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War for Independence
Chapter 11
Section 1
• minutemen • Ordinary citizens that armed themselves and trained to fight
• Massachusetts • Gov. ordered to destroy the guns and gunpowder that minutemen had hidden.
• John Hancock & Samuel Adams were in Lexington about 20 miles NW of Boston
• Weapons thought to be stored in nearby Concord.
• April 18, 1775, 700 British soldiers marched toward Lex.
• 3 messengers, Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Sam Prescott, rode diff. routes to warn citizens.
• Revere and Dawes were captured but Prescott reached Concord to warn colonists.
• No one knows who fired first.
• 15 minute battle• 8 minutemen dead
• British moved onto Concord, but found few guns.
• When the Brits headed back to Boston, hundreds of minutemen were 7hidden , killing 73 Brits
• “Shot heard round the world”
• Revolution began
• Second Continental Congress
• June 14, 1775
• To create an American Army, called the Continental Army
• George Washington to lead it
• Battle of Bunker Hill • June 17, 1775• One of fiercest battles
of the war• Breed’s Hill• Brits shot cannons• Americans fought
bravely but ran out of gunpowder and had to retreat
• 200 Brits killed• 140 Americans killed• Despite their loss,
Americans proved they could fight a trained powerful army.
• Battle of Moores Creek Bridge
• Feb, 27, 1776• NCs first battle
• Patriots hid along the road to Wilmington. They took planks off the bridge and greased its supporting logs with soap and animal fat.
• Three min. battle. 50 Brits were killed. Only 1 patriot was killed.
• Halifax Rsolves • Recommended that NC declare independence and urged all colonists to do so together.
• Declaration of Independence
• Drafted by 5 men
• Approved on July 4, 1776
• Created free and independent states
• War not over yet.
Section 2
• War in the North • British lost Boston• Washington lost New
York to the British. The Brits won 3 battles at Long Island, Brooklyn Heights, & Harlem Heights.
• By Nov. 1776, even much of New Jersey was under Brit. Control.
• Washington and most Patriots thought the war was nearly over at this point.
• Badly beaten and discouraged
• Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet to encourage troops to continue fighting. “The American Crisis”
• Christmas night 1776, Americans won a victory in New Jersey. Washington crossed the icy Delaware river, surprising the British.
• Brits plan for the north failed
• Battle of Saratoga, Patriots won.
• Turning point for the war.
• War in the West • Americans led by George Rogers Clark, sent to protect the settlers.
• Captured British forts• Gave America control
over much of the land east of the Miss. River
• War at Sea • Brits had over 400 ships sailing from Mass. To Georgia
• Beg. Of war, Amer. Used trade ships or privateers to fight.
• By 1775, $ was raised for 12 warships
• War in the South • By 1778, we had lost more battles than we won, but refused to give up.
• Brit. General Cornwallis was in charge, wanted to wait for autumn of 1780 to fight-not used to southern heat.
• While he waited, people in NC prepared for battle
• Raised $ and gathered supplies
• Once he began marching towards Charlotte, bands of partisans (Patriot followers) slowed him down.
• Eventually moved down to SC after being chased out of the Charlotte and Kings Mtn. area
• Last significant battle in NC
• Guilford Court House near Greensboro
• Patriots led by Nathanial Greene
• British held the field, not retreating but lost one quarter of their men and many of their best officers.
• Corn. Moved army to Wimington
Section 3 End of War
• After the Battle of Guilford Co. Courthouse, Cornwallis left Wilmington and took his army to Virginia, camping at a port called Yorktown.
• Brit. Soldiers dug ditches & built sandbanks to protect them from inland attack.
• Corn. Counted on Brit. Ships anchored in Chesapeake Bay to prevent sea attacks.
• Cornwallis had fallen into a trap.
• 7000 French troops joined the American army stationed in New York.
• 20 French warships arrived.
• F & A ground troops marched to VA before Cornwallis knew they left New York, blocking the land route off the peninsula.
• French ships blocked the Bay entrance.
• Surrender Formal ceremony Oct. 19,1781
• Against the odds• How did the
Americans win?
• Defending homeland• More familiar with
climate, land, bodies of water
• Surprise attacks • Great leader (GW)
• How did Britain lose? • Soldiers far from home (wanted to go home)
• Many Brit. Soldiers were hired (no personal reason to fight)
• Brits were used to orderly fighting on the battlefield
• Brit leaders made mistakes
• Too confident
• Although the Brits surrendered in the fall of 1781, fighting was not over in the South
• Nathanial Green had to force Brits out of GA and SC.
• Civil war took place in NC (small bands of armed men pretending to be Loyalists or Patriots robbed and killed people and burned homes.
• One of the groups, pretending to be a Loyalist group, even captured the gov. of NC and 200 other prisoners in Hillsborough.
• The last of the Brit. Forces did not leave New York until 1783.
• Treaty of Paris, 1783• Formal peace
agreement
• Held in Paris• Britain formally
recognized the independence of all 13 colonies
• Borders of new country were set.
• US would reach from Atlantic to Mississippi
• And from the Great Lakes to the north of Florida
• Americans agreed that Loyalists would not be punished for their part in the war.
• Loyalists would get back any property lost
• Both Britain and America agreed to pay back any & owed to the other
• Britain agreed to end the fighting and leave US ASAP
• Now huge task is before them
• Creating a new government to guarantee the people’s right to rule themselves.