Wardenclyffe Tower

1904 image of Wardenclyffe Towerlocated in Shoreham, Long Island, NewYork. The 94 by 94 ft (29 m) brickbuilding was designed by architect

Stanford White.[1]

Wardenclyffe TowerFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wardenclyffe Tower (1901–1917) alsoknown as the Tesla Tower, was an earlywireless transmission tower designed byNikola Tesla in Shoreham, New York andintended for commercial trans-Atlanticwireless telephony, broadcasting, andproof-of-concept demonstrations of

wireless power transmission.[2][3] It was

never fully operational,[4] and the towerwas demolished in 1917.

The tower was named after James S.Warden, a western lawyer and bankerwho had purchased land for theendeavor in Shoreham, Long Island,about sixty miles from Manhattan. Herehe built a resort community known asWardenclyffe-On-Sound. He offered Tesla200 acres (81 ha) of land close to arailway line on which to build hiswireless telecommunications tower andlaboratory facility. Warden planned toeventually build housing for 2000-2500people who would work in a factory

producing Tesla's patented devices.[5]

Contents

1 History1.1 Construction1.2 Post-Tesla era1.3 Preservation efforts

1.3.1 Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe2 Facility grounds3 Telefunken Station4 Tesla quotations5 World Wireless System

5.1 Transmission of electrical energy without wires

Coordinates: 40°56′51.3″N 72°53′53.5″W

Wardenclyffe Tower - Wikipedia, the free encyclo... http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warden...

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Tesla Ready for Business - August 7, 1901New-York tribune article

Tesla's Wardenclyffe plant onLong Island circa 1902 in partialstage of completion. Work onthe 55-foot-diameter (17 m)cupola had not yet begun. Thereis a coal car parked next to thebuilding.

6 Related patents7 See also8 Notes9 Further reading10 External links

History

Construction

Tesla began planning theWardenclyffe Tower facility ca.1898 and in 1901 constructionbegan on the land near LongIsland Sound. Architect StanfordWhite designed the Wardenclyffefacility main building. The towerwas designed by W.D. Crow, anassociate of White. Funding forTesla's project was provided byinfluential industrialists andother venture capitalists. Theproject was initially backed by the wealthy J. P.Morgan who had invested $150,000 in the

facility (more than $3 million in 2009 dollars).[1]

In June 1902, Tesla moved his laboratoryoperations from his West Houston Streetlaboratory to Wardenclyffe.

The project ran into many problems.[6]

Financiers began investing in GuglielmoMarconi's system which started regulartransatlantic transmission in 1903 and seemedto be doing it with far less expensive equipment.By 1903 Tesla's project, still under constructiondue to numerous design changes, ran out ofmoney and Morgan declined to fund it anyfurther. Some in the press began turning against

the project claiming it was a hoax.[7] Tesla triedto generate more interest in Wardenclyffe byrevealing its ability to transmit wireless electricity, but Morgan was notinterested, and the 1903 "rich man's panic" on Wall Street dried up any further


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investment.[8][9][10] By July 1904, Morgan (and the other investors) finally decidedthey would not provide any additional financing. In May 1905, Tesla's patents onalternating current motors and other methods of power transmission expired,halting royalty payments and causing a severe reduction of funding to theWardenclyffe Tower. In an attempt to find alternative funding Tesla advertised theservices of the Wardenclyffe facility but he was met with little success. By thistime Tesla had also designed the Tesla turbine at Wardenclyffe and producedTesla coils for sale to various businesses.

By 1905, since Tesla could not find any more backers, most of the site's activityhad to be shut down. Employees were laid off in 1906, but parts of the buildingremained in use until 1907. In 1908, the property was foreclosed for the firsttime. Tesla procured a new mortgage from George C. Boldt, proprietor of theWaldorf-Astoria Hotel. The facility was partially abandoned around 1911, and thetower structure deteriorated. Between 1912 and 1915, Tesla's finances unraveled,and when the funders wanted to know how they were going to recapture theirinvestments, Tesla was unable to give satisfactory answers. Newspaper headlinesof the time labeled it "Tesla's million-dollar folly." The facility's main building wasbreached and vandalized around this time. Collapse of the Wardenclyffe projectmay have contributed to the mental breakdown Tesla experienced during thisperiod. Coupled to the personal tragedy of Wardenclyffe was the 1895 fire at 35South 5th Avenue, New York, in the building which housed Tesla's laboratory. Inthis fire, he lost much of his equipment, notes and documents. This put Tesla intoa state of severe depression.

Post-Tesla era

In 1915, legal ownership of the Wardenclyffe property was transferred to GeorgeBoldt of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel for a $20,000 debt (about $400,000 in 2009

dollars).[1] In July 4, 1917, during World War I, the tower was demolished withdynamite on orders of the United States Government which feared German spieswere using it and that it could be used as a landmark for German submarines.[11][12] Tesla was not in New York during the tower's destruction.[citation needed]

George Boldt wished to make the property available for sale. On April 20, 1922,Tesla lost an appeal of judgment versus his backers in the second foreclosure.This effectively locked Tesla out of any future development of the facility. In 1925,the property ownership was transferred to Walter L. Johnson of Brooklyn. OnMarch 6, 1939, Plantacres, Inc. purchased the facility's land and subsequentlyleased it to Peerless Photo Products, Inc. AGFA Corporation bought the propertyfrom Peerless and sold the property to a non profit organization supported by TheOatmeal in the year 2013. The main building remains standing to this day. Agfaused the site from 1969 to 1992 then closed the facility. The site has undergone afinal cleanup of waste produced during its Photo Products era. The clean up wasconducted under the scrutiny of the New York State Department of Environmental


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Stanford White Building at thecorner of Tesla Street and NewYork Route 25A in July 2009

Conservation, and paid for by AGFA. In 2009, they put the property up for sale for$1,650,000. Agfa has advertised that the land can “be delivered fully cleared andlevel.” It says it spent $5 million through September 2008 cleaning up silver and

cadmium.[1][13][14]

Preservation efforts

On February 14, 1967, the nonprofit public benefit corporation Brookhaven TownHistorical Trust was established. It selected the Wardenclyffe facility to bedesignated as a historic site and as the first site to be preserved by the Trust onMarch 3, 1967. The Brookhaven Town Historic Trust was rescinded by resolutionon February 1, 1972. There were never any appointments made after a legal

opinion was received; it was never set up properly.[15] On July 7, 1976, a plaquefrom Yugoslavia was installed by representatives from Brookhaven National

Laboratory[16] near the entrance of the building. It reads:[17]

IN THIS BUILDINGDESIGNED BY STANFORD WHITE,

ARCHITECTNIKOLA TESLA

BORN SMILJAN, YUGOSLAVIA 1856—DIED NEW

YORK, U.S.A. 1943

CONSTRUCTED IN 1901–1905WARDENCLYFFE

HUGE RADIO STATION WITH ANTENNATOWER

187 FEET HIGH /DESTROYED 1917/,WHICH

WAS TO HAVE SERVED AS HIS FIRSTWORLD

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM.IN MEMORY OF 120TH ANNIVERSARY OF TESLA'S BIRTH

AND 200TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE FIRSTU.S.A

July 10, 1976

The sign was stolen from the property in November 2009. An anonymous

benefactor is offering a $2000 reward if it is returned to the property.[18]

Designation of the structure as a National Landmark is awaiting completion of

plant decommissioning activities by its present owner.[19]

In 1976, an application was filed to nominate the main building for listing on the


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National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). It failed to get approval. The TeslaWardenclyffe Project, Inc. was established in 1994 for the purpose of seekingplacement of the Wardenclyffe laboratory-office building and the Tesla towerfoundation on both the New York State and NRHP. Its mission is the preservationand adaptive reuse of Wardenclyffe, the century-old laboratory of electrical

pioneer Nikola Tesla located in Shoreham, Long Island, New York.[20] In October1994, a second application for formal nomination was filed. The New York StateOffice of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation conducted inspections anddetermined the facility meets New York State criteria for historic designation. Asecond visit was made on February 25, 2009. The site cannot be registered until itis nominated by a willing owner.

Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe

Main article: Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe

In August 2012, concerned about an apparent offer to purchase the site anddevelop it for commercial use, The Oatmeal launched a fundraiser for the TeslaScience Center to raise $1.7 million in order to purchase the property, with thehope of eventually building a museum on the grounds. The state of New York

agreed to match donations up to half that amount.[21][22][23] As of October 3,2012, the goal of $850,000 had been reached in just over six days after a $33,333donation from the producers of the Tesla film Fragments From Olympus - TheVision of Nikola Tesla put them over the top. A total of $1.37 million was donated,the matching grant from the State of New York brings the total collected to over$2.2 million. The surplus will be used to fund the cleaning and restoration of theproperty. Tesla, Wardenclyffe and the museum fundraising effort will be thesubject of a new documentary being produced called Tower to the People - Tesla's

Dream at Wardenclyffe Continues.[24][25] On 2 May 2013, the group announcedthat the site had been acquired. Proceedings for a museum on the site will occurin the years to come.

Facility grounds

Wardenclyffe is located near the Shoreham Post Office and Shoreham Fire Houseon Route 25A in Shoreham, Long Island, New York. Wardenclyffe was divided intotwo main sections. The tower, which was located in the back, and the mainbuilding compose the entire facility grounds. At one time the property was about

200 acres (0.81 km2). Now it consists of slightly less than 16 acres (65,000 m2).

The wood-framed tower was 186 feet (57 m) tall and the cupola 68 feet (21 m) indiameter. It had a 55-ton steel (some report it was a better conducting material,such as copper) hemispherical structure at the top (referred to as a cupola).Designed by one of Stanford White's associates, the structure was such as to


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Artistic representation of thestation completed, including thetower structure.

allow each piece to be taken out if needed andreplaced as necessary. The transmitter itself wasto have been powered by a 200 kilowattWestinghouse alternating current industrialgenerator. Beneath the tower, a shaft sank 120feet (37 m) into the ground. Sixteen iron pipeswere placed one length after another 300additional feet (94.4 m) in order for themachine, in Tesla's words, "to have a grip on the

earth so the whole of this globe can quiver."[26]

The main building occupied the rest of thefacility grounds. It included a laboratory area,instrument room, boiler room, generator roomand machine shop. Inside the main building,there were electromechanical devices, electrical generators, electricaltransformers, glass blowing equipment, X-ray devices, Tesla coils, a remotecontrolled boat, cases with bulbs and tubes, wires, cables, a library, and an office.It was constructed in the style of the Italian Renaissance.

Telefunken Station

After Wardenclyffe, Tesla built the Telefunken Wireless on the South Shore ofLong Island. Some of what he wanted to achieve at Wardenclyffe was achievedwith the Telefunken Wireless. In West Sayville, Long Island, New York, Teslaassisted in the building of three 600-foot (180 m) radio towers, creating thewestern wireless communication station in a North America and Europe network.

Tesla quotations

"As soon as [the Wardenclyffe facility is] completed, it will be possible for abusiness man in New York to dictate instructions, and have them instantlyappear in type at his office in London or elsewhere. He will be able to call up,from his desk, and talk to any telephone subscriber on the globe, without anychange whatever in the existing equipment. An inexpensive instrument, notbigger than a watch, will enable its bearer to hear anywhere, on sea or land,music or song, the speech of a political leader, the address of an eminentman of science, or the sermon of an eloquent clergyman, delivered in someother place, however distant. In the same manner any picture, character,drawing, or print can be transferred from one to another place ..." – "TheFuture of the Wireless Art," Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony, 1908, pg.67–71.

"It is not a dream, it is a simple feat of scientific electrical engineering, only


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The Tesla coil wirelesstransmitter

U.S. Patent 1,119,732(http://www.google.com/patents/US1119732)

expensive – blind, faint-hearted, doubting world! [...] Humanity is not yetsufficiently advanced to be willingly led by the discoverer's keen searchingsense. But who knows? Perhaps it is better in this present world of ours thata revolutionary idea or invention instead of being helped and patted, behampered and ill-treated in its adolescence – by want of means, by selfishinterest, pedantry, stupidity and ignorance; that it be attacked and stifled;that it pass through bitter trials and tribulations, through the strife ofcommercial existence. So do we get our light. So all that was great in thepast was ridiculed, condemned, combatted, suppressed – only to emerge allthe more powerfully, all the more triumphantly from the struggle." – "TheTransmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires as a Means for FurtheringPeace," Electrical World and Engineer, January 7, 1905.

World Wireless System

Main article: World Wireless System

Transmission of electrical energy without wires

An electric current flowing through a conductorcarries electrical energy. The body of the earthis an electrical conductor, nearly spherical inshape, insulated in space. It possesses anelectric charge relative to the upper atmospherebeginning at about 50 kilometers elevation.When a second body, directly adjacent to Earth,is charged and discharged in rapid successionthis causes an equivalent variation of Earth'selectrostatic charge resulting in the passage ofelectric current through the ground.

The Tesla coil transmitter, both the single anddual tower forms, is an electrical machinespecifically designed to create as large adisplacement as possible of Earth's electriccharge. It does this by alternately charging anddischarging the oscillator's elevated terminalcapacitance at a specific frequency, periodicallyaltering the electrostatic charge of the earth,and consequently, with sufficient power, thepressure over its entire surface. "A connectionto earth, either directly or through a condenser

is essential."[27] The placement of a groundedTesla coil receiver tuned to the same frequency


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as the transmitter at another point on the surface results in the flow of electriccurrent through the earth between the two, while an equivalent electricaldisplacement occurs in the atmosphere. This current can be used at the receiverto drive an electrical load, which in the case of an individual World WirelessTelecommunications System receiver is a sensitive device using only a small

amount of energy. [28]

In 1891 and 1892, Tesla demonstrated the oscillatory transformer that bears hisname in lectures delivered before meetings of the American Institute of Electrical

Engineers (AIEE) in New York City"[29] and the Institute of Electrical Engineers

(IEE) in London,[30] and in a later presentation titled "On Light and Other High

Frequency Phenomena" (Philadelphia/St. Louis; Franklin Institute in 1893),[31]

where he put forward his ideas on the wireless transmission of electrical energy.

Related patents

Main article: List of Nikola Tesla patents

Tesla's patents

"Means for Generating Electric Currents," U.S. Patent 514,168(http://www.google.com/patents/US514168), February 6, 1894"Electrical Transformer," U.S. Patent 593,138 (http://www.google.com/patents/US593138), November 2, 1897"Method Of Utilizing Radiant Energy," U.S. Patent 685,958(http://www.google.com/patents/US685958) November 5, 1901"Method of Signaling," U.S. Patent 723,188 (http://www.google.com/patents/US723188), March 17, 1903"System of Signaling," U.S. Patent 725,605 (http://www.google.com/patents/US725605), April 14, 1903"Art of Transmitting Electrical Energy Through the Natural Mediums," U.S.Patent 787,412 (http://www.google.com/patents/US787412), April 18, 1905"Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy," January 18, 1902, U.S.Patent 1,119,732 (http://www.google.com/patents/US1119732), December 1,1914

See also

Wireless energy transmissionTransmission mediumDistributed generationElectricity distributionElectric power transmission


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Friis transmission equationTerrestrial stationary wavesDevices: Tesla coil, Magnifying Transmitter, Electro-mechanical oscillator

Notes

^ a b c d Broad, William J. (May 4, 2009). "A Battle to Preserve a Visionary’s BoldFailure" (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science/05tesla.html?hp). New YorkTimes. Retrieved May 5, 2009. "Today, a fight is looming over the ghostly remains ofthat site, called Wardenclyffe – what Tesla authorities call the only survivingworkplace of the eccentric genius who dreamed countless big dreams whilepioneering wireless communication and alternating current. The disagreement beganrecently after the property went up for sale in Shoreham, N.Y."

1.

^ Anderson, Leland I., Nikola Tesla On His Work with Alternating Currents and TheirApplication to wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power, 21stCentury Books, 2002, pp. 106, 153, 170.; Counsel, "This Wardenclyffe station was that– experimental?" Tesla, "No, it was a commercial undertaking... "

2.

^ Massie, Walter W. & Charles R. Underhill, Wireless Telegraphy & Telephony, VanNostrand, 1908; "The Future of the Wireless Art (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1908-00-00.htm)"

3.

^ Cheney, Margaret, Robert Uth (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning, New York:Barnes & Noble Books, ISBN 0-7607-1005-8, pp. 107.; “Unable to overcome hisfinancial burdens, he was forced to close the laboratory in 1905.”

4.

^ The Electrical World and Engineer, September 28 1901, Volume 38, No. 13,McGraw Publishing Company, 1901, page 510 (http://books.google.com/books?id=ntlQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=James+Warden+Tesla+Wardenclyffe&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MA3CUvHSOMvHsASsyICQDQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=James%20Warden%20Tesla%20Wardenclyffe&f=false)

5.

^ Margaret Cheney , Tesla: Man Out of Time, 2011 - pages 203 - 2086.^ Malanowski, Gregory, The Race for Wireless, AuthorHouse, page 357.^ Cheney, Margaret, Tesla: Man Out of Time, 2011 - pages 203 - 2088.^ Childress, Hatcher Childress, The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla, 1993 - page254

9.

^ Burgan, Michael, Nikola Tesla: Physicist, Inventor, Electrical Engineer, 2009. page75

10.

^ See U.S. Blows Up Tesla Radio Tower (1917) (http://earlyradiohistory.us/1917tes.htm) (citing page 293 of the September 1917 issue of The ElectricalExperimenter): "SUSPECTING that German spies were using the big wireless towererected at Shoreham, L. I., about twenty years ago by Nikola Tesla, the FederalGovernment ordered the tower destroyed and it was recently demolished withdynamite."

11.

^ "Tesla Tower" (http://www.teslasociety.com/teslatower.htm). Tesla Memorial Societyof New York. Retrieved 11 June 2012.

12.

^ A Battle to Preserve a Visionary’s Bold Failure – New York Times – May 4, 2009(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science/05tesla.html)

13.


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^ "Tesla Lab: $1,650,000" (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science/05teslabox.html?ref=science). New York Times. May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009."5 Randall Road, Shoreham, N.Y., between Tesla Court and Randall Road"

14.

^ Email from Brookhaven Town Historian, Barbara Russell, Mon, March 30, 200915.^ Brookhaven Bulletin, Vol. 30 No. 27, July 16, 197616.^ "168314_w407.jpg" (http://assets.mediaspanonline.com/prod/3777889/168314_w407.jpg). Retrieved February 1, 2010.

17.

^ "Valuable Plaque Stolen From Tesla Laboratory" (http://www2.timesreview.com/SUN/stories/S121109_Tesla_psh)

18.

^ Tesla, a Little-Recognized Genius, Left Mark in Shoreham – New York Times –November 10, 2002 (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D7113EF933A25752C1A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all)

19.

^ "A MUSEUM AT WARDENCLYFFE The Creation of a Monument to Nikola Tesla"(http://www.tfcbooks.com/articles/monument.htm). Tesla Wardenclyffe Project, Inc.Retrieved September 23, 2010.

20.

^ Inman, Matthew. "Help me raise money to buy Nikola Tesla's old laboratory"(http://theoatmeal.com/blog/tesla_museum). Retrieved 21 August 2012.

21.

^ Voakes, Greg (August 15, 2012). "The Oatmeal's Latest Fundraiser To Save TheTesla Tower" (http://www.forbes.com/sites/gregvoakes/2012/08/15/the-oatmeals-latest-fundraiser-to-save-the-tesla-tower/). Forbes. Retrieved 16 August 2012.

22.

^ Solon, Olivia (16 August 2012). "Indiegogo project seeks crowdfunding for Teslamuseum (Wired UK)" (http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-08/16/tesla-museum). Wired UK. Retrieved 16 August 2012.

23.

^ http://www.indiegogo.com/teslamuseum24.^ "Web Cartoonist Raises $1 Million For Tesla Museum" (http://www.npr.org/2012/08/24/159925435/zap-cartoonist-raises-1-million-for-tesla-museum). NPR. August 24,2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

25.

^ Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application toWireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/nt_on_ac.htm), ISBN 1-893817-01-6, p. 203

26.

^ Ratzlaff, John T., Tesla Said, Tesla Book Company, 1984; THE DISTURBINGINFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION ON THE WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OFENERGY (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1912-07-06.htm) by Nikola Tesla, ElectricalReview and Western Electrician, July 6, 1912

27.

^ Ratzlaff, John T., Dr. Nikola Tesla Complete Patents; System of Transmission ofElectrical Energy (http://www.tfcbooks.com/patents/0645576.htm), September 2,1897, U.S. Patent 645,576 (http://www.google.com/patents/US645576), March 20,1900.

28.

^ Martin, Thomas Commerford, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of NikolaTesla, The Electrical Engineer, New York, 1894; "Experiments With AlternatingCurrents of Very High Frequency, and Their Application to Methods of ArtificialIllumination," (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1891-05-20.htm) AIEE, ColumbiaCollege, N.Y., May 20, 1891

29.


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^ Martin, Thomas Commerford, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of NikolaTesla, The Electrical Engineer, New York, 1894; “Experiments With AlternateCurrents of High Potential and High Frequency," (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1892-02-03.htm) IEE Address, London, February 3, 1892.

30.

^ Martin, Thomas Commerford, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of NikolaTesla, The Electrical Engineer, New York, 1894; "On Light and Other High FrequencyPhenomena," (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1893-02-24.htm) February 24, 1893,before the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, March 1893, before the National ElectricLight Association, St. Louis.

31.

Further reading

Anderson, Leland, "Rare Notes from Tesla on Wardenclyffe"(http://www.capturedlightning.com/temp/Rare_Notes.pdf) in ElectricSpacecraft – A journal of Interactive Research, Issue 26, September 14,1998. Contains copies of rare documents from the Tesla Museum in Belgradeincluding Tesla's notes and sketches from 1901Bass, Robert W., "Self-Sustained Non-Hertzian Longitudal Wave Oscillationsas a Rigorous Solution of Maxwell's Equations for ElectromagneticRadiation". Inventek Enterprises, Inc., Las Vegas, Nevada."Boundless Space: A Bus Bar". The Electrical World, Vol 32, No. 19.Massie, Walter Wentworth, "Wireless telegraphy and telephony popularlyexplained ". New York, Van Nostrand. 1908.Rather, John, "Tesla, a Little-Recognized Genius, Left Mark in Shoreham".The New York Times. Long Island Weekly Desk.Tesla, Nikola, "The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires"(http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1904-03-05.htm), Electrical World andEngineer, March 5, 1904.Tesla, Nikola, "World System of Wireless Transmission of Energy"(http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1927-10-16.htm), Telegraph and TelegraphAge, October 16, 1927.

External links

PBS Tower of Dreams (http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_todre.html) the wirelessglobal communications]Wardenclyffe Tower (http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0015668) at StructuraeTesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe (http://www.teslasciencecenter.org/)

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Towers in New York Towers completed in 1901Destroyed landmarks in the United States

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