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Archaic Period
900 – 479 BCE
Classical Period
500 – 300 BCE
Hellenistic
Period
300 – 146 BCE
Ancient Roman Empire 146 BCE – 400 CE
Context Knowledge
OVERVIEW Year Group: 4
Term: Spring Text: Iliad/Odyssey Author: Homer/Gillian Cross
Geographical Focus
City-state Greece was made up of individual city-states that were each run like their own country. They each had their own king, army and laws. Across Greece these city-states shared languages, religion and some customs.
Key city states
Mycenae, Sparta, Thessaly, Ithaca, Argos, Salamis, Pylos, Athens. Troy (not part of Greece, but am important city-state on the other side of the Aegean sea)
Seas Aegean Sea (between Greece and Troy)
Mediterranean Sea (on the other side of Greece)
Sea of Crete (below Greece)
Transport Sea travel was very important because Greece was made up of lots of Islands.
Late Bronze Age 1200 – 500 BCE
146 BCE Rome
conquers Greece
Religious Practices
The Ancient Greeks believe in many different gods, each of them was in charge of a different aspect of life.
12 Olympian Gods (lived on Mount Olympus) Hades lived in and ruled over the underworld
Zeus king of the gods, lightning, thunder
Poseidon seas, earthquakes, horses, storms at sea
Hera Marriage, wife of Zeus
Demeter seasons, harvest, crops
Hestia hearth
Ares war
Athena wisdom, battle strategy
Apollo medicine, music, poetry, sun
Artemis hunting, archery, moon
Aphrodite love and beauty
Hephaestus metal and metalwork
Hermes messenger
Hades* Underworld and death
Lesser Gods Thetis, Iris, Persephone, Dionysus, Eris, Eros
Demigods Humans who have a god/goddess as a parent; half gods. They usually have something that makes them special or stand out and they often become heroes.
Temples The place where Greeks went to worship, usually built to honour a specific god.
Sacrifice Killing an animal as an offering or gift to a god.
Afterlife The Greeks believed once you died your soul went to the underworld. If you were heroic you went to the Fields of Elysium. If you were ordinary you went to the Asphodel Meadows.
Culture and Customs
Men Expected to train in the army. Worked and had a say in how the city-state was run.
Women Not allowed to work, stayed at home to look after children and the house, cooked and made embroidered cloth. Not allowed to leave the house alone.
Honour Acting with courage and loyalty. All Greeks were expected to be honourable.
Xenia (Hospitality)
Treating all guests well even if you didn’t know/like them; feed, clothe & offer a bed.
Sport Sport was used as a way to show how heroic, honourable and strong a man was. Sporting contests were very popular.
Myths & Storytelling
Myths are stories told to explain the world around you. Stories were told as a way of sharing beliefs, customs and history.
Authorial Focus
Author Homer
Epic poet born somewhere between 12th – 8th century BCE. First person to write down the well-known stories of the Trojan War around 3000 years ago.
Warfare
Trojan War: Approximately 1200 BCE
Getting to Troy
The Greeks sailed to Troy from their different city-states. They camped on the beaches once they arrived
United city-states
The Trojan War was important because it was the first time all the Greek cities states joined together as one country.
Walls of Troy
The Trojan War went on for such a long time because Troy had very strong, high walls.
Honour Fighting for you city-state was the best way to demonstrate your honour.
The Ancient Greeks 900 BCE – 146 BCE
c. 1200 BCE
The Trojan War
BCE 0 CE
Geography
What is a city-
state?
It was made up of lots of city-
states.
Name three Greek
city-states
Mycenae, Sparta, Thessaly, Ithaca, Argos, Salamis, Pylos, Athens.
In what ways was a
city-state like a
country?
Each city state had its own king,
army and laws.
What did city-states
share?
City States shared the same
language, religion and some
customs.
How did people
move around
Ancient Greece?
The Ancient Greeks mainly used
boats to get around the sea.
Religious Practices
Who was the king of the gods?
Zeus was the king of the gods.
Name the 12/13 Olympians.
Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter, Hestia, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Ares, Athene, Hephaestus, Hermes and Hades.
Who was the god/goddess of love?
Aphrodite was the goddess of love.
Who would you pray to if you were going into battle?
You would pray to Ares, or possible Athene, for a good outcome in battle.
What is the purpose of a temple?
A temple is where the Ancient Greeks go to worship a specific god.
What is a sacrifice?
An animal that is killed as a gift to the god.
Where would Achilles or Hector hope to go after death?
A hero would hope to go to The Elysian Fields.
Customs
What is a myth? A myth is a story told to help you
understand the world around you.
How and why did
the Ancient
Greeks tell
stories?
The Ancient Greeks told stories orally to
entertain each other, as well as pass on
customs and history.
If a stranger
turned up at your
door, what would
you have to do?
If a stranger turned up at your door you
would have to feed and clothe them and
offer them a bed.
What was this
custom called?
This custom is called Xenia.
Why was sport so
important to the
Ancient Greeks?
Sport so important to the Ancient Greeks
because it was a way to show how strong
and heroic you were and to celebrate the
gods.
What is honour? Honour is behaving in a way that shows
you have courage and are loyal.
Warfare
How did the Greeks
get to Troy?
The Greeks sailed to Troy from their
individual city-states.
When did the Trojan
War happen?
The Trojan War happened around 1200
BCE.
Why was Troy so
difficult to conquer?
Troy was difficult to conquer because its
walls were incredibly high and strong.
Why was the Trojan
War so important
for the Greeks?
The Trojan was the first important
because it was the first time all the
Greek city-states joined together as one
country.
Author
Who first wrote down the
Iliad and the Odyssey?
Homer
When did he write it
down?
He wrote it around 3000 years
ago.
What type of text did her
write?
He wrote epic poems.
TEXT KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER THE ILIAD – HOMER/GILLIAN CROSS
Features
Hook A golden apple sparks war between gods and men
Closure Achilles returns to the fight, spelling the end of Troy
Setting The beaches of Troy, a city-state in Ancient Greece off the coast of Turkey
Problem/Dilemma Achilles, the mighty warrior, refuses to fight
Characters
Greeks Menelaus, Agamemnon, Achilles, (Patroclus , Odysseus)
Trojans Hector, Paris, (Helen, Priam)
Gods Zeus, Aphrodite, Athene, Hera, Apollo, Poseidon, Thetis
Story Type
Genre Paraphrased epic poem
Theme War, beauty, honour
Plot Type Quest/ tragedy
Narrative
Narrative Viewpoint Third person
Narrative Conflict Man Vs. Man & Man Vs. Supernatural
Viewpoint of the author Omniscient narration
Mood Serious, tense
Tone Honour will be rewarded
Language and Structure
Structure and Grammar Short sentences, episodic chapters, fronted adverbials
Types of Sentences Mainly simple and compound sentences and dialogue
Punctuation Exclamation marks, semi-colons, inverted commas
Rhetoric Similes, foreshadowing, anthropomorphism, metaphor, pathos, repetition, lists, pathetic fallacy
An epithet is a descriptive phrase used as a nickname for certain characters, they were used by oral storytellers to help them remember important things about characters and quickly remind the listener about that character’s personality. Examples: Quick-witted Odysseus, Noble Ajax, Hector, Tamer of Horses, Might Achilles
TEXT KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER THE ILIAD – HOMER/GILLIAN CROSS
Quiz
What are the main settings of the Iliad?
The beaches outside Troy
Who are the main characters?
Greeks: Menelaus, Agamemnon, Achilles, (Patroclus , Odysseus) Trojans: Hector, Paris, (Helen, Priam) Gods: Zeus, Aphrodite, Athene, Hera, Apollo, Poseidon, Thetis
What genre is the book?
Epic poem (paraphrased)
What are the main themes of the book?
War, beauty, honour,
What plot type is the book?
Tragedy
What narrative conflict does the book follow?
Man vs. Man & Man Vs. Supernatural
What is the mood of the book?
Serious, tense
What is the author’s viewpoint?
Honour will be rewarded
What epithets are used to describe the characters?
Quick-witted Odysseus, Noble Ajax, Hector, Tamer of Horses, Might Achilles
Why does the author employ these?
To remind the reader or listener of the character’s traits
TEXT KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER THE ODYSSEY – HOMER/GILLIAN CROSS
Features
Hook Odysseus must go to war and leave Penelope and Telemachus
Closure Odysseus finally returns home to Penelope and Telemachus
Setting
Troy, at sea, Ithaca Odyseesu’ Journey: City of Cicones, Island of the Lotus Eaters, Island of Cyclops, Island of Aeolus, Land of the Laestrygonians, Circe’s Island, Underworld, Land of the Sirens, Scylla and Charybdis, Helios’ Island, Calypsos’ Island, Lond of the Phaeacians
Problem/Dilemma Odysseus cannot return home
Characters
Humans Odysseus, Penelope, Telemachus
Gods Athene and Poseidon
Story Type
Genre Paraphrased epic poem
Theme Homecoming; honour
Plot Type Voyage and return
Narrative
Narrative Viewpoint Third person
Narrative Conflict Man Vs. nature & Man Vs. supernatural
Viewpoint of the author Omniscient narration
Mood Tense
Tone Honour and perseverance will be rewarded
Language and Structure
Structure and Grammar Episodic chapters, fronted adverbials
Types of Sentences Short sentences, sentences with subordinating clauses and dialogue
Punctuation Exclamation marks, semi-colons, inverted commas
Rhetoric Similes, foreshadowing, anthropomorphism, metaphors, pathos, repetition, lists, pathetic fallacy
An epithet is a descriptive phrase used as a nickname for certain characters, they were used by oral storytellers to help them remember important things about characters and quickly remind the listener about that character’s personality. Examples: Quick-witted Odysseus, Faithful Penelope
TEXT KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER THE ODYSSEY – HOMER/GILLIAN CROSS
Quiz
What are the main settings of The Odyssey?
Ithaca; at sea; various Greek islands
Who are the main characters?
Humans: Odysseus, Penelope, Telemachus Gods: Athene, Poseidon
What genre is the book?
Epic poem (paraphrased)
What are the main themes of the book?
Homecoming; honour
What plot type is the book?
Voyage and return
What narrative conflict does the book follow?
Man Vs. nature & Man Vs. supernatural
What is the mood of the book?
Tense
What is the author’s viewpoint?
Honour and perseverance will be rewarded
What epithets are used to describe the characters?
Quick-witted Odysseus , Faithful Penelope
Why does the author employ these?
To remind the reader of the character’s traits