War Moves South and is WonChapter 6, Sections 2-4

Victory at Saratoga

• Patriot victory @ Saratoga was turning point of war!• General Burgoyne surrendered about 6,000 troops.• General Henry Clinton replaced the resigning Gen. Howe.

Franklin and France• Served as ambassador to France for _________.• Victory @ Saratoga convinced France to form alliance.• Treaty of __________. (Feb. 1778)

• Pledged U.S. and France would become allies against Britain.

• France wanted revenge for losing the _____________ War.

• Other countries like Spain and the Dutch agreed to help U.S.

• Word of alliance didn’t reach U.S. until spring of 1778.

Winter @ Valley Forge

• Washington set up camp @ Valley Forge—about 20 miles west of British stationed in Philadelphia.

• Arrived in December of 1777.

• Endured many hardships!!!1. 6 inches of snow had fallen—temps dropped below freezing.2. Troops lacked proper shoes, coats, & uniforms.3. Disease & sickness broke out—nearly 2000 died!

• Many Cont. Army soldiers deserted.Deserted--_______________________________________.

• April 1778—Washington told troops of alliance w/France.

• Spirits rose and morale was boosted.

Winter at Valley Forge

Help from Overseas & Privateers

• People like Marquis de Lafayette, Friedrich von Steuben, and Juan de Miralles joined Washington.

• Helped train soldiers & raise money.

• Battles raged at sea & British used its powerful navy to control waterways.• Kept ships of Patriots & allies from entering or leaving.

• Blockade--________________________________________.

• American attempt at forming a navy was ineffective.• Privateers captured more British ships than American navy.

• Privateer--________________________________________.

• One American naval officer refused to give up:• __________________. Upon being asked to surrender . . . • He replied, “I have not yet begun to fight!”

Bonhomme Richard vs. the Serapis

John Paul Jones

• Jones joined the Navy in 1775, commanded the Bonhomme Richard led raids near British Islands

• His biggest victory was against the British ship Serapis in 1779, larger with more firepower than the Bonhomme Richard

•During the battle, the Bonhomme Richard was severely damaged, and the British commander asked Jones if he wished to surrender. Jones replied, “I have not yet begun to fight!”

• Finally Jones defeated the Serapis after 3 hours. Bonhomme Richard sank shortly after battle.

War Moves South• British change their strategy to

capturing the South. Launched an offensive attack!

1. Rich tobacco and rice-growing colonies.2. More Loyalist support in the South.

• Gen. Henry ________ took over for Howe and sent 3,500 British troops from NYC to capture Savannah, GA.

• Also captured ___________, South Carolina.• Clinton went back to NYC and left Gen. ___________ in charge of

British forces in the South.• Cont. Congress sent Gen. Horatio Gates to face Cornwallis at

Camden, SC.• British won.

• Cornwallis found out land he conquered would be hard to control.• Facing new kind of warfare.

General Charles Cornwallis

Guerrilla Warfare & the “Swamp Fox”Victory @ Kings Mountain

• British received less Loyalist support than expected.• Small Patriot forces attacked British through the

countryside.• They appeared suddenly to fight and then disappeared.• Guerrilla Warfare--________________________________.• Francis ___________ Marion—successful guerrilla leader.

• He was quick and smart• British said, “The devil himself” couldn’t catch Marion.

• Patriots won decisive victory at Kings Mountain.

• Nathanael Greene replaced Gates as commander of Cont. army in South.

• Won key victories at Cowpens and Guilford Courthouse.

British Retreat and Victory @ Yorktown

• British loss at Guilford Courthouse makes Cornwallis give the South to the Patriots.

• Decides to invade Virginia instead. • Sets up camp in __________.

• Autumn of 1780, Washington camped outside of NYC, waiting for second fleet of French ships.

• Was going to attack British in NYC when ships arrived.

• Had to wait 1 year for ships.• French fleet set sail in summer of 1781.

• Washington knew Cornwallis was being kept on peninsula of Yorktown.

• Washington learned ______ fleet was heading for Chesapeake Bay, instead of NYC.

Change of Plans—Victory @ Saratoga

• Washington’s secret plans:• Marched 200 miles in 15 days to Virginia. • Lafayette’s, Washington’s, and Rochambeau’s army went to

Yorktown.• Admiral De Grasse commanded French fleet outside of

Yorktown to prevent escape by sea by _____________.• By September, over 17,000 American/French troops trapped

Cornwallis’s 9,700 British/Hessian forces.• General Clinton in NYC heard too late and could not help

Cornwallis.

• October 9, _____--Cornwallis surrendered.

Patriots win Battle of Yorktown!!!

Cornwallis’ surrender

Independence & Treaty of Paris

• More fighting took place, but British believed war was too costly.

• Congress ratified treaty, and final ______________ was signed in September 1783.

• Document recognized United States as an independent nation.

• Ratify--___________________________.

• Importance of Treaty of Alliance:1. Lended U.S. money to help fund war.2. Clothed by the French.3. Given weapons.4. Paid soldiers’ wages.5. Trapped British sea escape.