l , why wasre hard ea,ned money on the rubbish when you can I N v E s-r lN -rHE BES-r!

hilXAn 2smm-American civil war

25mm American Civi lWar-Union Gun Crewwith 24 pdr Howilzer l ConfedeEte Gun Crewwith 12 pdr Gunl

25mm Anerican CivilWar Dismounted Union Cavalry in actionl

AI Anei.rn CivitW.t fisures [ex.ept dead nenrnd peBonaliry fisuret are available '|nh a.hoiceafHAfot KEP|and.an be painted ta reprcsent UnianolCoklederrte r@ps. Hoeerct, far rhe really pdttkulat .onnaatur, fiere a fisures hvours ane side ot the other ta a degre, (e. betause of the Qntanshape ot tuni.lthis is indkated in bQckets.Ap fran he d jffercn.e of head eer in wyin! shspes and snes nbsr af aur ACW nge are ntoul.led with r Nile wier,afh.ialexpressians, noustades,beirds et. krcuhd t5 wikin u.h.ade!).Ee.ause ihe heed verian$ere so nuherous ir is requesred thrt.usronE' ty to ttick to s .hoire of HAT or KtPtand not, fot insrsn.e Kepiwnh saaty beedo. Hst ||ith lahg nausts.he. Hovevet if you shouLi require 'PECIFICS'pkea dlla||a liftle langer for the order to be.onpiled.Most ACW nsures in HATna|| in.lu.le the'HARDEE HAT fot IRAN ER|CADEet..

seeusar rheshe f i i e td " - rF l lPLEs" , rheocToGAN.she f i i e ld . sa tuday20 th&sunday2 ls t l rARcH.

ALSo at - -SA LU-f E - 9 3 ", South Kensington Town Hall, Salurday 1 7th APRII

DIXONMINIATURES,SPFINGGNOVEMIT|S,T INTHWAITE,HUDDERSFIETO,W YOf ,KS NGLANDHO?sOG TEI 0484846162

q

25mm American Civi l waf- Confederate In{antry- Shi lohl -Apri l6th 1862

trlnte AAlnlatures 26 Boslease Cardns, Bessacarr,Doncaster, South Yorkshire DN4 6APTelr (0302) 530038

/ITUSIBl4IFD- FRENCH CHASSEURSA CHEVALPAINTED BYAND IN TIECOLLECTION OF PETER ROYLE,HIGH OUAIITY 25mm FIGURES FOR THE

WARGAMER AND COTLECTORDESIGNED BY PEIEF MORBEY

OLD GLORY Box 20. Calumet. Pa 15621. USA

Ihe pholog6ph showsJigersrron pack ANL1. Painred by Alan Thn|wellGERMAN INFANIBY IN HELMETS LANDWEH B RLG6 Grenad e6Advancng g,earcoals

RLGT G,enadeGMarchnq Orear .oa lsRLGA PavovG,enaders n grealcoals ncudnq

RNA2 HorseAn |ery n he mersPACK CONTNTS: nlanrry 100 | quresIn tanr ryCommand 65rquGsPOSTAGE & PACKING:12q" up lo 150

EllFoPE 25do ororderva ueOUTS!DE EUROPE:50"; or o.dervaiue

aNG6 Advanc ng arlrieTraH UNGAFIAN INFANTFY IN SHAKO

ANN2 Huiga, ans Ma,crr n9ANH3 Hunqar ansCriarg ngANH4 Hungar ans Derend'noAUSTRIAN LINE GRENAOIERS IN BEARSK]NSANEl Germai Grenad'eG arackinqANE2 Grman Grenad'ers Dlend nqANE3 Hunlaran G,enad e6 oeten'l n9NOTE Triesepacksconra n command rgures

ANMI nie, Upper& Lowe,Austan LandwehrANM2 Bohem'an Landweh,d HtriCar ai

ANM3 Moravan La.df/arl 3 Croar an M rary

AUSTFIAN LIGHTTROOPSANLr Jagers & GrcnzeB Sk.msri n9NOTE Th s pack conra ns borh voop ryp,ps &

NEwFRoM OLD GLOaY 15mm RUSSIAN

BLGr Grenade6CommandRLG2 Grenad e6Adv6nc nqRLG3 GrenadGMarcrinqBLG4 Pav ov G,nad e6,nc ud nq commandRLG5 Grenad e,Command grcarcoars

We accept TVASTEFCAR D and VISA. Ful l s ts :SAEplusSopCHEOUES 1\,4ADE PAYABLETO OLD GLORY CORPORAT ON.

S0le UK Agent: 0LD GL0RY C0RP0BATI0N23WylamStreet,Craghead,Sknley,CounlyDurham0H9SER,Tell

RANKN eS -Manyofthcligtr6tnthisrangehayectstonheadvariantsFRONT FRENCH & INDIANWARS 25mm

WOLFE'SAXMY

FrB5 Lt4ian

FrBrl rnfDLtoff ar.r'vin!rN2'd

FrBt6 hrdqmi.l.n r Bhd.advrdog

FIBI9 Ah:nd4.nu5rd.rrn

FIB2I Huiln'tshn. hdritFtBx o,fEl-mhumocs[iFrBs sbidd.tundii!ntn'sFlB, shon i'd.. ke.hiaG'h mdd

MONTCALM'S ARMY

F]F1 cder.'ri.om.drni4FlFsoffialn|riq!fim4k'

HFr FdrLr brndd eailfrinrnFrr Grdid.r'itm.rriigFrF, Fshr. rdr|.n.b|diq

FIF)|ofrFl*nhn$r.ihdiliad

rND' hhuid$'n. beriE ftridanErdNBlnEuffiDsl-soi}m'i'hm8rdrNDr h Elnnaidr.sDdiiiw ndr.r 'bdr hod

NDB Ii bc.d do'a 4dis,ItnldadrND'o ribl(he' & kE ob.rumingqt'hodaIND i l he .ded&kg i lF ruoo igs l hb I

EBPr Mijorcdarrlfgwor||(Diturd)

t!qt! kd,cddg, bdl8.rhed

ms rAdii-. hddrd b.:d

Hk2 ehDift qi,. tuLd!'mlnd.dns3 c.6r,Ed;.hi'riladHM Fr@tdD];;q;- tutulfniilFlsr Fd6n'd niftoa, rErnanrio3FIl46Ful@.r.dEim@'dfti4

FIBIe Fud,lddEda, ryi4iLzdFIB5I o6r.h.r in h;d,bdids, rin*o'd

FIB5.r'rumErBq'furffiddcop

FIF9 M iri..iroiliudllftimro en. id ddrirtrsq.dE 6*FIFI? Mid, 'd rbdiciF , rmdL8.dn8ff. Mih o.n;rniid.d

|mr MddG.Ed MrqunorMqbh (tud)

DDPr r@h 8tu' lFoor 6:rE)NDP2 R.drxr.d{Foorfis)

PLa$maa:Thewoodlndlrdt EEltbe!6edldlhtrAmri(uW!ofl.deFnde .mgp.Alro3m.ofNsYwfg|GesftlbLfc

.TIIE GRANARY" BANBURY ROAD, LOWER BODDINGTON, DAVENTRY, NORTIIANTS NNII 6XYTELt 03n 6n20 FAx: 032760569

* z=r\

., cuNsqb#l Acwcrer 12 pd,cun,.t-'-' I I Acwcrtt 24 pdr Ho*ineACWGr(f)

PNCES -All 2jmm FIGUIIS - 50p each

HORSES - 75p eachFIELD GUNS - t2.25 each

NEW AMERTCAN CfVfL WAR 9END f3.50 FOR oUB ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, NOWMoREPAGES |HAN EVER FULLOF IN|BICATE UNE DRAWINGS OFOUBSUPPOR.T SER,VICES SUPERR RANGE INCLUDINO:

- 2smm scate:- ,AMURA:,ACWI69 Chaplain - standing - bible unde. am ffi I . zSmm scale:- SAMUrraLAMERTcAN pLArNs fNDTAN ALLTES "",ffit""Eii!r?.#';i\F,'r,j|'A.'!:ir;)iuo'rt:/Eo{;l!.API fndian !.out knelins - sharps rifl e har [no head vaia*) U\W- )l tNDtAN MUftNY, WOLFE'S ARMY lA ENEM,ES) OF

l'/ F tl ruE*\}.1GREAT'S ANMY 17 YEAR WAR], AIAMO.

^qWZo lyinc dead - blankt rcrl-sck iacket e kepifno had y.riant] | evenrcaU CtVtt WnR & OLD WEST FTGURES!ACWT Fallins-blanket roll- sckiacket & kepi(no head vadantl | -Ac\'t172 wou;ded on allfouff- fr;kcoat s 6aisac* | 15mm SCALE:- AGE OF MARLBOROUGH (inc.ACW7J C.ouching frockcGt btanket rc

e fixed bayonet I Grcat Nonhem War) & INDIAN MlJT,Ny.

Acwln Knerin; ' sherriacket - Lhnketorr& rixd b;yoner tcd.t. l- 3S:,1X??il^131?,,,,",",ACW78 Marching - g.atcoat & shouldered nfle \ l^AcW79 Drummer boy - sreatcoat - advancing bating drum \\/:t" ffi ,/ oe6Mtso4stEiEAcwso Fallins ' greaico; - shouldered rifte & kepi (io rcaa varianrt \Ni#:- .M". "Z

INFANTRY with choie orHAT oR KEP|

- DIXoN MINIATUF ES, Sp.ing Go@ Mills, Linihmat , HnddeBlield. W6i Yo*d E. lngland, HD7 5OG. Ll: 04l 846162.

ITHE 7 YEAR WAR. ALSO FREDERICK THE

lwl8i ::l::::H[r::fl*tffi::[:tHt ^^...]KA sM il*;mF;ru;...",ACW83 n:ndrd brer - adva;ci;g : frcf TRY*rrn 3ffi1T1:,"S1,1#!lf,H."iii"'"i'ACWI8s Standard bearer- fallins - frockcoat e{ blanket roll I l< " I lla:rur ;;;;;;nit'd;;ACW|86 Standard bea er - standin8-opl sack.acker e bhnker roll l LJ \ -1 ,Acw87 standard bearcr- ltandinc - srienjackei &4" rv+i i':jij",",,,,^,",,-,,,",.,ACW88 Ofticer - standin8 pointins with sword - fro(koar

- ICOMING SOON:- MOBE AMERICAN CIVILWAR {OF COURSE)& FFEDERICKTHE GREAT'S CAVALRYI Kl E

FRONT RANK Fisurines'THE GRAT{ARY', BANBURY ROAD,LOWER BODDII{GTOI{, DAVENIRY,

t{oRTHAt{TS t{t{11 6XYtE LEPHOIIE ORDERS:, 0327 62720

FAX ORDERS:0327 60559See our separate ad in thb magazine for

French IndianWars 25mmFIGURES 45pHORSES 58D

OUT SOON- MORf, NEW AWI FIGI,'RESPostage & PackingU.K. Orders under

!35.00 add 10%. Ordersover f35 .00 Post Free.

EuropeOrdersadd20ol.. U.S.A. Orders

underf35.00 add50%.Over!35.00 add 33%.Australiaadd 60%.

Th Emp.o.'s Hddqua.tes2744 wsr lring Psrk Ro.d

t|.611,634(312)n1Wa

DiscountsWe offer our custome6the following discounts:

10% on goods valuef50.00and over,12%%ongoodsvalueIT5.00

andover,157" on goodsvaluef100.00 and over.

SAE for our frecatalogue

Snl.y Box W6l Hobbi6

v6R lN6

HOVELS uanEoEstot{ED a"c.w. l$m

1AC5 Farrnhouse nro 5t0rey,weatherboaded with a verandah andattached outhouse

6Ac5 stonewa l4pecesperpack, each piece100firmlonq

7AC5 Stone wa lcarners 4 oeces per pack,each corne. 50mm

t4Ac5 Trpearchdstonebrdge.Suitablefor 475 11060'Bums des BridceAnnetaml205mmong, road width 40mm)

EACK tr{ pRoDUC ot{ REoEStGt{tD 25mn A.CV'4AC Weatherblard church with brick porch 780 e1650

andfoundatofs Availab e w th spne 0rcuoola, olease state chore

U ( PostandPackagingpleaseaddl5%onordersuptoe25andl0%0norders over 25 Accesi/Visa holdrs can te eohone orders on (04721750552Mon toFr i .Forour1993cat oquepearesndt1mplusastamoed addressed envelo De. ovemeas custo mers pleasesend 4t R c 3 t o

fiovEts tTD. 18 Glet Rd, sCartio, G mg!y, soutlr llunbfllde.oNaazEL rt.eale &Qulflet welaone,

Plaln Palntde350 E8 00

t17Q t4 00

1 70 4 00

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UARGAiIfTlllurilraled

Waeanes llluslatecJ is published on the last Thurcday ofeach nonth by: Sltatagem Publications Ltd., 18 Lovers Lane,Newark, Notts. NG24 1HZ Tel:0636 71973 EDITORT DuncanMaclarlane. TYPESETTING & REPROOUCTION BY: PssplanServices Lld. PnINTED in England. DISTRIAUTORS: ComagI\ragazine lvlarkellng, Tavistock Road, Wesl Drayton,Middlesex UB7 7QE. USA: The Emperols Headquaders,5744 West lrving Park Road, Chicago, lllinois 60634. Tel:312777 8668. CANADA: RAFI\,4 Company Inc., 20 Parkhill RoadEast, Cambridge, Onlario, Canada, NlR 1P6 AUSTBALIA:Bay Complon, Essex l,4iniaturcs Lld.,9 Lowanna Place,Hornsby, NSW 2077. FRANCE: Jeux de Guerre Dittusion,6 rue de Meissonier, Paris 75017.

SUBJCRIPTIO S lor 12 issues ol waroames lllustraledare22 in the U.K.Europe & rest ol World surface: 26- Resl ot World ajrmajl t36.EACK IUIBERS Allissues exceotnos.l.2 & 3 areslillavailable al 12 each oostoaid.Back numberc of our occasional soscial exlra DublicalionWarqames World are also slill avd able Nos 2,3,4:t2.rmpostpaid: No.5 !1 .80 posl pard.BIIIDERS tor Wargames lllustrated (capacity 12 issues).Bindels for Wargames Wodd also avaibble. Same capacily, sameprice. Price:

6 iost pad In uK.Besl of World: add 11 .50 extra oostaoe.Fronr 3TnATAGE[ plaricmors rro.,l! lcv.r. Ln., X.!.ik, Xclt.. I62a fHZ, Engl.Dd.

PARTIZAil PRESSTI1ITANYWEEKETDS

ATTHETOWERPanizan Dresent in aeciation wiih The RovalAimourie' a senes orpani.ipation wargamesa.d military rectures.EI6TITEENTH CEMURY - 13th/I4th MAThMAPOLEONIC - 24ttv2gth APrllEIGII'EEX'H CIX'UTYiAtutDAYr ftere will be sderal warqames, ranqinq tom individu:lskimishes through Naval actions to re

THE SOUTH LONDON WARLORDS PRESENT... .

SALATE 93Kensington and ChelseaTown Hall, Horton Street,

London W8

SALUTE 93 IS ON tTS WAY

Yes, it will soon be that time again when one of thelargest and best wargaming events of the yeartakes olace in Central London: SALUTE 93. Heh

ESSEX MIN,, CAL VE F B@KS SNO, CONNO SSE! fuELITE, PA NIED SOLOIEFoLA-@\ m Fqt (oqPs. v,rc MqFEN. Bq

rLfi\'A M[ L{qT nllo DCAC!\S.FO\|TFA\( llt0F U orNTtN,aotEo.BSg.CiAFOl.DF|WS tqFE6t-lFOI. POE]AGE WASGAMES SOI]IH. DIXON GALLA1SS OID GLOBY. PETER PIG

DONN NGTON. LE SUFE GAMES GLAD ATOF 6AMS GSOUND zEFO GAMES.I.ANGTOIII, SDO CNLIFEF BOOKS. SKYWABF OF. T N SOLD E 3. NALIMABK

HOVEL.S, TA3LFTOP. SfiIFEX. &qTTLE NONOUBS. N EFSANTS S ECONO CHANCEGA ES GqE\ADIq.VN\L/MILITAFI.-.GLqLSIqVOLF APIIT-EF\ SCO'A

CONOUESI' \A!9/AF, F,' \ITASY Foqol CO\T L( ' I. TI qM-UE AF VIrSBEDOLJSI MIN MAN

166UAIdWE!iIbEOUTOPCLASSPAINTINGCOMPETTON FSEETOENTEFn addirion to rhe ioma Sarde pm6 ha Wartods {outd I tG ro thait fie to[onir{

cNIASYFoRCE qdsdlous S{rqrf-20rr-eh*s hOvEL'-ordmsFIGUBFS.AqMOq.4Fnltqt 20rrlEU6 C-aF O- 5rrlquer -

BEDoUBT- zsnnla!maLTEF!,{r rvt ARV Er nt e ana-o a

pldud n+ DUEL. Vs y qift rre2mOrzsfl F;*dos

On Saturday April 17th'1993 1Oam-Spm At

at Kensington aM Chelsea Town Hall, SALUTE is. we like lo think, the p.emier wargaming event of the year,wilh around 40 of the top traders and a similar number of superb games. As in the past we have put anemphasis on participalion games so you can join in, as wellas walch, and gain some first hand experience ina traditional pastime.

WaEaming is alive and well, providing a range of interests, being manythings to many people. Previousgames at SALUTE have varied from Ancienls on through time to Modern High-Tch reconstructions. SciencsFictbn and Fantasy RolePlaying are well represented as well as Live Role-Playing. The featured Warlordsdedronstralion game this year will be UFO, based on GeryAnderson's TV seies.Once again there will be thebopular figure Dainting competition, awerds for besl games and of course the Bar and Buffet (which c6n provea usefulplace to dump your Dad)

TFADERS

, IEFL=. v i r x

E a - : r - E< I E t :

I 1 6 t 6

Kensington High Street

QUEUE BUSTERS ! Stop Mooning Around and get downto SALUTE 93void the queues and get into SALUTE 93 the easy way with an Advanced Entry Queue

Collectors Badge (while stocks last). To obtain your badge simply fill out theupon below and send a cheque or postal

, to the value of 2.50 per badge, Please rush me QueueBuster Badges. I enclose a

cheque/Po for f madepayable to the South London

Warlords. I also enclose a SAE.

ade payable to the South Londonto: Queue Buster Badges, 16

Gainsborough Square, CrookLog,Bexleyheath Kent, DA6 8BU.Remember to enclose a stout stamped and

lf-addressed enveloDe.

When replying to adverts please nention Wargames lllustrated.

9S.K.T. FIGURESANNOUNCE

come along and see us atwolk in our newfactory. Also open will be ou r new showroom,10% DISCOUNT on allgoods purchased onthe day. New range ofAUSTRIANNAPOLEONICS on showlorthe lirsi lime.Lasl week ofour other prices-Why nolcomealong and see howfigures aremade. Free coffee, demonstration game andparlicipation game.ALLATOUR NEW FACTORYANDSHOWBOOMAT

9WAFGRAVE BOADTWYFORDBEBKSRGlO gNY

PHONE 345598 (0734) for morcdeiails.

UNION

zolave Advancind al SLopeAerdm3 Sharpsh@lr Finng

UCWC1 T@operwiih sabr6

UCWC3 SlandadBearer

UCWA2 GunnrsittRadfrerUowr'3 GunnefSerynqGuntrcwa4 Gu^^errirhAmmunitonICWSI ColonelMountedlJCwS2 Gn6a Grdl Mounred

ccwl Advandna Musket at s opeccw2 Advancinc H gh Pode

CCW6 Slandad Bea@rCCV!? Zouave in KepiAdvanc.gCCwg Zouave Slandad Beae.cCWll AlexanderFilesFiinqccw12 DisdoundCavalryCcw13 zouave Advanc ng al S opeCCW14 Advancinq Levelled R rle

CCWCI Tooper with Sab

Ccwc3 $anddd Bearer

CCWA2 Gunn$lithR.mmerCCwa3 GunnerSetona Gunccwa4 Gunnerei$aimlnrionccwsl coronelMounFdccws2 Roben E Lee Mounted

PRICESFRO

1slFEBBUAFY FoR25nnF|GURESFoot 30p Two hoce chaiotsMoLinrd 60p CadsCamels t1.00 Four horse ch olsElephanls 83.50 wdengines

acwc3 ]2lb sfroolhbo.eACWG4 6lb sm@rhboreACWGS PowdorwagonACWG6 GenralTwo Wheeled WagonACWGT Two Horcs L mberACWGO Four Hoe Lidber

12.25,2.25!3.504.25

]5% DISCOUNTFOBTENOB MOBEOFTHESAME FIGUBESend A4 SAE lor tu lcalalosue. Poslale & packing l5%, miilmum50p, FBEE on odercover 850.WE ONLY USE TOP GMDE METALS SUPPLIEO BY GEO W NEALS.MAINAGENTS INTHE USA:SOLoIERWOBLD USE, POBoX547, RADFORo,VIRGINIA.USA.

DESIGNED BY AIAN CATONAUSTRIAN NAPOLEONIC

ANC3 slandad Bea@r

ANCT Standad Beaer

ANCIl Slanddd Beer

ANC15 Siandard BaGr

This6ngewll beenendodvrysoontolnclude mountedand adilery.

zuLusZWI WafiorwilhKnobkeriezw2 wanior Thrust ng ovef@ZW3 Warior Thrust n! UidemZW4 Wa( or Chaging Wild yZWs Watrorei$ Mann H6nryBil6

EW5 Muskeleq Fning (Sn Hal)EW6 MuskeleerFning(Hehel)EWg Pikeman ftracking (Hermel)EW10 Pikman n Charge PikePosilionEw11 Pikeman n Fesede (Helme0Ew12 Pikedai n Fesetoe (Son Ha0BUBGUNDTAN WARS 1sth Centory

FS3 Habadier unamou@d

RS6 Unmourcd PikmaRS7 Amourcd Pikman in G6man Sal6lRSg En! ish or Buqundian Longbowman

ABMSH

zwg Prival ganding Firing

Gendame on Gothrc Amou.ed

Gendarme on HoBe wilh Frcntal

When replying to adverts please mention Warganes Illustrated.

10

EX BN22 7LN

.&-w-

h 7 \SDxl Came walking, sunable lor ndels or loads.......................81.00SO/\2 5 Baiielled Gardnerqun with lhree nan navalcrcw -.......82.50SDX3 British infanlryman bayoneiing a recumbent Egyplian

so|d ier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . , . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .e2.00SDX4 So dierinlunicgivlng watertowounded lnfantryman ...-..e1 .50

5D200 Carer Corps oflrce, on 'oor w r. swo{_- J'Ir\ EEJA (Fuzzy-wuzrysD201 camel colps inlanlrymd advancins wirh rille al 45' {-}J nese iis,:'e! corne in pacr.s or ren. eacrr pack containins sparare

SDXB Packollivedead and wounded Mahdisls in obes ...-......2.50

sD202 camel colps inlantryma advflcins wirh tevel le \4 LJ ess andlo,sos, spear;, shietds and swois, enabtins hu;dr;ds orSD203 Camd Colps inlanlryman slanding ady I t! d rerent combinarions to be crealed. The.e is a vaiery ot the trizy50204 Camd Colps inlantryman standing firing jaj hair slyle and clolhing in each pack.SD2o5 Camel Colps inlanrryman kneeling firing SDXs Pack ot len asso.led Beja with spea............. .................l5.ooSD2o6 lvounled infantryma; advancing dismotnted, ritle al45' sDx6 Pack ol len assorled Beia wilh sw-od. . --- -.....!5.00sD2o7 Mounred inrantryman srandins;eady Z lPSl :1|::llll: q:99 3!q "*4:q l4alqlsts in jibbeh . . .!2.50

sDz3o Mounred Ind,an cavarryman {7K sa't) :PIll ?:1g}:1:?ry19:-9s._1le!is --- ----- --------9:!! r SDXI8Arab/Egypi ianhorsetrof l ing. . . ._______-___.___.__.65p| ^ JDSoa

:9?9! lloun*q tnFnl,vmm:tandhs llme l,' \@ $fi b;;ii;iili#;#iJJnl"oru"nocsinr,ou""o......rz.soso209 lvourred inlanlrvman.kneelrns l rnns g ^ I t r< soxlo Eni, on hoBebdci. i ; aecorareopoen. . . . . . . . . . . . . .x1.25Arr llgures /r5P 4ch Et{I \\Stj SDx11 Standard beareron hor*backw hstandard . . .. ..!r.25SD220 MoJnrei cavalry oli,er w,rh sword y)

t t

TABLETOPGAMES

53 MANSFIELD ROAD, DAYBROOK,NOTTINGHAM NGs 688

10% P&P Min. 30p U.K.Overseas: 15% Surlace l\,4ail. 60% for An [,4ail

Send S.A.E, for hee catalooueTelephone O|ders: (0602) 205484

VARGAME RULES FROM TICw.R.c. iULES & BOOKS

Napol@nic ARMY LISTSIor SOUND OF THE GUNS III72 Anie6 f.om 31 Stat$ byRiched & Butler & Roge. Comber

t3.75

t3,25 *f P,f,f"Tf.:""fl -. "' *"%,,

3rd EditioD ofou Napoleonic rutesnow includs 19th Ceniury *ctionby R chald Butle.CI1ALLENGERZPO 13.99Codptete elised Challelger 1Innes for the Ulha'Modeh penodby Bruce Rea-Taylor & Bob Comor

RTJLES -warf@ iD l!. hdus.ial

FRANCGPRUSSIANUdtom & Orgrnisdion

XAISERBOSHRules tor gmuDd actiom in WWIby J.G. SLnyonUEMPEREUR 13.'ORuts & Gane systen for Napolon s

w.B.G.7th Ed. ARMY USTS Vol IND1Y PAINTING GUIDES - Napol@nicSl Sp@ishTrcoF 95p

e|5o

t4.75SOTJND OF TIIE G(NS

Lisrl !3.75

ti,9

WATEBSLIDE TBANSFER SIIEETSAvaitrbte in Rd, Btack. Ydlof, Blue. wtrih, creen

0r cdld (Mh$ srar.d)PLEASE SIATE COIOUR RIQUIRED

& AITEXNANVES25nD SCAI-E SHEETS - ll-m EACII

A LioB, E,sl6 & Othe. bedB Crcs, fefoil6. FleurneLsD Labeb, Maun hs,Crcn1,shdkGRl Cn.* Shi.ld D*iFs(in BlE, \tnib. GRn 0r Yeuowr

noMl 2tmmn mmsbield DeiosrL Bla.k, whih. Rd & Blue)FAMASYRANGE fl.2OEACH{Avoilable in nd. Bl..k rnd Gold,

F,\N2 Fm6. Ba6. S.lend Head5. SkuU5. Liads& llmr.headd strnb

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the Brock Road and are considered broken terain. The OrangePlank Road is a reasonable road, but the Brock Road isconsidered asatrail ir brokn terrain.

DEPLOYMENT INFORMATIONUnion: The 5th New York Cavalryis deployed dismounted andinskirmish order oras an extended line across the Orange PlankRoad. Cetty's division enters in marchcolumn along the BrockRoad as indicated on the map, Wheaton\ brigade in the van.One hidden-movement marker is permitted for each unitmovingontothe table, but brigades maybe represented by onemarker and the other marlers ured as dummie..Confederater One regiment from Cooke's bngade rnay bedeployed on table as skirmishers across the Orange PlankRoadand no closerthan 6inches to the Union cavalry. The remainderof Cooke's b gade is deployed at least 3 inchs behind theirown skirmishers andwithin 6 inches of the Orange Plank RoadConfederate bigades move onto the table in game turn l at anypoint within the entry area designated. Apart from Cooke\units, the Confederate player is allowed 2 hidden-movenentmarke^foreach unit not deDloved onthe road.

SPECIALRULESThere is a possibility that Hancock's arrival might be a litdeea ier or later than actually happened. Therefore on game tum10, the Union player rolls one die; the score indicates the turnon which Hancock will arrive following game tum 10. Forexample, a roll of6mansthat Hancockwill not arrive untiltum16. The gane concludes as soon as Hancock is deemed to arrive.

UNIONFORCESScond Divisiodvl CorysBrig. Gen. G.W. Getty, superior, benefit 2, points5.lst BrigadeBrig- Gen. F. Wheaton, average. benefit I, points 3.1 regiment, 20 figures, rifl-musket, avemge.4regiments, 15 figures each, rifle-musket, average.2nd BrigadeColL.A. Grant, superior, benefit2, points4.2 regiments,25 figures each, rifle-musket, elite.3 regiments,20 figures each, rifle-musket. elite.4th BrigadeBrig. Gen. H.L. Eustis, average. benefit 1. points3.1 regiment,25figures,rifle-musket, average.3 regiments,20 figures each, rille-muskel, average.Detachd from CavalrJ Corpssth New York Cavalry; 20 figures, breeh loading carbine,

Command value total oI45 points;40% loss = 18,60% Ioss =27.

CONFEDERATE FORCESHcth's Division/A.P. Hill's III CorpsMaj. Gen. H. Heth, average, benefit 2, points 5.Davis' BrigadeBng. Cen. J.R. Davi. . aver3ge. benel i t l . points L4 regiments: 15 fi gures each, rifle-musket, average.Cooke's BrigadeB g. Gen. J.R. Cooke, average, benefit I, points 3.4 regiments: 20 figures each, rifle-Jnusket, average.Kirkland's BrigadeBrig. Gen. W.w. Kirkland. average, benefit 1. points 3.

3 regiments: 20 figures each, rifle-musket, average.2regiments: 15 figures each, rifle-musket, average.Walkr's BrigadeBrig. Gen. H.H. Walker, average, benefit 1, points3.2regiments: 15 figures eah, rifle-musket, average.r regiment: 20 figures, rifle-musket, average.Command value total of49 points;40% loss = 20,60% Ioss =a.

BRIEF HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLEWheaton's Union brigade had just managed to get in positionastride the cross-roads when the first Rebel skirmishenapproached towithin 30 yards. A volley and charge drovethemoff, but the Yankees had to fall back asthe Ieading elements ofHeth's Confederate division came up. After constructing a lineof hasty works. Getty's troops managed to hold off theConfedente attacks on the crossroads until the first ofHancock's troops came up to their relief at two o'clock in the

The Battle of the Wilderness lasted two days in which itbecame a large sprawling series oflarge scrle "bushwhacking"which resulted in the loss of nearly 18,000 Federals and 8,000Rebels.

Altough the Arnyoftbe Poiomac hadtaken a beating, Grantwas detrmined 1o continue the campaign and bring theConfederate Army of Nonhem Virginia to heel beforeRichmond. Instead of retreating. crant side,stepped south,

PLAYINGTHEGAMEThe game scenariois styledto suitthe'ror n) R?b"rules.

The scenario is a frustrating one for both players. The Rebsmust ensure that they get to the Brock Road in sufficientstrength to block Hancock\ arriral, but the rough nature oftheterrain makes the going siow- A fast march in column up theOrange Plank could be attempled but is likely to meet withheavy losses once Getty\ men get into posiiion. Piecemealattacks are unlikely to succeed and the Union playeris likelytohave his units in suppoit reach. The best ber for the Confedenteplayer is to be patient and gather enougth strength at one pointbefore launching an attak by rushing units, in disorder ifnecessary. r ighr up to the fronr l ine before reforming.

The Union cavalry will not be of much use in delaying theConfederate advance, but could inflict considerable casualtieson an advancing column. With timing and good luck, theavalrymay be able to sting the Rebels and ride out ofharm\ way. Butbe careful it is so easy to get caughr our by a rebel charge

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before rcaching the horses. The Union commrnder nrusr ornecessnv si.jng out his command along rhe length ofthe BrockRoad to prevent it being cul b) the Confederares along theOrangc Plank and i t nay be deemed essent ia l to hold up therebel adlance bti adlancing to meet ii wirh lcading units whihrthose in the reartake up posilion along thc road. Forthe Unionplalcr. it isespeciallv important to kecp unirs in good order.

Judicious hidden marker play can advantdge one side or rheorher in laying ambushes or in making surprisc aitacks in rheBoods. or b luf fa p laf 'er inkr bel iev ingthe enem! is in srrength ata given point whilsr the main efforr is made elsewhere.

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..THE MYTH OF THE CHINESE MIXEDINFANTRYUNITS"

By Chris PeersAfeature ofAncient and MedievalChinese armies of whateverdynasty. ever since the first sets of Army Lists appeared, hasbeen the organisation of the close-order infantry into unitsconsistingofa front rank ofspearmen or halberdiers, backed upby a second rank ofarchers or crossbowmen. Not only has rhisar.angement been accepted almost withoul question for severalarmies for whih the actual evidence is sketchy tosav tbe least,but it has had a drastic effect on the tactis used by Chinsetroops on the tabletop. Combined with the difficulty undermosrold rule sets ofmanoeuvring and shooting with crossbows it hascondemned them to a perperual tactical defensive which is acomplete misrepresentation of their historical f ighring methods.It mighl therefore be worthwhile to attempr a brief su ey of theevidence for these mixed units. The following seletion is by nomeans comprehensjve, and as usual with Orientalsubiects it isliable to be nodified as new materialcomesto lightorbeomesavailable in translation, but I think it covers most of rhe datawhich is available to wargamers so far, and it will serve to showtbat the basis for the type of organisat;on in question is farflirnsierthan its un iversal appearance on the table mighr lead us

POSITIVE EVIDENCE

t8

As far as I am aware there is no suggestion of mixed formationsof close combat and missile troops before the Warring Statesperiod. ln sources from the Springs and Autumns era whichpreceded it, infantry are often described in terrnswhich suggesrdisciplined units, usually five deep. equipped forhand-to,handcombat with long weapons or swords, but archery is almostexclusivelyrheprovinceofthechariotcrews. I t isnotunt i laf terthe introduction of the crossbow (circa 400 BC) thar missiteaction by foot comes to prominence, although this does notmean that infantry archers were unknown earlier. A very clearstatement which at fi$t seems relevanl to our discussion isfound in the Chan-Kuo Ts'e (or "Intigues of the WaringStatei') attributed to the reign of King Nan ofChou (314-256BC) although probably not written down in its present formontil Han times. ThevisittoChou ofa Ch'in envov wirh a larsebrggagc lrain caused consrernation because ol Cir in . aggre-*siveness and reputation for trickery; it appears ihat the Chou,recallingan earlier precedent ftom Chinese history. feared thattroops might be hidden in rhe wagons in order ro gain entryintothe city: "when Ch'u-li Chi was sent to Chou wilh a hundredcarts the king of Chou was fr;ghtened . . . he sent forth hislallest lroops in the front ranks, bur behind them were his.rrongen cros5bos.. I l was cal led gua'd ot honour Ior Chi bur

It seems to me. however, that the point ofputtingthe tatl menin flont was to hide the crossbowmen, \rho could be ready incase of trouble but had to avoid openly provoking the Ch inambassador. As this is a stratagem which would onlywork if itinvolved an unusual deployment-ifthe e.voywas not expectedto assume the prcsence of crossbows at the rear ir is if anythingnegative evidence as regards the standard procedure ar thetime. More sensible from the point of view of overhead shoolingwould be the arrangement set out in 'Wu Ch'i\ Art of Waa ,traditionally dated to the 380s BC but in facr conraining muchmaierial which must be a century or so larer. Wu Ch i rells usthat Th regulations for combat training are thar the short men

calrv lances and halbcrds. and ihc tall men bows andcrosibows. "' Neve(heless he does notspecifically state thatthisisso that the latteran shootover the fonner, and elsewhere inthe same work il is implied that missile troops could actindependently. So for the Warring States we can retain themixed units as a possibility, but ihere is no reasontobelieve thatit was avery widespread tactic, still less that infantry unitswerepermanently organised on this basis.

A more conclusive case, and probably the one which, viaJohn Grcer's Armies and Enemies ol Ancient China: laulrchedthese units upon the wargaming world. comes from Pan Ku'sHistotj of the Forner Ha, Dlnart-v.a According to the accountextracted from Pan Ku's writings by his translator a cavalryofficer, Li Ling, invaded the territoryof the Hsiuflg-nu nomadsin 99 BC with a force of only 5,000 infantry, the cavalryoriginallyearmarked for the expedition havingfailedto turn up.Surrounded on the steppes by Hsiung nu horse-archers, Li Lingdrew up his troops Nith spearmen in front and bo\r's andcrossbows in the rearranks;he defeated the firstenemychargewilh heavy loss. and was only overwhelned when his men ranout of ammunition. This formation would have been a logicalresponse to mounted archery, with the spearmen using theirshields to protect the shooten from return fire, and it seens tohave taken thc Hsiung-nu by surprise on this occasion. Myimpression is that it may have been an improvisation byLiLing.whose entire campaign is a testimony to the fact that he wasunfamiliar with the normal iactical use of infantry, warfare onthe Mongolian frontier being mainly a cavalry affair. The veryfact that Pan Ku. who seldom pays attention ro the details ofmilitary tactics, thought this one worthy of description mayimply that it was unusual. As in the ase ofthe earlier era, whilewecan use thisasevidence that mixed units should be anoptionfor the Han, we should probably regard it as one used only incxceptional circumstances.

The situaiionismuch the same for later dynastie!. Movingona lhousand yearsorso, Chang Yu, a late Sung commentatoronthe 'Sun Tzu ,' descnbes what ;s presumably the organisationofhis own day, including a squad of 6ve men which is dividedinto two sub-unils of three and two men. This has beeninterpreted as inplying that the two sub-divisions carrieddifferent weapons - a reasonable inference, but they may notoecessarily have been a combination of close-combat andmissile weapons. and as we shall see other Sung writers adviseagainst this. Some illusrrarions from the Ming peiod Wu PeiClin (published in 1621, but incorporating a lot of earliernaterial)6 appear to show missile lroops drawn up behind asingle rank ofmen with shields and eitherspears orbannen, butunfortunately we lack a translation ofthe text which could siedmore light on thes formations. lt would be surpdsing if theMing,who like the Han campaigned frequently on the northemsteppe, and are known to have used wagon laagers and fildfortificarions to protect theirtroops. did not adopt ahis obviousprecaution against Mongol archery, but again I know of nosource which specifies that this was reflected in standard unit

NEGATIVE EVIDENCETo set against thes few hints in support of the use of nixedunits. there is a formidable amounl ofevidence whichpoints in

the opposite direction. It would not be possible to list all theavailable references to an independent role for crossbowmenand archers. but rhe following will suffice as examples of theiruse in circumslances which suggest massed bodies designed lordec;\ive dcrion rather than derached skirmishers.

At rhe Battle of Ma Ling in 3418C, Sun Pin "placed the mostskilful archers of the army with ten thousand crossbows inambush on bothsidesofthe road. andordered that when in theevening they saw fire. all were to shoot at it . . . the tenthousand crossbowmen o{ Ch i discharged their arrows sinul-taneouslv. and the armv of wei was thrown into the utmostconfusioir . '

Marquis Wu, quoted in Wu Ch'i, suggests that on thedefensive missile troops were expected to fight from behindnarural obstacles and field fortifications rather than relying onranks of spearmen: "Suppose there is a large army of highmorale . . . To ils rear are constriting passes, to its riShtmountains. to iis left a river. It iswell protected by deep moatsand high ranparts defended by strong crossbowmen."'Another passage in the same chapter nay be evidence forarchers preceding the main body of an army on the march:"When in high mountains or deep valleys you unexpectedlyencounter the enemy. you must roll the drums and shout and'eize lhe oppoaunit) ro slroot with bows and cros\bows . . . "Similarly under the reign of King Chao of Yen (311-279 BC)Cra"'Kuo te descnbes Ch in threatening that "l can send mysupply barges down the river with heavy crossbows in the leadand sharp pike-axes at the rear",'' although this may not havemuch bearing on tactics on land. Thc Ch in figures of theterracotla army. although now lacking weapons, appear toconfirmthat the Ch in atleasttendedto deploy missile troops infront and on the flanks of the rnain bodies of infantry. raihcrthan behind. This can be deduced from the poses of what arebelieved to be crossbowmen. and from the assumption thatunarnoured figures represent missile armed skirmishers. Theclose-order formalions may, however. contain a randorn mix ofsDearmen or halberdiers and a minoritv ofshooters."

Fronrhe Sung dynastycomesthe most defiDite slatement on1be role of crossbowmen. According to the Wu Chitlg Ts ngya, 1or ,Collection of the Mosi lmDortant Militarv Technioues ) of 1044 AD: "The crossbowmen are mustered inseparate companies. and when they shoot, nothingcan standinfront ofthem. . . lfattacked by cavalry. the crossbowmen willbe as solid as amounrain. shootingoffsuch volleysthal nothingcan remain alive before them. Ahhough the charge may beinpetuous it will not reach them . . . Regarding the method ofusing the crossboN. ir cannot be mixed up with hand-ro-hand$eapons. and rr rs mosl benel ic i i , lqhen 5hor from hrgh groundfacrnp downsards. rr Thrs rource coes on to descr ibe acircuiating lormation similarto that usld by Ming nanogunnersand 18th Century European musketeers. with cach rankadvancing to shoot and then withdrawing to reload. thusovercomingthe problem ofthe crossbow s dow rate offire.

Anothersort of negative evidence comes from descriptions ofthe battlefield role of the close-combat jnfantry. who weregenerally used in an offensive manner which suggests ihat theDrotection of static missile irooDs was not one of rbeir mainduties. In fact the rccurrence ihroughout Chinese history ofextrem l!' aggressive infantrytactics is in striking contrast to lhepassive. baseline dcploymenl of the wargames forces wbichsupposedl!' represcnt them - a deployment forced on thepld\er. b) lh< u'e or mr\ed unis Thi. zggrc*ion ua. sowidespread that it is unnecessaryto quote specfic examples;'' ilwill suffice to point that the mosi influential Chinese work onsrraiegy and tactics. the _Sun Tzu . explicitly recommendsencouraging impetuous chargs. Thc tradilional means of doingthis-rhe dislriburion ofrewards to individuals forprisoners andheads taken wa! kno\,'n as early as wu Ch is day to lead toundiscipl ined advance. bur wasst i l l in usc under the Ming in the

16th Century. Even ifthe close-combat and missile troops hadoriginallybeen in mixed units, theywere likelyto have becomseparated at an early stage during the course of suh an

For gamers with existing armies afld using current rules Itherefore suggest that, although the proportions of differentinfantry types given in Army List books may be about right, aprecise 50:50 rplil belwren spearmen and archerr i5 unneces-sary. Mixed units may still be an option fo the Han. Ming andpossibly the Warring States, but should in no case becornpulsory. In fact, unless facing horse-archers in the open,historical accuracy would require the use of aSSressive tacticsfor which such mixed formations are likely to be unsuitable.This is particularly the case for those still using WRG 6thEdition, which prevents crossbows from shooting if the unitmoves. The imminent arrival of a new rule set. WRG'S DeBellis Multitudinorum" or DBM (a sort of DBA expanded foruse in full-sized ganes. combining the comprehensiveness of7th Edition with the playabiliry ofDBA, while simultaneouslybreaking new groufld in historical accuracy, and highlyrecommended!) will complicate the issue somewhat by intro'ducing a oew troop-type forunits primaily ofmissile troops buta front rank or ranks with spea: and shild, designed primarilyfor Achaemenid Persian sparabara, Crusader crossbowmen etc.It is likely that this will be an option for ce ain Chinese armies,replacingthe present mixed units. but thatseparate deployment

NOTES1) Chan Kuo Ts !. taf.s.J.L Crump,Clarendon Press. 1970.

p.26.! Sun rzu - The A of wor, trans. S.B. Griffith. Oxford

University Press, 1963.The Arniet 6nd Enemies of Ancient China, J.P. Cree(.Wargames Research Group. 1975.Pa k). The Hisrcry of the Former Han Dynastt, rrans. H.Dubs. Vol. 2. Kegan Paul. Trench. Trubner and Co.. 1944.This account is not found in the main body of the Annals ,which simply mentions Li Ling s defeat wilhout going intodetai ls.but isdiscussedbytherranslator inhisinlroduct ion.Grifith, op. cit. p.90.Unfortunately I have no reference for this. I have seen anumber of copies of illustrations from a Chinese edition.notably tbosc in the possession ofThom Richardson of theRoyalArmouries. HM Tower of London, to whom I wouldIike to cxpress ny lhanks. It is not. however, easilyavailable. and I know ofno English translationFrom the 'Sftil Cirt'of Ssu-ma Ch'ien. translation byGriffith. op. cit. p.62.

3)

5.)

7)8) Ibid. p. i64.9) Ibid. p.165.

l0) Crump. op. cit. p-540.i1) Duncan Head. pers. comm. 1992. A. Cotterell. Iie Frur

Enpe n of China. Macmillan, 1981. although not entirelyup-to-date on early Chinese milirary systems. has someuseful plans and diagrams of the pits in which the figures

12) China- Land of Dkcorety dnd lnvention.R.K.G.Tempte ,Patrick Stephens. 1986. This book contains a number ofextracts. of $'hich this is one, from as yet unpublishedrescarch done for J . Nedham's Science and Civilisation inChina" series. Needham s own volumes on ChinesemiUtary science are eagerly awaited- So far there is nocompfete English translation of rhe Wu Chitlg Tsung Yao.

13) See, for example. the battle accounts in (shameless plugcoming up!) C. PeeA. Ancient Chinese Arnies. OspreyMAA No. 218. 1990. and Medieval Chinese Atmies,MAAN o . 2 5 1 . 1 9 9 2 .

.lll

THE CHANGING FACE OF SAMURAIWARFARE, 1 1OO. 1575 A.D.

Bt ManittJtttresIn nr ! preuous r ic lc I spoutcd fo. th r . {urd inr the \ r lucs andsl . rnts $e 1n lbc Wcst appcar to p lacc on the ch.r rac ler is l ic \ o frhc Narrnr c lass Nc kno\ . rs Sl |mufa i . This l ic lc $ i l l r t tcnptro shcd l ight on thc composi t ion rnd gener i r l ior rns of Srmur, r iarmies up ro the Bat l lc of Nrgrshino in l57a

' Ihc vei r rs 110(11575 sa\ Jr tan and i r \ tcople go rh.ough

somc rs lonishmg chrngcs. As \ r l l !s thc c i \ i l \an rnd inre.c lan l ight ing lhr t raged cont inualh through lh is per jod rh. rcNere ho t t \o .utemprcd in\ rs ions b\ thc [ rongols rnd rhcrr r i la l o f lhe Europclns $ i rh ncN \eapon rechnolog\ Al l o fthe alorementioned \\er. to hr!. consequcrces for J.rpan rndi rs nrethods of $. r r i r re in pxr t icu lar . espccia l l ! the in t rodL,cr ionof f i rcr rnrs Ihese chrnges \ere d i rccrh ref lec led in rhecomtosi l ion of S.murai armies throughour th is per iod. rhesl rndard armyot I100 s l ru ld berr prac l ic i l l t no rescmblanc. n)i lscoLroterpar t in thc 1570s.

fac l rcb. borne jn mind b\ an\on.. r r . r p r r r 3 r . " r r g n . J . l | r ! l h r . f . n ^ c

But that s prn o l thc fun ofwargaming $ j rh Samurar armrc\ .there : r re r i r rualh endless pcrmurat i { )n\ o l arnry l \pes n1rk ingtor l r !e l r and inreresl ing sccnrr ios.

IN THE BEGINNING

25ntn Dinn Mhlknurc! Sunittui | & Aslligdtu!) fro"t t1c ralllli.,r of Tievt Sva.l. puitltIt h\ B J Hartis Apparcnttr lhtsroll(liotL ts for sale :ontad Dion itti nturs

The cla\sicrl agc of Sanurai $ttrfare apparenrh sa$ a highh!t!lised form oi conlbat so beloved b\ borh Wclterners rndJapanese themselves as being r \p icr l lv Slmurr i The SamuraiWrrriors lvere fint and forcmost mountcd lrchers- ser\rns

G[pposedh ) the Enrperor \ i r rhc i r scr \ ice ro thei r o$ n Lords.quel l ing rebels. rnd b. r rbar jLrns. generr l l \ . dorng good a l lo \cr thcplacc. Bul pol i t ics rnd grccd m.rsed Nirh lamih amhi t ions thatgraduall) sa\\ thc Srnur.|i rs r cl.rss emerge as thr dc facnlru lers of Japan. the Enperor Lr nrere puppel in rhe hands ot thcru l ing c lLrns of lhe dr \ . ts ! l l l ) l l r \ \o poscr f r ' l iami l ies $e.e! \ ing for suprenrrc\ . rhc I r l r l t tDd thc l \ l inanroto. Bothfami l ies $ere descendcd f rcm lhc lmfcr ia l L ine. just Io g i !erhei r causes rhr l . rdded b i r of lc l i r imuc! . urd bas;cal l \ h .uede a c h o r h e r r g u t s . T h e $ r f b c I \ \ e c n t h . c l n s - I h e G e m p e i \ \ r r .t las to be the cr t rhst thrr Ni rs ro t rcpdl rhc Srmural in to rhel imel ighr

l_he armi .s $ould hr \ . bccn i rontcd b\ the mrunted$rnior \ . lhc t ruc Samurr i . brck up bc ing pro\ id .d b\ rc t r inc. \f rom thc sarr ior ! osn honesterds or bt pei rsrn(s forced intosenice f t r r rhe c. rnpLr igrr 's durr t ion. A duel o i . t r ro$s $ouldnornr l l \ prcccdc n rcrrp. i l proper torm $as benrg obsened.$ i rh speci r l s ignr l l ing r r ro\ \ l re ins used Io le l l the opposrr ionrhr one $ Lrs rerd\ for . r dusr up. Hc \ ould rcph in k ind. unlesshe $ as a cad. Shoured chal lenscs rnd l in . , rgc decl r r .1 l ions. p lusa fa i r del r l o f borsr ing- $cnr to cnsurc that Sanurai foughragainst thei r soci . r l equr ls ar th . \ . r \ l . rsr soci r l t re t ters i fpossib le Ihei r rerNin. rs $cr . nr .xnt Io mi l l r round. pcrhdtsensuine la i r p l v ( though rh i \ is h ighl \ unl ikc l \ ) . shoul ingencouragement. beat ing ench o lhcr up rnd col lecr ing thebosscs b. ru le r rophies - the heads o l rhei r erenr ies. Comblr $. r \conducled on loot onh af t . . thc n unt .d r rchen t ight ing hadfa i lcd to prcduce rcsLrhs. rhe f i rmoLrs Kdtu r rhad \et to become

th main rveapon in theSamurai's arsenal.But even here changes were taking place due, in part, to the

background ofthe twoopposingforces. Most ofthe Taira clan'sleading lights lvere sophisticated, well-bred chaps. skilled asmuchin the tea ceremony as in warfare. The Minamoto, on theother hand, were hill-billies by comparison - rough mountainmen ftom the provinces, more at home giving the saki a goodhammering rather than sipping thc ritual PG Tips. So, if awargamer wishes to portray either of these armies on thetabletop, the Taira should definitely look the more flashy,dressing in the Samurai armourequivalent ofSaville Row ratherthan the OxJam Shop sryle of the Minamoto. Turnbull givesgood examples of these differingstyles in his books.

The Cempei War also saw th appearance ofa third powerinJapan, one that was to cause havoc for as long as the Samuraicontinued their wals.

TIIE WARRIOR MONKS OR 'SOHEI'The great religious centres of Mount Hei near Kyolo and theKofuku-ji at Narahad acquired huge wealthoverthe years andthe move of the capital from Nara to Kyoto fueled the rivalrythat had always existed between the two factions. Because ofthe growing power ofthe Sanurai clans and the fact that theirown powerbases in tems ofland and temple sitestended to bewidely scatrered, the Monks began to train their fellows in thearts of war and in many cases recruited Samurai - Monks, theSohei, to protect theirinterests. Superficially ordained irlto thistemple or that, the Sohei were used to swell the ecclesiasticalalmiesinto sometimes huge numbers-

Originally the disputes beiween the temples endd withimpronptu "barbecues" as the winners set fire to the loser'sbuildings and ifit had stayed that way nobody would have paidmuch attention. However the Sohi, often in their thousands,would descend on the capital to air their grievances in the waythey knew best - trashing the place, killing people and callingdown curses upon their enemies, real or inagined. The Soheioften wore armour undertheir normal robes and their favouriteweapon appears to have been the rdgindra. That isn't to say.however, that they didn't appear in full Samurai style garb, apoint to bearin mind ifyou wish to recreate a Soheiforce ofthisperiod. Unlike their Samurai counterparts the Monks alsoappear to have fought mainlyon foot, but with cavalry formingan important mobile shockforce.

To give you some idea ofhow violent these "sky pilots" couldbe, when the Sohei of the Enryaku-ji paid a visit to thirbretheren at Mii-Dera,Ied bythe Abbot in person.292 halls, 15sutra store houses, 6 bell towers, 4 tabernacles, 624 monasticresidences and over 1,500 dwelling houses were destroyed. Nolbad for a day s work!

But back to the Samurai Drooer.

THE MONGOL |NVASIONS,1274 AND 12tl

21pedigree, or even being first into battle were completelyirrelevant;the idealised world of the Samurai was shattered bythe thugs from over the water. Bitter fighting took plaewheneverthe two fores got to grips, with both the Samurai andtheir retairers getting stuck in, side-by-side. It was that orannihilation.

So here we have two fundamentah of Samurai warfarechanging practically ovemight. One, the old 'challenge thynoble enemy'style ofcombat, was out through the soji sreen,and, two, the despised (in many caset foot retainers werefighting alongside their social betters in ever increasingnumbers. True, named Samurai still got the plaudits, but theage ofthe retainers taking a direct part in the action was here tostay.

The Mongols withdrew in 1274 after a stom had damagedtheirfleetandaftersustaining losses put at around 13,000. Theircruelty had horrified the Samurai and they made it theirbusiness to keep in touch with the Mongols' enterp ses in casethey decided to pay a retum visit. This occurred in 1281, andonce again the fighting was fierce. wilh no quaner given ortaken. Again Samurai fought alongside their retainers to keepthe invaden atbay. The now famous kani-,ta?t ('Divine Wind')of 15 August 1281 saw the invasion fleet literally smashed topieces, something over 50,000 casualties in the Chines fleetalone and the Samurai gleefully mopping up the few Mongolswho had survived onthe beaches.

Valuable lessons had been leamed and the old ways hadpraclically gone for ever. After this date the Samurar retamerswere to be given an increasingly important role in the wars thatwere to devastate Japan in the coming years. The Samuraihadn't been the only ones to notice the changes, theirretainershad too. The next few centuries would see these realisationscome home to toost.

GEKOKUJU AND THE AGE OFTIIE COUNTRY AT WAR

Till the nd of the 14th century theJapanse peasant is scarcelymentioned at all in lhe histories of the various wars that eruptedafter the Mongol invasions, most notably the War between theCouns and the Onin War. But then, warfare didn't directlyaffect the majority oI the peasant class, unless they wereunlucky erough to have abattle take place in their paddyfields.The Samurai did littl but fighti their peasants did lirtle exceptlill the soil, grow rice and generally attempted to stay out ofthewayofthe warring factions- But once again therewas a distinctshift in society that was to affect the make-up ofSamurai armiesand in many respects turn Japanese society on its head. Thisshift in society is collectively known as Gekokujo 'The lowovercoming the high'.

For too longhigh ranking Samurai Lordshad neglected theirrural power bases to concentrate on crafty dealings in thecapital. The aforementioned Mongol Invasions had shakenthem up somewhat, but basically they attempted to continuevery much as before- The peasants, and to a large extent thetownspeople, had other ideas. They had fought alongside theitSamurai betters and had seen how the Samurai self-reliance hadbeen bolstered bythe very real helpfromtheirretainers, usuallyrural based people themselves. The endless intemal fightingbetween the clans had left manypreviouslypowerful families ontheir knees and ambitious men and theirlans were very quickto exploit these weaknesses. The lower orders were revoltingagainst their social betters. In some cases theywere wiping outmany ancient families too weak to resist, taking not only theirlands and possessions. but often adopting the defeated family's

All over Japan the genuine mood of the great unwashedfound exDrssion in the creation ofleasues for mutual defence

Consideringlhat both attempted invasions ended in failure theimpact ofthe Mongols on the Samurai was enormous. Comingmore rhan a cenrury df ler the cempeiWar lhe Invasions $ere loprovide the Samurai of the day with some bafiling questions,not least in the realm oftactics. The Samurai had been broushtup on legend. of Samurai!alour and a code ot behaviour rola valren ro rhal of rhe Mongols. f te aterage Samurai wanrednothrng rnorc lhan ro take lhe head ot a nobte Monsot in rhegood old la.hioned wa). lo be .een doing ir and ger c;vered inglory. The average Mongol, on $e otherhand. wanted nothingmore than to kill whatever was in front of him and go on therampage the more rampaging rhe better. The very ideas ofchallenging a wo{hy opponent. rec;t'ng one,s deeds and

or'Ikki'. Crowds of hitherto docile peasants and townspeoplebasically decided thal they'd had enough, they were truly fed-upofbeing on the receiving end of Samurai laws on the one handand the consequences of the Samurai's continuous wars on theother. The spark that finally ignited the fury ofthe rnob carne inthe form of a series of financial edicts aimed directly at thepeasants - probably a forerunner of the Poll Tax - and Kyotoitselfwas duly trashed by the angry 1*&i. Nor content with onefbray into the capital the /,tii organised rjots in 1441, 1451,1457and 1461. Peasants and townspeople they may have been, butthe lkki knew how to fight. In 1457 mercenaries hired by theciay's moneylenders to protect their interests ended up on thelosing side afier a fi l-scale battle. The 1&ki then took on agovernment arrny of sorne 800 Srmurai and gave them a goodhiding too. Gekokuju it1rhe form of the 1,tti leagues, peasantrevolts and similar events ate into the very heart o{ Samuraisociety, but in the main the wanion were too busy attackingeach otherto notice the wind ofchange untilit was too late.

The lkki leagues soon allied themselves with yer anotherbunch of religious nutters. this time from the lkko sect.Foundedin the l3thcentury, these happy-golucky ancestors ofthe Moonies (honestl?) were based in Kaga province, wheretheirfanaticismwas being used bythe Lord ofKaga to atlack hisneighbours. ln 1488, however, the lkko rebelled against hisrule, kicked him out and established their own kingdom to allintents andpurposes. They are saidtohave resembled the Soheiofold in appearance, thoughdetails ofthir battle dress is hardto come by, and excelled their ancestors in their warlike fury.when combined with the lkki leagues the now famousIkko-lkki armies were extremely formidable in battle and theirbase at the Yoda River complex of Ishiyama Hongan-ji was amasterp;ece of military design. It took no less a warior thanOda Nobunaga to finally ger to grips with them. He onlyachieved success after a series of savage campaigns thatculminared in a bloody masacre ot even l iv ing crearure alNakae and Nagashima after he had finally surrounded rhen-But in their heyday the lkko-lkkiwere a match for any Samuraiarmy andmanyan ambitious warlord attempted to use them forhi . own aims. mosr norabl) rhe greul TdLeda Shingen

6ekokoi! found its most lasting expression in the form of theAshigaru.'lhe endless wars were a tremendous drain onmanpower and in reality the Samurai amies of old were inpretty poor shape by their own high standards. (Remcrnber ittook years ofdedicated training to make a half-decent Samura;,a split second to render him useless.) Warlords look one look atthe fury of the 1,t,tt leagues and lhe peasants revoltingever!ryhere and realised that yet another weapon was at hand intheir struggle for survival - at least those desiined to prosperdid. Commanders soon leamed to make good use of thesepeasant soldiers, the Ashigaru (or 'Light Feet'), and according-ly saw lheir numbers employed in baltles grow rapidly.Discipline was a major problem in th early days, with rheAshigaru nickinganythingthat wasn't nailed down in the way ofloot (they usuallycame bak for the nailstoo), soperhaps'LightFingered' should replace 'Light Feet' by way of description.

The Ikki, tie Ikko, peasants, the Ashigaru in the early daysand the Ikko Ikki leagues would have been armed withwhatevercame tohand. Pole-armswould havebeen an obviousfavourite, and if enough peasants ganged up on an opponentand killed him then his weapons and armour could eithergo tosupplement their own arsenal orbe sold to others. The War ofthe Courts and the vicious Onin War saw weapons and armouraplenty in the hands of warriors, monks, peasants, townsmenand other maniacs, so actually arming an average force wasn'ttoo much ofa problem for lhe warlordsofthe day.

But it took foreign weapon technology and one mant geniusto bring all these changes to a head. The weapon was the gunand the genius was supplied by Oda Nobunaga.

NAGASHINONOBUNAGA'S RECKOIIING, 1575tn 1542 or 1543 three Portuguese lraders became the firstEuropeans to set foot in Japan, when their Ch'nese junk wasblown off course by a typhoon. They naturallyenough arousedgreat cuiosity in their appearance and dress, but what reallymade the JaDanese sil uD and take notice was their firearms.The arquebus (or matchlock) was undoubtedly th first realfirearm they had seen and the wapon's po.ential wasimmediately realised. Two specimens were purchased by theLord of Tanegashima for an enormous sum and passed on ro hismaster swordsmith to copy. Although initially puzzled bycertain technical problms. this ancestor of today's entrep-

knocking out excellent copies quicker andcheaper than they could buy them. The gun was here to stay.

Ahhough the arquebus did have certain disadvantages Glowrate of fire and accuracy) the great Takeda Shingen bought 300in 1555 and by 1571 was declaring that 'Hereafter guns will bethe most impo ant weapons. Therefore decrase the number ofspears (in your armies) and have the most capable men carryguns.' He realised that lhe arquebus was the ideal weapon forthe Ashigaru. They could bc trained to fire rhem with all theaccuracy of which rhey were capable in a few days, ralher thanthe years of practice it took to become a good bowman. lt's agreat pitythat his ownclan didnr pay more hedto his words, astheywere soon to be on the receiving end.

lfNagashino had been Nobunaga s only victory, and it mostdefinitely wasn't, he would still be seen as one of lhe greatwarlords of his day. lt was a classic battle in the true Samuraitradition in many respects, but one that was to be rememberedas the coming ofage ofthe Ashigaru and the arquebus. It alsosaw three ofthe most famous Samurai Lords ofall time fightingon the same side: Nobunaga, Hideyoshi and Tokugawa leyasu,and the complete collapse of a once mighly wanior clan, theTakeda.

The great Shingen was dead and his son Kalsuyori nowheaded the Takda family. Areasonably sucessful commanderin his own right, Katsuyori didn't have the air of nearinvincibilitythat hisfather had enjoyed and, eventhough hestillhad the backing of Shingen's famous 24 generals, was io makeseveral disastrous blunders both prior to and during the battlthat nust havehad Shingen spinningin his shrine!

Basically Katsuyori fell hook,line and sinker for a baited trapand, once in, was seemingly unwilling or unable to get himselfou.. Tokugawa placed Okudaira Sadanasa in command of thefrontier fortress of Nagashino. As the Takeda and Okudaira

- ) f f i " , = *

were sworn enemies the provocation proved too much, andKatsuyoi led our his army of some 15,000 men to take thefortress by storm. After several fruitless attempts a siegeensued, with Katsuyori detennined to bring the despisedOkudaira crashing down. The siege was progressing at a fairlysteady pace when intelligence reached Katsuyori that theTokugawa had appealed to Nobunaga for help, they being alliesof the great man at the time. Nobunaga must have realised thatthiswas a chance to desrroy the Takeda once and for all. Jusr tonake certain he invited 38,000 like-minded gents ro the party -his own army, that of leyasu, and that of his most trusted andtalented general, Toyotorni Hideyoshi, a product himselfoftheGekokuju finishing school. (Legend has Hideyoshi starting lifeas a porter or sandal-bearer and rising through the ranks tobecome all-Dowerful.)

Katsuyori's advisors and generals were seemingly split overhow to dealwith this very real threat rapidly appearing overthehorizon, the veterans wantingto withdraw to fight anotherday(probablyasTakeda seniorwouldhave don), the younger menwanting to fight it out. Katsuyori must have had a rush oI bloodto the head, as he actually agreed with the latter. What a sillySamurai! He even knew that Nobunaga had something in theregion of 10,000 arquebuses in the hands of highly trained anddisciplined Ashigaru, yet he still decided to fight. Perhaps hewas relying on the weather being rotter and negatingNobunaga's firepower.It seems he hadthe Samurai equivalentof the Met. Office - they got it wrong too!

The battle took place som l% or 2 miles from Nagashinocastle ilself, on theplainof ShitarabarawhereNobunaga andhismen were waiting for the Takeda. The plain is made up ofrolling, undulatingterrain, crossed byat least two srreams, idealfor receiving cavalry, the main strength of the Takeda army.Nobunagawasn't leaving things to chance, however. As well aschoosinghisgrourd well he erected a palisade about a mile orsointo the plain. So, to reach the enemy, the Takeda wa[iorswould have to charge acrcss broken ground and lwo streams,and negotiate a mile long palisade - dafr when youthink aboutit, but thafs exactly what Katsuyori triedl

Even with numbers very much on his side Nobunaga knewthat the Takeda cavalry was a truly ferocious fighting machine,raiely defeated in open battle. The choosing ofthe ground andthepalisadewas his reaction to rhis rhreat anditworked beyondhh wildest dreams. Detaching 3,000 of his best Ashigaru theywere lined up around the palisade in three ranks of 1,000 neneach under Sasa Narimasa. Maeda Toshiie and HondaTadakatsu. The orders were simple, but revolutionary in theirown way. The Ashigaru were to wair until the Takeda werepractically on them before firing, and then in volleys by ranks.The palisade itselfwas not one continuous line, but a series offences with enough space for his own Samurai to charge throughafterthegunshad done theirwork. To bait the trap srill turher aforce underSakuma Nobumori was placed some way in front ofthe palisade to dlaw on the Takeda. To make sure they stayedthere Okubo Tadayo was given a force of some 500 arquebusiersto take theTakeda inthe flank from the right hand side ofOda's

The left flank of Oda's army was under the watchtul eyes ofHideyoshi and Shibata Katsuie, while the great Nobunaga, histwo sons, Nobutada and Nobuyasu, and Tokugawa Ieyasuwerebehind the palisade with tbe remainder of their fores waitingfor the action to begin. Did Katsuyori take the bait? Of counehe didl

The Takeda were arrayed in five groups of 3,000 men each.The first three groups were led by Baba Nobuharu on the right,Naito Kiyonaga in the centre and Yamagata Masahige on theleft. Katsuyoriheld a force in reserve,while the remaining 3,000men attempted to keep the 500 or so men in Nagashino ftomjoining in the fighr. First inro the fray was Yamagata who

attacked the Okubo men, j ust as Nobunaga hoped he would. Afierce fight ensued, both here and on Oda's left wing as Babalaunched into an attack of his own. Nexr the Takeda centrcraed into the battle and into history. Slowed dramatically bythe streams, the uneven groundandthe mud from the previousnight's rain, the Takeda men found themselves caught in adevastating volley from 1,000 arquebusiers - then another andanother. The pride of the Takeda were being massacred bylowty Ashigaru using barbarian weapon technology. Baba fellfor a feigned retreat by the Sakuma and was duly taken in theflank and rear by Hideyoshi and Katsuie. In a last desperareattempt to savethe day Katsuyori ledinthe reserves himselfandordered an alloutattack along theentire line. The resuh was thesame-complete and utter disaster.

Over 10,000 men oftheTakeda army perished in the mud atNagashino, along with some of the clan's best genelals. Howmany fell to Oda's guns isn't known for certain, but it must havebeen a good few. W}|en the Ashigaru had done their work.Nobunaga let his ever *illing Samurai loose and a generalslaughter ensued. The forces of Katsuyoi had no answer to thefresh Samumi pouring down on them and to add insult.o injurythe garrison from the castle broke out tojoin in the head taking.Although afu(herseven years passed before Nobunaga had thepleasure ofviewing Katsuyori'shead, theTakeda as an effectivefighting force were finished for ever. Nagashino was one of themost complete victories in Samurai history, from Nobunaga'sview it must haveseemd the perfect battle.

CONCLUSIONSIn my view Nagashino saw the oming together of both militaryand social elements that had been evolving in Japan for theprevious four centuries or more. The traditional lone waniorform ofcombat, the mounted archerpaladin, was well and trulylaid to rest at the hands of the lowly Ashigaru gunners. The factthat this was achieved so soon after the anival of the arquebusshould not be overlooked-

The armies being deployed across Japan by the 1500's wereoften very large, rhanks to the influx of rhe Ashigaru as a viablefighting force. True, the Samurai spirit was still of immenseimportance to the individual wanior, though their warlordcommanden were for the most part concemed with the biggerpicture. At first the Ashigaru were sometimes as much aproblem for their own side as for the enemy in terms ofdiscipline and reliability. They needed an iron hard man to bringthem undercontrol, such asNobunaga. From beingarmedwithpracticallyanythingtheycouldfind, theAshigaruin general hadbecome an effective fighting force by the rime of Nagashino.The tell'tale back banners, the Sar/r,mdro, were making rheidentification of troops on the battlefield easier and in somecass 'uniforms' were appearing, e.g. the Red Devils of the Ii

Monks, peasants, townsmen, mercenades (the fortr) and, ofcourse, ihe Samurai, had all undergone dramaric changes frorn1100 to 1575. Warfare had moved from a high class,predominantly mounted affair, to an infantry combat, rhesword replacing the bow as the main Samurai weapon. cunsand Cekokuju wenl hand-in-hand in br inging rhe lo;erclasse\directly into the fighting proper. Tactics and behaviou hadchanged considerably roo. Warfare was usually for much higherstakes than a few castles or towns. it was often fot the controland domination ofthe entire country or, at least,large sectionsofit. It would be another,l0 yeals before calm rvas establishedunder the fim rule of the Tokugawas, though wars anduprisings occurred even then.Next monlh: The final unification of Japan and the OsakaCampaign.

24

THE43HOI'RSWAR_ THE GWALIOR CAMPAIGN, 1843

by Colin AshtonThe purpose ofthis artile is to describe anotherofthe smallercampajgns in early Nineteenth Century India which offers thewargamer the chance to try out a few different scenarios. The1840 s in India aie full of wargames potential. The Sikh Warsare perhaps the besl documented, but rhe Afghan War, theConquesi of Sind and the Gwalior Campaign all took placebetween 1839 and 1843, which allows the wargamer to utilisemany of the same figures for most scenarios from the aboveconflicts. Further afield. Indian trooDs were used abroadextensively for the first time during the Firsl China war(1839-42).

In early 1843, General Sir Hugh Gough, having succssfully(i.e. profitably) brought the First China War to a conclusion,was a bilter man. The position of Commander'in-Chief ofMadras had been his, onlyto be withdrawn before he couldtakeup command, as the government felt that the post could beabsorbed wi$in the functions ofthe Governor of Madras. Hisfortune was to change in May 18,13. however, when theCommander-in-Chief in India, S'r Jasper Nichols retired, andthe post was offered to Gough.

Almost immcdiately he had to deal with the unsettlingaftermath of the Afghan War, as some of the remainingindeDendent Indian states. (the Mahratlas underthe Scindia ofGwalior, the Amirs ofSind and tbe Sikhs o{the Puniab). lookadvantage of this reversal of previously unchallenged Bntishmighr, ranging from sabre-rattling and bandi.ry to outrighthosriliries. (There was a genuine fear ihat a dangerous alliancebetween the lrained forces ofthe Mahrattas and the Sikhs mighrtake place!) I have already looked at the Conques! of Sind.(w15J) and move now to the Mahratta state of Gwalior. southeast ofDelhi.

In 1843 the Maharajah Jankoji Rao Scindia of Gwalior diedwithout leaving an heir. Hiswidow the RaniTara Bai. (a girlo{twelvel) adopted a boy of eight as his successor. A Regent.Mama Sahib. was appointed, and the Governor Genral oflndia, Lord Ellenborough signified his suppon for the nwregine. which is more than can be said for some of theMahrattas themselves! After a few weeks of relative calmvarious factions began to surface. including one under DhadaKhasji, a minister of tbe late Maharaja. The Rani supportedDhada and gave him money to pay the army. The Scindia\army, its pay in arrears, had largely been in a sute of openmutiny, bur this was to change, for with the a|my behind himDhada Khasji drove out all oppos;tion. including tbe Regent.and reigned supreme in Gwalior. In addition, at the behest ofalarge anti-British presence at courl, Dhada ordered the BdlishResident at Cwalior to leave.

In mid AUgust. in order to be able to react to any furtherdeterioration of the situation in Gwalior, Lord Ellenboroughdecided to form an army of observation at Agra, and orderedcough to move up to Cawnpore in readiness. In Septenber.however, th situation in the Punjab necessitated the streng-thening of the British troops on the frontier. but in Octobercough set out his plan ofcampaign should he have to intervenein cwalior 1o re-establish order. He split his army of around20,000 men into iwo. The main body under his personalcommand was to bc based al Agra; the left, under Sir JohnGrey, at Jhansi. The Mahratta army was thought lo have over22.000 well trained troops (formerly under Britishofficers) and300 guns, but 'intelligence' from Polilical Officers suggested

that this army was no norc than a leaderless rabble. torn apartby intemal friction. ID these circumstances Gough felt thateithr wing of thc arrny would probably be strong enough todeal with any enemy force it might bring to battle, and hisdecision 1(r spUt his force seemed strategically sensible.

By Decernber Gough had built a bridge of boats across theChambal at Dholpur and the left and right wings of the armywere almost ready to move against Gwalior should this provenecessary. Grey's force was however split into two. at Jhansiand at Kunch. some fifty miles apan, although the plan ofcampaign called for these two to reunite at Seonda prior tocrossing into Gwalior.

However. a counter-revolution the previous month hadresultedin acomplete turn about in Gwalior. and Dhada Khasjiwas overthrown and imprisoned. The Briiish req uested stronglythat Dhada be handed over to them for punishrnenr. but thisdemand was refused. On 11 December Ellenborough orderedthe two British forces ro advance tothe borden ofGwaUorand

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thisthreatwas sufficient to result in Dhada Knasji beinghandedover. Ellenborough then requested that the Cwalior army bedisbanded, feaful that its attentions might still be focusedagainst the British following the Afghan War debacle, and inpanicular their lines of communication with the alreadydestablised North and West. The Govemor General orderedGough and Grey to advance again, with the assumption thatanother show of strength and determination, a "mere militarypronenade", would convince the Rani, nowback in conrol. toaccede to his demands.

On 22 December Gough crossed the River Chambal and onChristrnas Eve Crey's now united fore crossed the River Sind.andthe next daymarched into the Scindia's territory. cough bythis time wasnearHingona on lhe Hunwari River. accompaniedby Lord Ellenborougb. Ir was hoped that by this show oIstrength the situationcould beresolved peacefully. Even as lateas Christmas Day 1843 war was not expected. Many ladies werepresent with Gough's army, including Lady Ellenborough, andthe Rani hadbeen invited to ioin in the festivities.

Unfortunately news came in that the Rani had left Cwaliorwith a large force of all arms, heading north west towardsDholpur. There was now no thought ofa peaceful solution andGough sent a message to Grey, ordering hin to march onGwaliorbya circuitouswestward route, avoiding the dangerousand unsuitableterrain that lay across the direct road from Jhansito Gwalior. Further co-operation belween his force and themainbodywould depend oncircumstance, ason 26December itwas learnt that the enemy had continued theii march and werenow ocupying a strongposilion at Chonda on the river Asan.

THE BATTLE OF MAHARAJPOREGough, quik lo react. ordered a full reconnaisance of theenemy positions (conducted by General Harry Smith, servingon his staff, and aho accompanied by the Covemor ceneral,Lord Ellenborough) which suggested thathe was faced wirh upto 15.000 men, includingseveral thousand cavalry, and possibly100 guns. The Mahrattas were drawn up with their left on theRiver Asan. Their righr flank was open, as if they wereexpecting reinforcements from that direclion. Several viuageshad been to'r i f ied. includrng Ihe vi l lage ot MJharaipore. ,omedistance 1o the front of the main position. Having found outwhere the enemy were. Gough ordered a frontal assault whihtthe enemv\ left wasrurned.

Gough's force was divided into three columns. The RightColumn. under the one-armed veteran of the Peninsula andWaterloo, General Thackwell. and rhe Centre Column underGeneral Valiant, were to fall upon and turn the enemy's leftflank, whilst the Left Column. under ceneral Liitler wouldassauh theirfront.

The terrain in front of the Mahratta posilons was cnsscrossed with ravines, but despite this all rhree olumns, settingout before dawn, reached rheir surt points wirhout mishap ordelay. Littler's column reached their position first and haltedabout one mile from the village of Maharajpore. This villagewasfortified aid held by a strong forcre ofinfantryand artillery.Littl could be seen of the rest ofthe enemy positions due to rheextreme flatness ofthe ground and the high crops ofcorn whichobstruted the view almost completely, Gough spent almost anhour within quaner of a mile ofthe Mahratta pickets. and didmanage to obscrve that the village was too far in front of themain nemy line at Chonda and Shirkapore to be afforded anysupport. At 8.30arn he ordered the assault to commence.regardless of the fact that he had no real idea of rhe enemystrength and deployment. norofthe terrain ro his ftont!

Gough ordered up his 8" howitzers to bombard the village,lhilst the horse anillery troops of Grant and Alexanderdeployed within 500 yards of rwo enemy heavy batreries, both of

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which they silenced. the position being stormed by infantryfrom Valiant\ brigade. Meanwhile Littler's infanrry wasdeployingunderheavy artillery fire for an assault on the village,whilst on the extreme left Sco(\ Native Cavalrv Brisade had'epulsed a delermrned dnrcl by a large bodl ot Mihrai ia hor,e.Some of Littler's sepoys began 1o waver under the weight offire, but were urged on by Gough- The 39th Foot led the assauhwith the bayonet. Casualiies from artillery fire were heavy, butdespite storms of grapeshot the village was reached and thegunners killed defending their guns to the last. Wiihin halfanhour the defenders of the village had been destroyed and thevillage itself was ablaze. (The heavy howitzers were notresponsible for this, as theyhad not yet openedfirel)

There now 'emained Lhe problfm ot lhe main enemyposilion, around Chonda and Shirkapore. Both were heavilyentrenched and some ofthe batreries were so well hidden thatthey were almost invis;ble. Again no tangible intelligence oftheenemy deployment was available and rhe atrackwent in'blind'.

General Valiant manoeuvred around Littler's rar andattacked Shirkapore, led by H.M.40th Foot. Casualties,including the Colonel and Second-in-Command of the 40th,were again heavy as three successive lines of previouslyunobserved entrenchments were stormed at bavoner-Dointbefore rhe ! i l lage qas taken. Again rhe Mahrarra gunners i roodby their guns to the last- The village taken, Valiant rurnedtowards the right flank ofthe enemy main position.

Meanwhile, Grant's Horse Arlillery was again in th thick ofit, having galloped to within point blank range of a battery 12enemy guns- (The reason for this apparent dash may be that,severely outranged by the enemy cannon, it was betrertogetinclose and al least return their fire.) So raDid and accurate wasGranfs fire thal the enemy gunners were several times drilen

26

fron their guns for a while, which enabled Littler's infantry,headed by H-M. 39th, to roll up the Mahratta line {rom Ieft toright with far less loss than could have been the case. Thecapture, by the Grenadier company of H.M. 39th. of a smallentrenchmenr mounting four guns on the far Ieft of theMahratta position narked ihe end of the engagement. TheMahrattas ceased io form an effective fighting fore andwithdrew frorn the field,leaving over50 guns and much oftheirbaggage. Pursuit was not possible as Thackwelh cavalry werehalted by an impassable ravine, although hewas latercensurdby Gough for not having carried out a more effective pursuit.Exactly how is open to some conjecture!

Casualtieswere quite heavy (almost800). the 39th losing over200and the 40th almost that number. The artillerv sufferd lessihan 50 casualties. despite its point blank exchanges with theenemy- Of the native regiments. most were not engaged,altbough the 16th Bengal Native lnfantry were alone insuffering any great loss: 179 dead and rlounded. It was theopinion of many lhat the sepoys fighting ability was becomingquestionable at bestl Criticism was made by Sir Hany Smith ofthe poo. standard of training and initialive shown anong theofficen of the Indian Army, e.g. the heavy battery failed toengage the enemy because their commander would not openfire without direct orders to do so. despite beingonly halfa milefrom the enemy positionsl

Meanwhile. Geneml Sir John Grey had commenced hismarch on Gwal'or. Finding his route blocked by the enemy. heturned south towards Punniar to outflank the Mahratta

His line of march took him parallel with some hills. at adistance of only a few hundred yards from his right flank.Despite the fact rhat Grey must have known thar the Mahratlaswere in force somewhere on theorherside ofthe hills. he failedto send out any son offlank guard oreven pairols ro the sumnitof the hills to see whar was on the other sidel So. \vith a line ofmarch some l0 miles long. with no idea ofthc lay of the land orthe prcsence or location of any enemy, save what the vanguardand rearguard rnight have told him, the fronr of rhe columnreached Punniar at around three in the afternoon, only to hearthe sound of guns coming from the rear of the column. Panicstricken native cavalry reported that rhe rearguard !as underattack and beingcut to piecesl

Before too long the troops were reassembled and reinforc-ments of cavalry and artillerysent to the rearguard s aid.It thendawned on Greyjust what was happening the Mahratta forcehe was lrying to outflank had been marching parallel with himon the other side of the hills! Some of their artillery wasentrenched in a village near Punniar taking pot-shots at hisbaggage, whilst theirmain body occupied some high ground onthe otherside ofthe hills aboutfour milesto his east.

Grey (possibly thankfullyl) nowhere ro be seen. Andersonordered his men to charge. The valley was cleared and rhe gunstaken. their gunners defending them to rhc dcath. On their leftthe Buffs, under even havier fire. braved the storm of grapeand captured eleven enenry guns. Again the Mahratta gunnersstood by their pieces to ihe last and were killed to a man.

With this. and the onset ofnight. the extremelyconfused (andconfusing) bartle came to an end. Casualties among the lwoQueen s battalions had again been high. as they had borne thebrunt of the fighting. Out of a total loss of 213 casualties TheBuffs lost 72. the 50th lost 42. and only the 39th Bengal NativeInfantry suffered greatly with 62 out of a total of 97 Narivecasualties- Mahratta casualties were reported by Grey as beingvery hcavy. but this isdifficult to substantiate.

With these two battles the campaign was over. and on NewYar: Eve the Rani came into ihe British camp and a treatywassigned. The GwaUor aftny was gready reduced, to around10,000 infantry.6.000 cavalry and 32 guns. The nativeconlingent, under British officers. was reduced ro a slrength of10.000.

As for the Generals, it is possible to criticise Gough for hishandling of the battle of Maharajpore insofar as he attackedheadlong and rotally blind against an enemy well entrenchedand far his superior in numbers and artillry. By his ownconfession Gough underrared the Mahratta forces. and wasinfluenced by the presence of a number ofpolitical personages.including Lord EUenborough. Governor Generalof India. andmay have made decisions based on their advice or influenc.(Gough should have known better ifhe had any understandingof the effects of similar influence ftom PoliticalJ during lheAfghan War, and a possiblv unheahby precedent was being setfor a Governor Ceneral to accomDanv the Commander inChief tlith the Army into the field. e.g. Hardinge during theSikh Wars-

Nevertheless, despite the fact thai. Iike Napier in Sind. heunknowingly marched his army straight inro a trap.like Napierhefought hisway oui of it to eventua I total victor!'.

Grey at Punniar is another case altogether. His performancehardly suggests that he was a very competeni commander, norwere his brigadiers much better. His failure to use his cavalry

THE BATTLE OFPUNNIARGrey'sfirst orderwas to send H.M.3rd Foot (The Bufi!) and adetachment ofBengalSappers and Miners straight over the hillsro whatever fatc befell them. as he had no idea wherher theywould encounter any enemy troops due to the dead groundbetween the hills and the main enemv Dosition on hills funhereast I Predictably, they reported that the enemy were in positionover the hills in great shength and requested reinforcements.which Grey sent in the forrn of H.M.50th Foot and two BengalNalive Infantry baftalions under ColonelAnderson ofthe 50th.Anderson's Brigade crested the hills. under heary but ineffec-tiv artillery fire, to the righi of the Buffs. to face a deep valleyfilled with Mahratta infantrv. behind which tlas an enlrench-ment holding four heavy guns. Descending tbe slope. Ander'son\ trooDs took shelrerin a dried uo riverbed and commencedpouring volleys into the enemy. With the light fading fast. and

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during the battle, or after in pursuit, and his orders to blindlysend a battalion'over the top' in the face ofheaven knows whatdoes nor suggest any partiular grasp of basic military theory.The officer in command ofthe brigade which included the 50lhFoot had aoJidentally shot himself with a pistol a few daysbefore the battle. Priortothis he had failed to demonstrate anyability atall, even for peace-time sold'ering, and wasonstantlyasking Colonel Anderson of the 50th for advic | lt is thereforefairto saythat had the Battle of Punniar NOT been a confusedaffair led by the Colonels ofthe two Queen s battalions then theresult may have been very different.

It is interesting to note one other aspect of this albeitcampaign which did nuch to set the seal on military traditionsince then; that is the awarding of medals to all participants inthecampaign, ratherthanjust a few of the seniorofficers.

ln order to make the most ofthe victory Lord Ellenboroughissued a bronze medal to each of the soldiers of all ranks whohadpari i ipatedinrhecampaign.Thiswasnotunusualforhin,as at the close of the Afghan War medals had been issued totroops for Jalalabad, Gh^zni and the Afghan Campaign as awhole. This had s.hred up a lot of discontent from various

One school of thought, including the Duke of Wellington,was against the issuing of canpaign medals to all ranks