War With Austria(War of the First Coalition)

• France declares war – mobs were afraid the coalition would win and restore

Louis

• Many revolutionaries wanted to spread into Europe• Draft enacted, moved France from defense to offense• Peace comes after several battles won by a young officer

– Napoleon Bonaparte

The Radicals Take Over• Paris mob stormed Tuileries

Palace• Arrested and imprisoned

the royals• September massacres –

thousands dragged from prison cells and murdered, including clergy

• Creation of National Convention to draft a new constitution

Paris crowds storm the Tuileries

The National Convention• Monarchy abolished; France

officially becomes a republic• Women not allowed right to vote• Louis found guilty of treason guilty• Factions: Jacobins vs. Girondins

– Jacobin – violent speech, wanted a republic and the execution of the king

– Girondins – more moderate

A Jacobin club

Jean-Paul MaratJacobin leader

Georges Danton Jacobin speaker

Leaders in the National Convention

The Guillotine

• Dr. Joseph Guillotin• Intended as a more humane

method of execution• Seen as a symbol of

democracy• Thousands guillotined during

the French Revolution (1200 one year)

Execution of the King

• On January 17, 1793, Louis XVI was convicted of treason

• He went to the guillotine four days later on January 21, 1793

Robespierre• Foreign wars and unrest central

issues for France• Radical Jacobin• Most controversial figure of the

French Revolution• Took control and instituted new

changes– New calendar, no Sundays– Deck of cards

• Led the Committee of Public Safety

The Committee of Public Safety

• Decided who were enemies of the republic• Created to cease an internal rebellion in 1793• Given dictatorial power• Ruled France for nearly a year

(Danton, Marat, Robespierre)

The Reign of Terror• July 1793–July 1794• Executions (40,000)• Executed many

– Danton, Marie Antoinette– Fellow revolutionaries

who were less radical– Most were on flimsy

charges and were of the peasant class that the revolution had been fought for

• Death of Robespierre– Ended the Reign of Terror

The execution of Marie Antoinette

The Directory• Promoted middle class interests

– Angered the working poor• Financial crisis

– Food shortages– Riots in Paris

• Rise of Napoleon – Put down the riots, rewarded with

command of the forces in Italy• Corrupt• Period of order

Cartoon depicting the errors and bad judgment of the Directory

Napoleon I• French ruler• Military career• Rise to power

• Through military success• Reforms – similar to Enlightenment

rulers• Education• Law

Napoleon Bonaparte• Popular after victories over

the Austrians• Conflict with Britain

– Peace in 1802• 1799 Coup d’etat

– Overthrow of the Directory• The Consulate (1 of 3)

– In theory, a republican govt.

• 1804: Napoleon crowns himself emperor

Napoleon Rules France

• Plebiscite – vote of the people– Gave Napoleon the appearance of being constitutionally

chosen• Lycees – government run public schools

– Open to all children– Designed to provide trained govt. officials

• Concordat – new relationship with the church– Govt. recognized church influence, but church did not control

national affairs• Napoleonic Code – comprehensive system of laws

– Limited individual rights in exchange for order

Napoleon Creates an Empire• Wanted France to control Europe• New World Territories

– War with slaves (America) unsuccessful– Sale of New Orleans port & Louisiana territory – cut

losses in America• Conquering Europe – threat led to coalition of

forces against France– Defeated– Led to largest European empire since the Roman’s– Only British still a major enemy

Napoleon Creates an Empire• Battle of Trafalgar– Destruction of French fleet– Assured supremacy of British navy

• French Empire– Huge, but unstable– Maintained for only 5 years

http://www.euroheritage.net/napoleonicempire.jpg

Napoleon’s Three Costly Mistakes

• The Continental System – supposed to make Europe more self-sufficient– Blockade of British goods– British retaliated with their own blockade, better navy

• Peninsular War– Angry at Portugal, sent army through Spain– Spanish people revolt in protest– Guerrilla warfare aided by Britain

• Invasion of Russia– Scorched – earth policy, French deserted to find food– No peace offer from czar– Napoleon forced to retreat in winter, thousands die from starvation and

exposure

Napoleon’s Downfall

• 4th Coalition – easily able to defeat a weakened army• Napoleon raised an army that was inexperienced/young• Generals refuse to fight anymore – won’t sacrifice their

men• April, 1814 – given pension and exiled to Elba island• Failed Comeback (Hundred Days)– Battle of Waterloo– Exiled to St. Helena, died 6 years later

Metternich Restores Stability

• Congress of Vienna• Balance of power– Surround France with strong countries– Restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones– Political triumph– Fair to all, left no grudges

Political Changes Beyond Vienna

• Conservative Europe– Alliances: Holy Alliance, Concert of Europe– Enlightenment/revolutionary ideals not dead

• Revolution in Latin America– Spread of ideas/opportunities

• Long-Term Legacy– Growth of nationalism– Principles of democracy

Latin America

• What happened during the Napoleonic Wars?• Know the four main liberators:– Bolivar– Martin– Hidalgo– L’Ouverture

• How does the Monroe Doctrine affect Latin American Revolutions?

Latin American Independence• Haiti – French colony of Saint Domingue – Majority of population were slaves– Led into a revolt by Toussaint L’Ouverture that ended slavery in

Hispaniola– 1st black colony to free itself from European control

• Class Society– Peninsulares – born in Spain

• Could hold high level political office, controlled wealth and power

– Creoles – Spaniards born in Latin America• Could rise as officers in the army, controlled wealth and power

– Mestizos – Mixed European and Indian ancestry– Mulattos – Mixed European and African ancestry– Indians – held no economic value to the Spaniards

Latin American Independence• End of Spanish Rule

• Simon Bolivar (Libertador)– Venezuelan creole– led the Venezuelan independence movement– United Ecuador, Venezuela, and Columbia –

named himself president of Gran Columbia• Set out to unite all of South America

– With Martin, decided the future of the Latin American revolutionary movement

• Jose de San Martin– Argentinian independence was threatened by

Spanish forces in Chile and Peru– Led his army into Chile, then Peru to drive out the

Spanish, helped by Bernardo O’Higgins (Peru)– Needed a bigger army, met up with Bolivar and

turned his army over to him

• Bolivar’s army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru)– This battle won freedom for the Latin American

Spanish colonies

Latin American Independence

• Mexico– Revolution started by the lower classes led by Padre (father)

Miguel Hidalgo– Gathered men at his church – Grito de Dolores – Eventually defeated– Rebels regrouped under the leadership of Padre Jose Maria

Morelos

• Mexico eventually declared freedom from Spain• Central American countries then declared freedom

from Spain AND Mexico

Latin American Independence

• Brazil– No violent overthrow– The Portuguese royal family escaped a French

invasion (Napoleon) and went to Brazil– Brazilians no longer wanted to be a colony

and asked the Prince to rule