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7/29/2019 Warburton - Ten Tips on Essay Writing
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Ten tips on essay writing (adapted by Nigel Warburton from his 2006 book, The
basics of essay writing. London: Routledge.)
Essay writing is at the heart of education. The process of writing an essay may be a
struggle, but it is worth it. It is one of the best ways of gaining an active
understanding of your chosen subject. Writing is a kind of thinking. It also leaves a
trace that allows your tutor to give you feedback and help you move forward. The
key ways in which students learn in the Humanities, and in most other subjects too
are: reading, listening, discussing and writing. But without the last of these, the
discipline of writing essays, study can become unfocussed and progress slower.
Most people dont achieve a good grasp of any topic until they have tried to explain it
clearly to someone else in writing.
Everyone can improve their essay writing. There is no mystery about how to do this.
You need to practise. But as in all effective practice, you have to work on
acquiring and reinforcing good habits and eliminating bad ones. Realise that there is
always scope for improvement.
1. Get started. Dont procrastinate. Get down to it now. If you have an essay to write
it is amazing how easy it is to find other things to do. Its also easy to underestimate
how long the process of writing and rewriting will take. If you find yourself lapsing into
an avoidance strategy, trick yourself by just writing the first paragraph, or committing
to a focussed ten minutes of writing. Once youve started, everything gets easier.
2. Answer the question.The worst mistake you can make is failing to answer the
question set. No matter how brilliant your writing if it is an answer to a differentquestion it wont get you any marks. If the question is a direct question, give a direct
answer. All your work on your essay, including the planning, research, writing and
rewriting, should be driven by your awareness of the question and your angle on it.
3. Research your answer. Unless you are writing under examination conditions you
should research your answer. Read the question first, though. Pay particular
attention to course notes, lists of recommended reading and any advice your tutor
gives. Dont, however, let research become an excuse for not planning or writing the
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essay. Research should be driven by the question set and your angle on it. Dont
think of your research as something that you complete before beginning writing.
Often it is only when you try to explain a concept or defend a position that you realise
that you need to research some facts. Remember that you may not know what you
need to research until you have attempted to answer the question.
4. Make a case. In almost any subject, when you write an essay you need to make
and defend a case for your conclusion. This typically involves using argument,
evidence, quotations, and so on, to back up generalisations. It also involves
considering counterarguments and evidence that seems to challenge your reasoning
or conclusion. By the end of your essay your reader should be completely clear
about where you stand on the question set. This sounds obvious, but many students
fail to make a case for their conclusions, and some fail to draw any conclusion
whatsoever.
5. Structure your answer. The structure of your essay is the logical framework of
the case you make. Structure helps your reader understand the significance of any
point you make. One useful three-part structure that works for most paragraphs is
this: (i) make a general point, (ii) back it up with some evidence, quotation or
argument, and (iii) show the significance of this point to the question you were
asked. If you are unsure whether or not your essay has a coherent structure, try
reading just the first sentence of each paragraph. Do these sentences reveal the
framework of your essay? If not, rewrite them.
6. Aim for clarity. Here are some suggestions for achieving greater clarity in your
writing. Be economical with adjectives. Be concise. Avoid using adverbs wherever
possible. Avoid complex syntax. Explain any technical terms. Dont show off your
knowledge of obscure jargon. Use the active voice rather than passive constructions.
Use shorter rather than longer sentences. Whenever you read a particularly clear
passage in a book, try to analyse how the writer achieved this clarity.
7. Get the tone right. An easy way to irritate your readers is to use colloquial
language in an academic essay or to make over-familiar asides. Getting the tone
right requires sensitivity to the genre within which you are writing. A peppering of
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exclamation marks in an academic essay is a sure sign that the writer doesnt
appreciate this point.
8. Avoid plagiarism. Dont try to pass someone elses work off as your own. Its
immoral and you may well get caught, not least because many institutions are now
using software that detects plagiarism. Resist the temptation to cut and paste
unattributed paragraphs from weblogs and webpages. Even if you manage to get
away with plagiarism, you deprive yourself of the chance to think the topic through
for yourself, and reduce the chance of learning from the process of writing. Always
be sure to distinguish your own notes from copied sentences and longer quotations:
when you come to write your essay there should be no risk of including someone
elses writing without acknowledging its source.
9. Edit your essay. If you have the luxury of re-writing or at least revising your
essay, use it. Obviously this wont usually be an option in an examination, but in
other circumstances you should leave yourself enough time to edit and amend your
first draft. Try reading what you have written out loud poor phrasing and bad
grammar will be more obvious, as should any weaknesses in argument. Make sure
keywords and the names of people you discuss are correctly spelt. Although you
may not lose marks for poor spelling, it is likely to colour any readers view of your
writing ability.
10. Learn from feedback. Many students are more concerned with the mark they
get than with the other feedback their tutors give them. This is a mistake. Try to find
patterns in the feedback you get and remind yourself of the criticisms of your
previous essay before you start the next one.