War & TerrorismWARWaris a state of armed conflict between societies. It is generally characterized by extreme collective aggression, destruction, and usually high mortality. The set of techniques and actions used to conduct war is known aswarfare. An absence of war is usually called "peace".Total waris warfare that is not restricted to purelylegitimate military targets, and can result in massivecivilian or othernon-combatantcasualties.While some scholars see war as a universal and ancestral aspect ofhuman nature,others argue that it is only a result of specific socio-cultural or ecological circumstances. In 2013 war resulted in 31,000 deaths down from 72,000 deaths in 1990.The deadliest war in history, in terms of the cumulative number of deaths since its start, is theSecond World War, with 6085 million deaths, followed by the Mongol conquests which was greater than 41 million.Proportionally speaking, the most destructive war in modern history is theWar of the Triple Alliance, which took the lives of over 60% ofParaguay's population, according toSteven Pinker. In 2003,Richard Smalleyidentified war as the sixth (of ten) biggest problem facinghumanityfor the next fifty years.War usually results in significant deterioration of infrastructure and the ecosystem, a decrease in social spending,famine, large-scale emigration from the war zone, and often the mistreatment ofprisoners of warorcivilians.

The Mongal conquest of 13th century

Bombay during USA-Afghanistan War

Etymology:The English wordwarderives from the lateOld English (circa.1050) wordswyrreandwerre; theOld Frenchwerre; theFrankishwerra; and theProto-Germanicwerso. The denotation ofwarderives from theOld Saxonwerran,Old High Germanwerran, and the Germanverwirren: to confuse, to perplex, and to bring into confusion. Another posited derivation is from theAncient Greekbarbaros, theOld Persianvarhara, and the Sanskritvarvarandbarbara. In German, the equivalent isKrieg; the Spanish,Portuguese, and Italian term for "war" isguerra, derived from the Germanicwerra(fight, tumult). Etymologic legend has it that the Romanic peoples adopted a foreign, Germanic word for "war", to avoid using theLatinbellum, because, when sounded, it tended to merge with the sound of the wordbello("beautiful"). TypesWar must entail some degree of confrontation using weapons and othermilitary technology and equipmentby armed forces employingmilitary tacticsandoperational artwithin a broadmilitary strategysubject tomilitary logistics. Studies of war by military theorists throughoutmilitary historyhave sought to identify thephilosophy of war, and to reduce it to amilitary science.Ruins ofGuernica(1937). The Spanish Civil Warwas one of Europe's bloodiest and most brutal civil wars.Modern military science considers several factors before anational defence policyis created to allow a war to commence: the environment in the area(s) of combat operations, the posture that national forces will adopt on the commencement of a war, and the type of warfare that troops will be engaged in. Asymmetric warfareis a conflict between two populations of drastically different levels of military capability or size. Asymmetric conflicts often result inguerrillatactics being used to overcome the sometimes vast gaps in technology and force size. Chemical warfareinvolves the intentional use of chemicals in combat. Poison gas as achemical weaponwas principally used duringWorld War I, and resulted in an estimated 1.3 million casualties, including 100,000260,000 civilians. Tens of thousands or moreciviliansandmilitary personneldied from chemical weapon effects such as scarring of the lungs, skin damage, and cerebral damage in the years after the Great War ended. Various treaties have sought to ban its further use. Non-lethal chemical weapons, such astear gasandpepper spray, are widely used, sometimes with deadly effect. Civil waris a war where the forces in conflict belong to the same nation or political entity and are vying for control of or independence from that nation or political entity. Conventional warfareis an attempt to reduce the enemy's capability through open battle. It is a declared war between existing states in whichnuclear,biological, orchemical weaponsare not used or only see limited deployment in support of conventional military goals and maneuvers. Globalizing warrefers to a form of war which extends beyond the national or regional boundaries of the immediate combatants to have implications for the whole planet.An obvious example of this form of war is World War II, but others such as the Vietnam War also qualify. Globalizing war thus includesworld war- with that category tending to be restricted by convention to the two main examples.Transnational war, a cognate concept, refers to wars fought locally, but with implications or hostilities across the boundaries of nation-states. Total waris warfare by any means possible, disregarding thelaws of war, placing no limits onlegitimate military targets, usingweaponsandtacticsthat result in significantcivilian casualties, or demanding awar effortthat requires significant sacrifices by the friendly civilian population. Nuclear warfareis warfare in whichnuclear weaponsare the primary, or a major, method of coercing the capitulation of the other side, as opposed to a supporting tactical or strategic role in a conventional conflict. Unconventional warfare, the opposite of conventional warfare, is an attempt to achieve military victory through acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine support for one side of an existing conflict. War of aggressionis a war for conquest or gain rather than self-defense; this can be the basis ofwar crimesundercustomary international law.

The First Battle of Panipat (India)-1526 AD

American Civil War (1861-1865)

Chemical Warfare During World War I

Nuclear Warfare: Hiroshima Bombing (World War II-1945)

HistoryThe earliest evidence of war belongs to the Mesolithic cemeterySite 117, which has been determined to be approximately 14,000 years old. About forty-five percent of the skeletons there displayed signs of violent death. Since the rise of thestatesome 5,000 years ago, military activity has occurred over much of the globe. The advent ofgunpowderand the acceleration of technological advances led to modern warfare. According to Conway W. Henderson, "One source claims that 14,500 wars have taken place between 3500 BC and the late 20th century, costing 3.5 billion lives, leaving only 300 years of peace (Beer 1981: 20)." InWar Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at theUniversity of Illinois, says that approximately 9095% of known societies throughout history engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought constantly.Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as small raids, large raids, and massacres. All of these forms of warfare were used by primitive societies, a finding supported by other researchers.Keeley explains that early war raids were not well organized, as the participants did not have any formal training. Scarcity of resources meant that defensive works were not a cost effective way to protect the society against enemy raids. William Rubinsteinwrote that "Pre-literate societies, even those organised in a relatively advanced way, were renowned for their studied cruelty ... 'archaeology yields evidence of prehistoric massacres more severe than any recounted in ethnography [i.e., after the coming of the Europeans]'. AtCrow Creek, South Dakota, as noted, archaeologists found amass graveof 'more than 500 men, women, and children who had been slaughtered, scalped, and mutilated during an attack on their village a century and a half before Columbus's arrival (ca. AD 1325)' ". It is problematic, however, to make generalizations of prehistoric violence, frequency and manifestation of warfare varies greatly in the ethnographic and archaeological record.According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), theIndian Warsof the 19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and 30,000 Indians.In Western Europe, since the late 18th century, more than 150 conflicts and about 600 battles have taken place.During the 20th century, war resulted in a dramatic intensification of the pace of social changes, and was a crucial catalyst for the emergence of the Left as a force to be reckoned with.Recent rapid increases in the technologies of war, and therefore in its destructiveness (seemutual assured destruction), have caused widespread public concern, and have in all probability forestalled, and may altogether prevent the outbreak of a nuclear World War III. At the end of each of the last two World Wars, concerted and popular efforts were made to come to a greater understanding of the underlying dynamics of war and to thereby hopefully reduce or even eliminate it altogether. These efforts materialized in the forms of theLeague of Nations, and its successor, the United Nations.Shortly afterWorld War II, as a token of support for this concept, most nations joined the United Nations. During this same post-war period, with the aim of further delegitimizing war as an acceptable and logical extension of foreign policy, most national governments also renamed their Ministries or Departments of War as their Ministries or Departments of Defense, for example, the former US Department of War was renamed as theUS Department of Defense.In 1947, in view of the rapidly increasingly destructive consequences of modern warfare, and with a particular concern for the consequences and costs of the newly developedatom bomb,Albert Einsteinfamously stated, "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones."Mao Zedongurged the socialist camp not to fear nuclear war with the United States since, even if "half of mankind died, the other half would remain while imperialism would be razed to the ground and the whole world would become socialist."TheHuman Security Report 2005documented a significant decline in the number and severity of armed conflicts since the end of theCold Warin the early 1990s. However, the evidence examined in the 2008 edition of the Center for International Development and Conflict Management's "Peace and Conflict" study indicated that the overall decline in conflicts had stalled.

Ancient Depictions of Mesolithiccemetery(11500BC)

Remains excavated from the Site(First War known till date)

Nine largest (by death toll)Three of the ten most costly wars, in terms of loss of life, have been waged in the last century. These are the two World Wars, followed by theSecond Sino-Japanese War(which is sometimes considered part ofWorld War II, or overlapping with that war). Most of the others involved China or neighboring peoples. The death toll of World War II, being 60 million plus, surpasses all other war-death-tolls. This may be due to significant recent advances in weapons technologies, as well as recent increases in the overall human population.Deaths(millions)DateWar

60.784.619391945World War II(seeWorld War II casualties)

6013th centuryMongol Conquests(seeMongol invasionsandTatar invasions)

4018501864Taiping Rebellion(seeDungan revolt)

3919141918World War I(seeWorld War I casualties)

36755763An Shi Rebellion(number exaggerated based on census system, but not considering the territorial shrink and inefficient census system afterwar)

2019371945Second Sino-Japanese War

2013701405Conquests ofTamerlane

1618621877Dungan revolt

5919171922Russian Civil War and Foreign Intervention

The Mongol Conquest (13th century)

Adolf Hitler with his Nazi Soldier (World War-II)

American Soldiers supplying Arms during world war-II

Taiping Rebellion(1850-1864)

An Shri Rebellion(755-763)

Signing the treaty of Versailles(end of world war-I)

Second Sino-Japanese War(1937-1945)

The Conquest of Tamerlane(1370-1405)

Dungan revolt(1862-1877)

Russian Civil War(1917-1922)

Holocaust Mass Grave

Effects: Military personnelsubject to combat in war often suffer mental and physical injuries, including depression,posttraumatic stress disorder, disease, injury, and death. During World War II, research conducted byUS ArmyBrigadier GeneralS.L.A. Marshallfound that, on average, only 15% to 20% of American riflemen in WWII combat fired at the enemy. In Civil War Collectors Encyclopedia, F.A. Lord notes that of the 27,574 discarded muskets found on the Gettysburg battlefield, nearly 90% were loaded, with 12,000 loaded more than once and 6,000 loaded 3 to 10 times. Swank and Marchands WWII study found that after sixty days of continuous combat, 98% of all surviving military personnel will become psychiatric casualties. Psychiatric casualties manifest themselves in fatigue cases, confusional states, conversion hysteria, anxiety, obsessional and compulsive states, and character disorders. DuringNapoleon's retreat from Moscow, more French military personnel died of typhusthan were killed by the Russians. Of the 450,000 soldiers who crossed the Nemanon 25 June 1812, less than 40,000 returned. More military personnel were killed from 15001914 by typhus than from military action. In addition, if it were not for modern medical advances there would be thousands more dead from disease and infection. It is estimated that between 1985 and 1994, 378,000 people per year died due to war. Most wars have resulted in significant loss of life, along with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which may lead tofamine, disease, and death in the civilianpopulation). During theThirty Years' Warin Europe, the population of the Holy Roman Empirewas reduced by 15 to 40 percent. Civilians in war zones may also be subject to war atrocities such asgenocide, while survivors may suffer the psychological after effects of witnessing the destruction of war. Most estimates ofWorld War II casualtiesindicate that around 60 million people died, 40 million of which were civilians. Deaths in theSoviet Unionwere around27 million. Since a high proportion of those killed were young men who had not yet fathered any children, population growth in the post war Soviet Union was much lower than it otherwise would have been. One of the starkest illustrations of the effect of war upon economies is theSecond World War. TheGreat Depressionof the 1930s ended as nations increased their production of war materials to serve thewar effort.[57]The financial cost of World War II is estimated at about a trillion U.S. dollars worldwide, making it the most costly war in capital as well as lives.

Ruins of Germany after World War-II

Soldier Strolls in Garden of Grave in one of the Concentration Camps in Germany

Officials estimated that total 20million people died in such camps but the real figure remains mystery.Factors ending a War:The political and economic circumstances in the peace that follows war usually depend on thefacts on the ground. Where evenly-matched adversaries decide that the conflict has resulted in astalemate, they may cease hostilities to avoid further loss of life and property. They may decide to restore theantebellumterritorial boundaries, redraw boundaries at the line of military control, or negotiate to keep or exchange captured territory. Negotiations between parties involved at the end of a war often result in atreaty, such as theTreaty of Versaillesof 1919, which officially ended theFirst World Warof 1914-1918.A warring party thatsurrendersorcapitulatesmay have little negotiating power, with the victorious side either imposing a settlement or dictating most of the terms of any treaty. A common result involves conquered territory coming under the dominion of the victorious military power. Anunconditional surrendercan take place in the face of overwhelming military force as an attempt to prevent further harm to life and property. For example, the Empire of Japanunconditionally surrendered to theAlliesin 1945 after theatomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki(seeSurrender of Japan) and the precedingmassive strategic bombardment of Japanand the overrunning ofManchukuo. A settlement or surrender may also be obtained throughdeceptionor bluffing.Some wars or aggressive actions end when a power has achieved its the military objective. Others do not, especially in cases where the state structures do not exist, or have collapsed prior to the victory of the conqueror. In such cases, disorganisedguerrilla warfaremay continue for a considerable period. In cases of complete surrender, conquered territories may come under the permanent dominion of the victorious side. A raid for the purpose oflootingmay be completed with the successful capture of goods. In other cases an aggressor may decide to end hostilities to avoid continued losses and cease hostilities without obtaining the original objective, such as happened in theIranIraq Warof 1980-1988.

TERRORISMTerrorismis defined, at its simplest, as: any act designed to cause terror.Despite its name, not all actions that areterrifyingor terribleare described asterrorism. There is no universal consensus as to what is or is not included, but terrorism is generally understood to feature a political objective, whether that means the politics ofnationalism,ethnicity,religion, ideologyorsocial class, amongst others. Definitions as to which acts of violence are considered terrorism will be more often subjective than objective. Since the terrorist act is the symptom of a struggle that has a national, religious or social cause, then the response to it is also often determined by ethnicity, beliefs or class. Furthermore, since attitudes to nationalism, religion, and social status tend to evolve over the course of time, it follows that acts of terrorism, and the individuals or organisations engaging in that terrorism, may - and often are - re-examined retrospectively, being either legitimised or criminalised according to the subsequent prevailing political perspectives. One definition describes terrorism as: violent acts (or the threat of violent acts) intended to create fear (terror), perpetrated for an economic,religious, political, or ideological goal, and which deliberately target or disregard the safety ofnon-combatants(e.g. neutralmilitary personnelorcivilians). Another common definition sees terrorism as: political, ideological orreligious violenceby non-state actors. Some definitions now include acts ofunlawfulviolenceandwar. The use of similar tactics by criminal organizations forprotection racketsor to enforce acode of silenceis usually not labelled terrorism, although these same actions may be labelled terrorism when done by a politically motivated group. Usage of the term has also been criticized for its frequent undue equating withIslamismorjihadism, while ignoring non-Islamic organizations or individuals.In theinternational community, terrorism has no legally binding, criminal-lawdefinition. The word "terrorism" is politically loaded and emotionally charged,and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition. A study on political terrorism examining over 100 definitions of "terrorism" found 22 separate definitional elements (e.g. violence, force, fear, threat, victim-target differentiation).In some cases, the same group may be described as "freedom fighters" by its supporters and as "terrorists" by its opponents, a phenomenon giving rise to the clich, "one man's freedom fighter is another man's terrorist."

Terrorist Attacks on Mumbai- 26/11

9/11 Attacks done by Al-Qaeda

History of Terrorism:Terror in Antiquity: 1st -14th Century ADThe earliest known organization that exhibited aspects of a modern terrorist organization were the Zealots of Judea. Known to the Romans as sicarii, or dagger-men, they carried on an underground campaign of assassination of Roman occupation forces, as well as any Jews they felt had collaborated with the Romans. Their motive was an uncompromising belief that they could not remain faithful to the dictates of Judaism while living as Roman subjects. Eventually, the Zealot revolt became open, and they were finally besieged and committed mass suicide at the fortification of Masada.The Assassins were the next group to show recognizable characteristics of terrorism, as we know it today. A breakaway faction of Shia Islam called the Nizari Ismalis adopted the tactic of assassination of enemy leaders because the cult's limited manpower prevented open combat. Their leader, Hassam-I Sabbah, based the cult in the mountains of Northern Iran. Their tactic of sending a lone assassin to successfully kill a key enemy leader at the certain sacrifice of his own life (the killers waited next to their victims to be killed or captured) inspired fearful awe in their enemies.Even though both the Zealots and the Assassins operated in antiquity, they are relevant today: First as forerunners of modern terrorists in aspects of motivation, organization, targeting, and goals. Secondly, although both were ultimate failures, the fact that they are remembered hundreds of years later, demonstrates the deep psychological impact they caused.Arguably the first organization to utilize modern terrorist techniques was theIrish Republican Brotherhood,founded in 1858 as a revolutionary Irish nationalist group that carried out attacks in England.The group initiated theFenian dynamite campaign in 1881, one of the first modern terror campaigns.Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on political assassination, this campaign used modern timed explosives with the express aim of sowing fear in the very heart of metropolitan Britain, in order to achieve political gains.

Zealots of Judea taking on Roman Legion(1st Century)

Irish Republican Brotherhood Bombings in Manchester(19th Century)

Types of terrorism:Civil disorder A form of collective violence interfering with thepeace,security, and normal functioning of the community.Political terrorismViolentcriminal behaviour designed primarily to generatefear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.Limited political terrorism Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionaryapproach; limited political terrorism refers to "acts of terrorism which are committed forideologicalorpolitical motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of thestate.Official or state terrorism "referring to nations whose rule is based uponfearand oppressionthat reach similar to terrorism or such proportions". It may also be referred to asStructural Terrorismdefined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.Data-terrorism "The unjust storage or use of private information for economic, political or personal gains". Commonly seen in governments and countries like theUnited States,CanadaandAustralia. Large corporations such asFacebookare also guilty of using user data without confirming explicit user knowledge and consent to do so when joining.Passive terrorism- (passive + terrorism) is an, inert or quiescent behaviour towards terrorism; an inaction, non-reaction, non-participation, non-involvement in countering terrorism. Passive terrorism describes a behaviour of general public or government which silently allows the spread or promotion of terrorism by turning a blind eye or tolerating terrorism. Passive terrorism prevails when there is no deliberate effort or decision to either counter it or raise voice against it.Other Types - Cyber terrorism, Eco Terrorism, Nuclear terrorism, Narco Terrorism and Religious Terrorism.

Terrorism In 21st Century:Major Terrorist Groups in The World:1. Al-Qaeda and Taliban"The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelledal-Qaidaand sometimes al-Qa'ida is a globalmilitant Islamist organization founded byOsama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzamand several others at some point between August 1988and late 1989,withoriginstraceable to the Arab volunteers who fought against theSoviet invasion of Afghanistanin the 1980s.It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless armyand an Islamist,extremist,wahhabi,jihadistgroup. It has been designated as aterrorist groupby theUnited Nations Security Council, theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), theEuropean Union, the United States, Russia, India, and various other countries (seebelow). Al-Qaeda has carried out many attacks on targets it considerskafir.During theSyrian civil war, al-Qaeda factions started fighting each other, as well as theKurdsand the Syrian government. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries, including the1998 U.S. embassy bombings, theSeptember 11 attacks, and the2002 Bali bombings. The U.S. government responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the "War on Terror". With the loss of key leaders, culminating in thedeath of Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda's operations have devolved from actions that were controlled from the top down, to actions by franchise associated groups and lone-wolf operators. Characteristic techniques employed by al-Qaeda includesuicide attacksand the simultaneous bombing of different targets.Activities ascribed to it may involve members of the movement who have made a pledge of loyalty to Osama bin Laden, or the much more numerous "al-Qaeda-linked" individuals who have undergone training in one of its camps in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq or Sudan who have not.Al-Qaeda ideologues envision a complete break from all foreign influences inMuslim countries, and the creation of a new worldwide Islamic caliphate. 2. Boko HaramBoko Haram, which calls itself Wilyat Gharb Ifrqyyah (Islamic State's) West Africa Province, ISWAP), and was formerly called Jam'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihd', "Group of the People of Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad"), is an Islamic extremist group based in north-eastern Nigeria, also active in Chad, Niger and northern Cameroon.[6] The group is led by Abubakar Shekau. Estimate of the group's membership varies between 7,000 and 10,000 fighters. The group initially had links to al-Qaeda, but in 2014, it expressed support for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant before pledging formal allegiance to it in March 2015.After its founding in 2002, Boko Haram's increasing radicalization led to a violent uprising in July 2009 in which its leader was summarily executed. Its unexpected resurgence, following a mass prison break in September 2010, was accompanied by increasingly sophisticated attacks, initially against soft targets, and progressing in 2011 to include suicide bombings of police buildings and the United Nations office in Abuja. The government's establishment of a state of emergency at the beginning of 2012, extended in the following year to cover the entire northeast of Nigeria, led to an increase in both security force abuses and militant attacks.Boko Haram has killed more than 17,000 people since 2009, including over 10,000 in 2014, in attacks occurring mainly in northeast Nigeria. 650,000 people had fled the conflict zone by August 2014, an increase of 200,000 since May; by the end of the year 1.5 million had fled. Corruption in the security services and human rights abuses committed by them had hampered efforts to counter the unrest. The group have carried out mass abductions including the kidnapping of 276 school girls from Chibok in April 2014.3. Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT) It was founded in 1990 byHafez Saeed,Abdullah Azzam and Zafar Iqbal inAfghanistan.With its headquarters based inMuridke, nearLahoreinPunjab provinceof Pakistan,the group operates several training camps inPakistan-administered Kashmir.Lashkar-e-Taiba has been accused by India of attacking military and civilian targets in India, most notably the2001 Indian Parliament attackand the2008 Mumbai attacks. Its stated objective is to introduce anIslamic statein South Asia and to "liberate" Muslims residing inIndian Kashmir.[15][17]The organization is banned as aterrorist organizationby India, the United States,the United Kingdom,theEuropean Union, Russiaand Australia. Though formally banned by Pakistan, the general view of India and the Western countries, including of experts such as former Frenchmagistrate JeanandNew America FoundationpresidentSteve Collbelieve that Pakistan's main intelligence agency, theInter-Services Intelligence(ISI), continues to give LeT help and protection.The political arm of the group, Jamat ud Dawah, was banned in Pakistan.However, Jamaat-ud-Dawa still continues to work openly as Lashkar-e-Taiba's charitable wing.4. ISISTheIslamic State of Iraq and the Levantalso known as theIslamic State of Iraq and Syria or theIslamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham,[DaeshorIslamic State(IS),is aSalafi jihadistextremistmilitant group and self-proclaimedIslamic stateandcaliphate, which is led by and mainly composed ofSunniArabs fromIraqandSyria.As of March 2015, it has control over territory occupied by ten million peoplein Iraq and Syria, as well as limited territorial control inLibyaandNigeria. The group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world, includingSouth Asia.The group is known in Arabic asad-Dawlah al-Islmiyah f 'l-Irq wa-sh-Shm, leading to the acronymDa'ishorDaesh, the Arabic equivalent of "ISIL".On 29 June 2014, the group proclaimed itself to be aworldwide caliphate, withAbu Bakr al-Baghdadibeing named itscaliph,and renamed itself "Islamic State" ( ,ad-Dawlah al-Islmiyah). As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide, and that "the legality of all emirates, groups, states, and organisations, becomes null by the expansion of the khilfah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas".ISIL is very adept at social media, posting Internet videos ofbeheadings of soldiers, civilians, journalists and aid workers, and is notorious for itsdestruction of cultural heritage sites.Muslimleaders around the world have condemned ISIL's ideology and actions, arguing that the group has strayed from the path of trueIslamand that its actions do not reflect the religion's true teachings or virtues.[48]The group's adoption of the name "Islamic State" and idea of a caliphate have been widely criticised, with theUnited Nations, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting both.

Hall of Shame: Founders of the Terrorist Organisations

Osama-Bin-Laden(Al-Qaeda)Abu-Bakar Shekau(Boko Haram)

Hafeez Saeed(Lashkar-e-Toiba)

Abu Bakr al-baghdadi (ISIS chief)

Ajmal Kasab (Terrorist of 26/11 attacks on Mumbai who got heaven after killing more than 100 innocent peoples)

Terrorists attack around the world:

Mumbai serial blasts 1993(Zaveri Bazar)

Pentagon bombings USA 2001

Killing of innocent children by ISIS militants

Syrian soldiers beheaded after surrendering ISIS militants

Boko-Haram killings in Nigeria

Wars in India:List Shows all the Battles fought on Indian soil.

Important Battles of Indian History

BC

327-26Alexander invades India. Defeats Porus in the Battle of Hydaspes (Jhelum) 326 BC

305Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Greek King Seleucus.

216The Kalinga War. Conquest of Kalinga by Ashoka.

c. 155Menander's invasion of India

c. 90The Saka invade India

AD

454The first Huna invasion

495The second Huna invasion

711-712The Arab invasion of Sind under Mohammed-bin-Qasim

1000-27Mahmud Ghazni invades India 17 times

1175-1206Invasions of Muhammad Ghori. First Battle of Tarain.1191 - Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeats Muhammad Ghori; Second Battle of Tarain,1192 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Prithvi Chauhan; Battle of Chandawar,1194 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Jayachandra Gahadvala of Kanauj.

1294Alauddin Khilji invades the Yadava kingdom of Devagiri. The first Turkish invasion of the Deccan.

1398Timur invades India. Defeats the Tughlaq Sultan Mahmud Shah; the Sack of Delhi

1526Babur invades India and defeats the last Lodi Sultan Ibrahim Lohi in the first Battle of Panipat.

1539-40Battles of Chusa or Ghaghra (1539) and Kanauj or Ganges (1540) in which Sher Shah defeats Humayun.

1545Battle (siege) of kalinjar and death of Sher Shah Suri.

1556Second Battle of Panipat. Akbar defeats Hemu.

1632-33Conquest of Ahmadnagar by Shah Jahan.

1658Battles of Dharmat (April-May 1658) and Samugarh (June 8, 1658). Dara Shikoh, elest son of Shah Jahan, defeated by Aurangzeb.

1665Shivaji defeated by Raja Jai Singh and Treaty of Purandhar.

1739Invasion of India by Nadir Shah.

1746First Carnatic War.

1748-54Second Carnatic War.

1756-63Third Carnatic War.

1757Battle of Plassey. Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, defeated by Clive.

1760Battle of Wandiwash, in which the English under Sir Eyre Coote defeated the French under Lally.

1762Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali.

1764Battle of Buxar. The English (under Munro) defeated Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Bengal and Nawab Shuja-ud-daulah of Awadh.

1767-69First Mysore War.

1774The Rohilla War between the Rohillas and the Nawab of Awadh supported by the East India Company.

1775-82First Maratha War

1780-82Maratha War

1780-84Second Mysore War

1792Third Mysore War

1799Fourth Mysore War, Defeat and death of Tipu Sultan

1802-04Second Maratha War

1817-18Third Maratha War

1845-46first Sikh War

1846Battle of Aliwal between the English and the Sikhs. The Sikhs were defeated.

1848-49Second Sikh war and annexation of the Punjab to British India.

1857The Revolt of 1857 (The First War of Indian Independence)

Alexander the great battle of Porous (326 AD)

Fourth Anglo Mysore War (1799)

Battle of kalinga (216 BC)

National uprising of 1857

Terrorism in India:A commondefinition of terrorismis the systematic use or threatened use of violence to intimidate a population or government for political, religious, orideologicalgoals. Terrorism in India, according to theHome Ministry, poses a significant threat to the people of India. Terrorism found in India includes ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious terrorism,left wing terrorismandnarco terrorism.The regions with long termterroristactivities have beenJammu and Kashmir, east-central and south-central India (Naxalism) and theSeven Sister States. In August 2008, National Security Advisor M K Narayanan has said that there are as many as 800terrorist cellsoperating in the country.As of 2013, 205 of the countrys 608 districts were affected by terrorist activity.Terror attacks caused 231 civilian deaths in 2012 in India, compared to 11,098 terror-caused deaths worldwide, according to the State Department of the United States; or about 2% of global terror fatalities while it accounts for 17.5% of global population.Media reports have alleged and implicated terrorism in India to be sponsored by Pakistan, particularly through itsInter-Services Intelligence(ISI).In 2012, the US accused Pakistan of enabling and ignoring anti-India terrorist cells working on its soil; however, Pakistan has denied its involvement.[12]List of Terrorist attacks in India:March 12, 1993:A series of thirteen explosions in Mumbai, then called Bombay, resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries. The blasts were orchestrated by the organized crime syndicate called the D-Company, headed by Dawood Ibrahim.Feb. 14, 1998:Coimbatore bombings: 46 deaths, 200 wounded as a result of 13 bomb attacks in 11 places.Oct. 1, 2001:Militants attack Jammu & Kashmir Assembly complex in Srinagar, killing about 35. The Muslim extremist group Jaish-e-Mohammed was allegedly involved.Dec. 13, 2001:Attack on the Indian Parliament complex in New Delhi led to the killing of a dozen people and 18 injured. Pakistan-based terror groups were blamed for the attack.Sept. 24, 2002:Akshardham temple in Gujarat: The first major hostage taking since Sept. 11 in the U.S.; 31 people were killed and another 79 wounded.May 14, 2002:Militants attack on an Army camp near Jammu, killing more than 30 people.March 13, 2003:A bomb attack on a commuter train in Mumbai killed 11.Aug. 25, 2003:Twin car bombings in Mumbai killed at least 52 people and injured 150. Indian officials blamed a Pakistan-based terror outfit.Aug. 15, 2004:An explosion in the northeastern state of Assam killed 16 people, mostly school children.July 5, 2005:Militants attack the Ram Janmabhoomi complex, the site of the destroyed Babri Mosque at Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh.Oct. 29, 2005:Three powerful serial blasts rocked the busy shopping areas of south Delhi, two days before the Hindu festival of Diwali, killing 59 and injuring 200. A Pakistan-based terrorist outfit, the Islamic Inquilab Mahaz (believed to have links with Lashkar-e-Taiba) claimed responsibility.March 7, 2006:A series of bombings in the holy city of Varanasi killed at least 28 and injured 101. Indian police put the blame on some Pakistan-based terror outfits.July 11, 2006:Seven bomb blasts occurred at various places on the Mumbai Suburban Railway, killing 200. Investigations revealed that terror outfits with a base in Pakistan were behind the blasts.Sept. 8, 2006:At least 37 people were killed and 125 were injured in a series of bomb blasts in the vicinity of a mosque in Malegaon, Maharashtra. The blasts were followed by an explosion and most of the people killed were Muslim pilgrims. The students Islamic Movement of India was responsible.May 18, 2007:A bombing during Friday prayers at Mecca Masjid, Hyderabad, killed 13 people. Four were killed by Indian police in the rioting that followed.May 26, 2007:Six people killed and 30 injured in a bomb blast in India's northeastern city of Guwahati.June 10, 2007:Gunmen killed 11 people in separate incidents of firing in Manipur's border town of Moreh.Aug. 25, 2007:Forty-two people killed and 50 injured in twin explosions at a crowded park and a popular eatery in Hyderabad by Harkat-ul-Jehad-i-Islami (HuJI) activist.May 13, 2008:A series of six explosions tore through Jaipur, a popular tourist destination in the Rajasthan state in western India, killing 63 people and injuring more than 150.July 25, 2008:Seven blasts in quick succession across the south Indian tech city of Bangalore killed one and injured more than 150 people.July 26, 2008:Serial blasts in the western Indian city of Ahmedabad killed 45 people and injured more than 150. A group calling itself Indian Mujahideen claimed responsibility.Sept. 13, 2008:Five bomb blasts in New Delhi's popular shopping centers left 21 people dead and more than 100 injured. The Indian Mujahideen claimed responsibility.Sept. 27, 2008:A blast in a New Delhi flower market left one dead.Oct. 30, 2008:Thirteen bomb blasts in India's northeastern state of Assam and three other towns left at least 61 people dead more than 300 injured.July 13, 2011:Three bomb blasts in Mumbai; at least 20 people killed and more than 100 injured.

Terrorist attacks of 26/11(taj heritage hotel)

Dead bodies at CST station- 26/11 attacks

Serial blasts in mumbai trains (11th july 2006)

Bloodshed near BSE serial blasts of 1993

Hall of shame:

Afzal guru- mastermind of parliament attacks 2001

David Headley-26/11 attacksDawood Ibrahim-1993 blasts

Naxalism in India:The NaxaliteMaoist insurgency is an ongoing conflict between Maoist groups, known as Naxalites or Naxals, and the Indian government. The conflict in its present form began after the 2004 formation of the CPI-Maoists, a rebel group composed of the PWG (People's War Group), and the MCC (Maoist Communist Centre). In January 2005 talks between the Andhra Pradesh state government and the CPI-Maoists broke down and the rebels accused authorities of not addressing their demands for a written truce, release of prisoners and redistribution of land. The ongoing conflict has taken place over a vast territory (around half of India's 28 states) with hundreds of people being killed annually in clashes between the CPI-Maoists and the government every year since 2005.The armed wing of the NaxaliteMaoists is called the PLGA (Peoples Liberation Guerrilla Army) and is estimated to have between 6,500 and 9,500 cadres, mostly armed with small arms.The Naxalites control territory throughout Bihar, Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh states and claim to be supported by the poorest of the rural population, especially the Adivasis. The Naxalites have frequently targeted tribal, police and government workers in what they say is a fight for improved land rights and more jobs for neglected agricultural labourers and the poor.[18] The Naxalites claim that they are following a strategy of rural rebellion similar to a protracted people's war against the government.In February 2009, the Indian central government announced a new nationwide initiative, to be called the "Integrated Action Plan" (IAP) for broad, co-ordinated operations aimed at dealing with the Naxalite problem in all affected states, namely (Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal). This plan included funding for grass-roots economic development projects in Naxalite-affected areas, as well as increased special police funding for better containment and reduction of Naxalite influence. In August 2010, after the first full year of implementation of the national IAP program, Karnataka was removed from the list of naxal affected states. In July 2011, the number of Naxal affected areas was reduced to (figure includes proposed addition of 20 districts) 83 districts across nine states. In December 2011, the national government reported that the number of Naxalite related deaths and injuries nationwide had gone down by nearly 50% from 2010 levels.The NaxaliteMaoist insurgency gained international media attention after the 2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley resulted in the deaths of around 24 Indian National Congress leaders including the former state minister Mahendra Karma and the Chhattisgarh Congress chief Nand Kumar Patel.

Naxal affected parts in India

List of ongoing conflicts in the world:10000 or more deaths in current or past year.Conflict in the following list have caused at least 10,000 direct violent deaths in current or past calendar year.Start of conflictConflictContinentLocationCumulative fatalitiesFatalities in 2014Fatalities in 2015

1978War in AfghanistanAsiaAfghanistan1,240,000-2,000,00014,27720,435

2003Iraq WarAsiaIraq201,000-227,000 21,000-47,00010,519

2009Boko Haram insurgencyAfricaNigeriaCameroonNigerChad20,20010,8499,402

2011Syrian Civil WarAsiaSyria220,000-320,00076,02132,927

1000-9999 deaths in current or past yearConflicts in the following list have caused at least 1,000 and fewer than 10,000 direct violent deaths in current or past calendar year.Conflicts causing at least 1,000 deaths in one calendar year are considered wars by theUppsala Conflict Data Program.

Start of conflictConflictContinentLocationCumulative fatalitiesFatalities in 2014Fatalities in 2015

1948IsraeliPalestinian conflictAsiaIsraelPalestine24,0002,36527

1991Somali Civil War War in SomaliaAfricaSomaliaKenya500,0002,9832,333

1998Communal conflicts in NigeriaAfricaNigeria15,907 1,822714

2003War in DarfurAfricaSudan178,363+2,1011,021

2004War in North-West PakistanAsiaPakistan58,5255,4962,513

2006Mexican Drug WarNorth AmericaMexico150,000+7,5041,813

2011Libyan Crisis Libyan Civil WarAfricaLibya13,482 2,8251,879

2011Yemeni Crisis Yemeni Civil War (2015)AsiaYemenSaudi Arabia5,287- 11,0001,500-7,7004,300+

2011Sinai insurgencyAfricaEgypt2,3619811,506

2012Central African Republic conflictAfricaCAR7,473+]5,186+211

2013South Sudanese Civil WarAfricaSouth Sudan10,200- 50,000+ 6,383-40,000+]1,908

2014War in DonbassEuropeUkraine6,5034,7711,993

100-999 deaths in current or past yearConflicts in the following list have caused at least 100 and fewer than 1000 direct violent deaths in current or past calendar year.Start of conflictConflictContinentLocationCumulative fatalitiesFatalities in 2014Fatalities in 2015

1947Kashmir conflictAsiaIndiaPakistan43,781-47,00019395

1948Balochistan conflictAsiaPakistanIran3,679+ 339+143

1948Internal conflict in MyanmarAsiaMyanmar130,000-210,00066+825

1960South Thailand insurgencyAsiaThailand6,100+300+36

1964Colombian conflictSouth AmericaColombia220,000459218

1964Insurgency in Northeast IndiaAsiaIndia25,000+465178

1967NaxaliteMaoist insurgencyAsiaIndia13,812+ 314153

1978Katanga insurgencyAfricaDRC100,000+12330+

1984Turkey-PKK conflictAsiaTurkeyIraq45,000+57+468-968+

1989Sectarianism in PakistanAsiaPakistan5,137208202

1989Xinjiang conflictAsiaChina800500+76

1995Ogaden insurgencyAfricaEthiopia1,300172200+

1996ADF insurgencyAfricaDRC3,053440 261

1999Ituri conflictAfricaDRC60,000+26 76-108

2002Insurgency in the MaghrebAfricaAlgeriaTunisia2,76442+216

2004Kivu conflictAfricaDRCBurundi1,600,000468499

2009Sudanese nomadic conflictsAfricaSudan5,000+ 995 643

2009Insurgency in the North CaucasusEuropeRussia3,13134177

2011Syrian Civil War spillover in LebanonAsiaLebanon722+29732+

2011South Kordofan conflictAfricaSudan4,900+746756

2012Northern Mali conflictAfricaMali784-2,416+380 278

Fewer than 100 deaths in current or past yearConflicts in the following list have caused at least 1 and fewer than 100 direct violent deaths in current or past calendar year.Start of conflictConflictContinentLocationCumulative fatalitiesFatalities in 2014Fatalities in 2015

1946Kurdish separatism in IranAsiaIran36,500+ 11+ 22-56+

1963West Papua conflictAsiaIndonesia150,000251

1969Moro conflictAsiaPhilippines120,00091 61

1969CPP-NPA-NDF rebellionAsiaPhilippines43,388+8718

1975Cabinda ConflictAfricaAngola30,0005

1980Internal conflict in PeruSouth AmericaPeru70,0005+1

1987LRA insurgencyAfricaDRCCARSouth Sudan100,000+169

1988Nagorno-Karabakh conflictAsiaArmeniaAzerbaijan27,287+6136

1989Internal conflict in BangladeshAsiaBangladesh1,234 76 31

1991FRUD conflictAfricaDjibouti1,00012

1992OLF insurgencyAfricaEthiopia1,3004613

1994Chiapas conflictNorth AmericaMexico105+1

1995Second Afar insurgencyAfricaEritreaEthiopia2,00034 90

2004Conflict in the Niger DeltaAfricaNigeria4,000+13

2013RENAMO insurgencyAfricaMozambique20019-39+2-54

20152015 Burundi unrestAfricaBurundi1000100

Deaths by countryThis section details armed conflict-related fatalities by country in 2013 and 2014 based on the Project for the Study of the 21st Century. Mexico, Egypt and Kenya are not included into this project but should appear and therefore have been added

Conflict related fatalities:1.in the worlds 15 deadliest in 2013 and 2014(left)2. In the worlds 15 deadliest countries in 2014 and in the same countries in 2013(right)

20132014

RankCountryDeathsCountryDeaths

1Syria73,447Syria76,021

2Mexico11,324Iraq21,073

3Afghanistan10,172Afghanistan14,638

4Iraq9,742Nigeria11,529

5Sudan6,816Mexico7,504

6Pakistan5,739South Sudan6,389

7Nigeria4,727Pakistan5,496

8South Sudan4,168Sudan5,335

9Somalia3,153Ukraine4,707

10Egypt2,559Somalia4,447

11Central African Republic2,364Central African Republic3,347

12DR Congo1,976Libya2,825

13India885Israel/Palestine2,365

14Mali870Yemen1,500

15Kenya705DR Congo1,235

16Libya643Egypt981

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