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War in Vietnam and Confrontation over Developing Nations. Presented by Nicholas stump Social studies teacher Panther creek high school. North Carolina state university graduate student, eci 517. War In Vietnam. America was adamant about containing communism The Road to War - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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PRESENTED BY NICHOLAS STUMPSOCIAL STUDIES TEACHER
PANTHER CREEK HIGH SCHOOL
War in Vietnam and Confrontation over Developing
Nations
N O R T H C A R O L I N A S T A T E U N I V E R S I T Y G R A D U A T E S T U D E N T , E C I 5 1 7
War In Vietnam
America was adamant about containing communism
The Road to War France controlled most of resource-rich SE Asia But there were nationalist movements beginning in Vietnam
Leader was Ho Chi Minh asked for communist help As Japan ruled during WWII and left after losing, Ho believed
independence was right around the cornerWar Breaks Out
French v. Communist Vietminh French ultimately surrender
Again, “domino theory” comes into play became justification for US foreign policy
Meeting at Geneva to split Vietnam into Northern Communists under Ho Chi Minh and a Southern Anti-communists with the aid of the US and Ngo Dinh Diem
War In Vietnam Vietnam – A Divided Country
Diem was unpopular and Ho became extremely popular with land redistribution US helped Diem with cancellation of elections Communist guerillas, called
the Vietcong, grew in opposition to Diem’s leadership
With US aid, group of S. Vietnamese generals planned a coup to kill and overthrow Diem New leader was just as bad
and it seemed inevitable that a takeover with the backing of North Vietnam and Vietcong was coming
War In Vietnam
The US gets involved US increased involvement b/c of Vietcong scare August 1954 – LBJ, told Congress that N. Vietnamese
patrol boats attacked two American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin Authorized sending of troops late ’65, >185,000 troops with
no declaration of war By 1968, over 500,000 American troops were in Vietnam
US was the best-equipped, most advanced but faced two major difficulties1. They were fighting a guerrilla war in unfamiliar territory2. S. Vietnamese govt. became more unpopular Vietcong
became more popular Could not win on the ground lets try the air
Massive bombings on farmland and forests to destroy enemy hideout , which strengthened the peasants’ opposition to the S. Vietnamese govt.
War In Vietnam
The US withdraws War became really unpopular in the United States youth
revolts and riots President Nixon called for Vietnamization U.S. troops being
withdrawn gradually and preserve S. Vietnamese govt. Also authorized bombings in neighboring Laos and Cambodia
to wipe out Vietcong hiding places Last forces left Vietnam in 1973
N. Vietnamese overran S. Vietnam b/c they could not hold them off
Renaming of Saigon (former capital of the South) to Ho Chi Minh
Over 1.5 million Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans had died during the war.
Anti-WarDemonstrations
Columbia University, 1967
Anti-War Demonstrations
Anti-War Demonstrations
Anti-War Demonstrations
aMay 4, 1970a4 students shot dead.a11 students wounded
Kent State University
aJackson State UniversityaMay 10, 1970a2 dead; 12 wounded
divided US
Called Middle America, the Silent Majority
Supported Vietnam War
Traditional American values: hard work, family and patriotism
Feared and disliked new styles of music and dress of youth
Called counterculture Hippies, Flower Children
Opposed Vietnam War
Disillusioned with values of money, status, power; emphasized love, individual freedom, cooperation
Music and fashion emphasized movement toward new society, greater freedom
ESTABLISHMENT ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT
grunts 1971Nixon withdraws 100,000 troops.
Defensive role for U.S. ground forces. Offensive attacks by South Vietnamese Army.
Troop Levels:South Vietnamese 1,046,250American 156,800Australian 2,000New Zealand 100South Korea 45,700Philippines 70Thailand 6,000
War In Vietnam
Ongoing Turmoil in Cambodia Remained unstable due to US bombing 1975, Khmer Rouge, Communist rebels, set up brutal
Communist govt. under leader Pol Pot Killed over 2 million people to transform into rural society Overthrown in 1978 1993 became democratic and captured
Pol Pot in 1997 and placed in prison for his war crimesPostwar Vietnam
N. Vietnamese establish “Reeducation camps” for training in Communist thought
B/c of Communist oppression, over 1.5 million refugees Still Communist but welcomes foreign investment, US lifted
trade embargo in 1994 While Cold War superpowers were struggling for control
over Korea and Vietnam, also used economic and diplomatic means to bring other countries under their control.
The Fall of Saigon
South Vietnamese Attempt to Flee the Country
The Fall of Saigon
America Abandons Its Embassy
April 30, 1975
Formerly Saigon
The New Vietnam
The Fall of Saigon
North Vietnamese at the Presidential Palace
Confrontations over Developing Nations
Cold War Strategies US, USSR, and China backed or sponsored wars of
revolution, liberation, or counterrevolution in 3rd World countries
CIA and KGB engaged in a variety of covert activities Assassination attempts, spying
US also provided military aid, built schools, sent volunteer workers USSR sent military and technical assistance to India and Egypt
Association of Nonaligned Nations Some countries wanted to remain neutral Banded together at Bandung Conference primarily India
and Indonesia
Postwar Face-off in L. America
Civil War in Nicaragua US funded Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasio
Somoza since 1933. 1979, Communist Sandinista rebels topped dictatorship Both US and USSR initially gave aid to Sandinistas and
their leader, Daniel Ortega Sandinistas also helped rebels in El Salvador but US
helped the El Salvadoran govt. by supporting Nicaraguan anti-communist rebels
This civil war last for over 10 years, severely weakening the economy
1990 Ortega decides to hold free elections and he is then defeated
Postwar Face-Off in L. America
Cuban Revolution 1950’s US supports Cuba’s dictator, Fulgencio Batista A young lawyer, named Fidel Castro led revolution in 1959
Brought many improvements in economy, literacy, health care, and conditions for women
But was a harsh dictator no elections, jailed/executed opponents, censorship
Nationalized Cuba’s economy, taking over sugar mills and refineries Ike placed trade embargo (still stands today)
1960 (Bay of Pigs) JFK and CIA plan invasion to train anti-Castro Cuban exiles yet during invasion JFK refused to send US planes to support it. Forces are defeated and the US looks silly
Postwar Face-off in L. America
Cuban Missile Crisis Khrushchev is now convinced US would not resist Soviet
expansion in L. America July 1962 USSR built 42 secret missile sites yet in October a spy
plane discovered the sites JFK demanded the removal of the missiles and placed a quarantine
on Cuba to prevent anymore building How did Castro react to being used as a tool of the Cold War?
US troops gather in FL to invade Cuba Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if US does not invade
Cuba Cuba is now completely dependent on Soviets
Castro back Communist revolutions in L. America and Africa Soviet Union’s end in 1990 crippled Cuba and they are still feeling
the effects today
• This U-2 reconnaissance photo showed concrete evidence of missile assembly in Cuba. Shown here are missile transporters and missile-ready tents where fueling and maintenance took place.Courtesy of
CIA
cuban missile2
• Low altitude view of missile preparation area. The pilot taking this shot flew at an altitude of about 250 feet, and at the speed of sound.
cuban missile2
cuban missile2
Photographed from an RF-101 Voodoo, this view of a Soviet SA-2 (surface-to-air) missile pattern provided additional evidence of the Russian arming of
Cuba.
• The crisis developed as the U.S. demanded the Soviets to dismantle missiles in Cuba or the U.S. would
invade Cuba.
cuban missile2
Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations in November 1962.
cuban missile2
President Kennedy in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and reconnaissance pilots who flew the Cuban
missions. Third from the left is Major Richard Heyser who took the first photos of Cuban missiles.
• U.S. and Soviets prepared for war…..U.S. placed a blockade around Cuba and warned Soviets not to break through the blockade. The
Soviets sent their Naval fleet to protect Cuba.
cuban missile2
•Last minute decision made: Soviets would dismantle missile sites in Cuba in return for U.S.not invading Cuba.
• U.S. would later dismantle missile sites in Turkey…..Not part of original deal.
cuban missile2
• Kennedy and Khruschev both
realized how close they came to nuclear
war.• The “monster” of
nuclear war must never be released.
• Both leaders vowed to better
communicate with one another.
•US and Soviet Union would sign their first
nuclear arms limitation treaty in
1963.
We went eyeball – to – eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked.