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War of the inner world. Where creatures lurk…. …with delicious terror yet form and function so sublime …. …creatures beyond our wildest imagining…. Welcome to: The world of animal science…. …an inner world of war…. ..dwelling within the humble ruminant. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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War of the inner world
Where creatures lurk…
…with delicious terror yet form and function so sublime …
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
…creatures beyond our wildest imagining…
Welcome to:Welcome to:
The world of animal The world of animal science…science…
……an inner world an inner world of war…of war…
..dwelling within the humble ruminant
Cellulolytic microbes break down grass
Ruminant digestion: the most advanced in the solar systemFour compartments to ruminants stomach1. Rumen (pH 7) - fermentation vat - host to microbes
2. Reticulum - mixes, filters large particles
3. Omasum - removes water
4. Abomasum (true stomach) - pH 2 - same as human stomach
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum (true stomach)
Rumen function: Mutualism
• Bugs supply VFA and microbial protein
• Byproducts: CO2, CH4 and NH4+
• Animal supplies 5 star accommodation
Rumen bacteria
• World population = 6.5 billion = 6.5 x 109
= 6 500 000 000• Bacteria in 1 drop of rumen fluid = 1 x 1011
= 100 000 000 000
Rumen bacteria
• Cellulolytic - digest cellulose
• Amylolytic - digest starch
• Proteolytic - digest protein
• Acid utilising
The big issues of animal production
• Methane production
• Antibiotics in feed
protozoan
methanogen
Methane
• Defaunation (sweeping Defaunation (sweeping
protozoa)protozoa)
• Ionophoric antibioticsIonophoric antibiotics
• VaccineVaccine
• Fish-oil, tanninsFish-oil, tannins
Methane inhibition
How much antibiotics do we use?
• Total use: 700 Tonnes per year
• Humans: 250 Tonnes per year
• Veterinary: 50 Tonnes per year
• Stock feed: 400 Tonnes per year
JETACAR report, 1999
Gram + Gram -
Peptidoglycan
Membrane
Peptidoglycan
Membrane
Periplasm
Lipopolysacharide & protein
Antibiotics as growth promoters
• Voluntary European ban in 2005
• USA & Australia expected to follow
• Need to find safe alternatives
Reduce pollution
Improved welfare & production Conserve biodiversity
Reduce antibiotic dependency
Altered rumen fermentation
Less methane
Less ammonia
Bloat control
Acidosis control
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Australian
plants
Improveproduct quality
Is Australian flora antimicrobial on selected
species of bacteria?
Where the research is at1. Screening Australian plants in vitro
2. Inhibition on pure cultures
3. Molecular quantification -DGGE, Real-time PCR
4. In vivo feed trial
Questions for the modern scientist
Can we;
• Improve rumen efficiency?
• Reduce environmental pollutants?
• Reduce dependence on antibiotics?
• Maintain consumer-safe production?
Can we understand the war of the inner world?
• Bioenergetics of animal production• Microbiology• Underlying chemistry• Molecular quantification• Application of science • Careers in animal production
Why are bugs important in animal production?
• Rumen fermentation• Manufacturing of dairy products• Soil Health• Disease• Silage• Bioremediaton of farm waste
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Silage
Bioremediation of farm waste
• Recycling animal excreta & crop residues
• Agriculture provides 15% of land photosynthetic biomass
• Animal excreta 1.5 billion T/yr (USA)
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Cheese