent country– In the mercantilist view, colonies existed only to

benefit the home country• Capitalism = economic system in which most economic

activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit

• Joint-stock companies = investors pooled their money to fund business ventures in which investors bought shares of stock in the company– Idea of shared risk– Each shareholder receives a portion of the profit

based on the number of shares owned– In 1607 the Virginia Company of London established

Jamestown

The Atlantic Slave Trade• Colonization greatly increased the slave trade• Plantations = large agricultural estates– Shortage of labor in the Americas due to the death of

millions of Native Americans• Triangular Trade = pattern of trade connecting Europe,

Africa, and the Americas

Europe

America Africa Middle Passage

• Middle Passage = journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, usually lasted three to six weeks– Horrible conditions and high death rate – 20% did not

survive• Number of slaves imported– 16th century – 275,000– 17th century – over one million– 18th century – six million

• Sources of slaves – Africa– Prisoners of war prior to the arrival of Europeans– Local merchants at slave markets on coast –

exchange slaves for gold and guns– Some Europeans organized slave raids

• Effects of the slave trade– Separated families– Depopulation in some areas– Strongest men and women taken, the future leaders

of the villages– Increased warfare