War and Peace in the Age of Napoleon

Sir Michael Howard Centre for the History of War King’s College London

13 and 14 September 2019

Credit: SP Lohia Foundation

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Credit: SP Lohia Foundation

Day One: Friday 13th September

8:45 – 9:20

Registration War Studies Room (K6.07)

9:20 – 9:30

Welcome and Opening Remarks – Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) Zack White

Session 1

9:30 – 10:40

Keynote Lecture – Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) Dr Catriona Kennedy

Sepoys on the sands of Egypt: the Indian army, the Egyptian campaign of 1801 and comparative colonial knowledge Chair: Nicholas Lipscombe

10:40 – 11:00

Break – War Studies Room (K6.07) Tea, coffee and biscuits will be served

Session 2

11:00 – 12:00

Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) – Panel: Britain’s waging of war in Northern Spain

Chair: Zack White

Council Room (K2.29) – Panel: Panel: Cultural responses to conflict

Chair: Joseph Cozens Silvia Gregorio-Sainz

The Royal Navy in Santander: Sir Home Popham’s logistics centre in the Peninsular War (1812)

Martyn Green Reverence and Ridicule: Satire and the Volunteers in the

Napoleonic Wars

Gavin Lewis ‘Never was there in the annals of war a more decided case of

annihilation’- The Sack of San Sebastian, August 1813

Simon Quinn British military antiquarianism and collecting during the campaign

in Egypt, 1801

12:00 – 12:50 Lunch – The Terrace Cafe (Macadam Building)

Session 3

12:50 – 14:10

Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) – Panel: Order and discipline Chair: Edward Coss

Council Room (K2.29) – Panel: Forging the post-Napoleonic Era

Chair: Charles Esdaile

Edmond J Safra Theatre (Ground Floor) – Panel: Generalship and Diplomacy

Chair: Linda Frey Zack White

‘Over the Hills and Far Away’: Addressing desertion in the Britain’s

Napoleonic-era Army

Beatrice De Graaf Ending the Wars. Revisiting the Paris

Treaty and the Quadruple Alliance Treaty of 20 November 1815.

Kamil Szadkowski The Court of the Emperor Napoleon (1804-1815)

Callum Easton What shall we do with the Mutinous

Sailors? The Judicial Response to the 1797 Mutinies at Spithead and the Nore

Bruce Collins Britain’s Continental Commitment

Revisited, 1815-1848

Magnus Guild Generals and Diplomacy 1806-23

Vittoria Princi Microcosms of work in the barracks of

Napoleonic Lombardy (1798-1811)

Nicholas Lipscombe The Congress of Vienna – the turbulence

and legacy of Great Power diplomacy

Jacqueline Reiter ‘A Melville Expedition’: Sir Home Popham’s political

networks and the Walcheren expedition of 1809 14:10 – 14:30

Break – War Studies Room (K6.07) Tea, coffee and biscuits will be served

Session 4

14:30 – 15:50

Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) – Panel: Perceptions of Glory in War

Chair: Eamonn O’Keeffe

Council Room (K2.29) – Panel: Re-appraising Wellington’s Peninsular Army

Chair: Jacqueline Reiter

Julia Banister Heroism and Disability in the Early Nineteenth Century

Alistair Nichols It is not just about desertion: foreign soldiers and their role in the

British Army during the Napoleonic Wars

Andrew Lincoln Thomas Clarkson and the principle of non-resistance

Andrew Bamford Provisional Battalions Reconsidered: Wellington, York, and Manpower

Management 1812-1814

Mick Crumplin Waterloo – After the Glory

James Deery Wellington’s Irish: ‘The devil is in the detail’ A statistical analysis of

Irish officers and men serving in English and Scottish regiments Session

5 15:50 – 17:00

Keynote Lecture – Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) Dr Robert Poole

Waterloo to Peterloo: War, patriotism and radicalism in Lancashire Chair: Joseph Cozens

Day Two: Saturday 14th September

9-9:25 Registration – War Studies Room (K6.07) 9:25 – 9:30

Welcome and Opening Remarks – War Studies Room (K6.07) Eamonn O’Keeffe

Session 6

9:30 – 10:50

Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) – Panel: Military influences on British society

Chair: Catriona Kennedy

Council Room (K2.29) – Panel: Life, loss and reward in the Royal Navy

Chair: Callum Easton Eamonn O’Keeffe

“An Evil of Long Standing”: martial musicians, partisan performances and the militarization of British electoral spectacle

Grahame Aldous 1808: Napoleon’s Year of Destiny?

Joseph Cozens Pensioners or Protestors? A Social History of Demobilised Soldiers

in Britain, 1815-1819.

Ignacio Rodríguez Álvarez A Strange Appetite for Legality: War, Peace, and The Spanish

Frigates Incident (1804) Ciaran McDonnell

‘Zeal and Patriotism’: Forging Identity in the Irish Militia, 1793-1815

Andrew Pickering Methodism in the Royal Navy during the Revolutionary and

Napoleonic Wars. 10:50 – 11:10

Break – War Studies Room (K6.07) Tea, coffee and biscuits will be served

Session 7

11:10 – 12:30

Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) – Panel: Influences on military thinking

Chair: Eamonn O’Keeffe

Council Room (K2.29) – Panel: Success and failure on campaign

Chair: David Hollins

Edmond J Safra Lecture Theatre (Ground Floor): Localising the Napoleonic Wars

Chair: Silvia Gregorio-Sainz Adam Storring

Order or Calculation? Military Thought in the Long Eighteenth-Century

Jack Gill The Battle of Znaim and the Transition

from War to Peace in 1809

Edward Hammond Radical Nottingham: Investigating Local

Impacts of the Napoleonic Wars Jacek Jędrysiak

Through the Winners’ Eyes: Napoleonic Art of War in Prussian Military reflection before Clausewitz

Matthew Flynn Bonaparte’s Operational Art in the

Twilight of Empire

James Villalard Law and Order in the Channel Islands

during the ‘Great French War’

Vanya Bellinger Clausewitz in the Battles of Ligny and Wavre (1815):

The Question of Theory vs. Practice

Jonathon Riley The Fall of Detroit, August 1812

Yoav Arbel An Archaeological Perspective of the

French Conquest of Jaffa (1799) and its Long-term Aftermath

12:30 – 13:20 Lunch – Terrace Café (Macadam Building)

Session 8

13:20 – 14:40

Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) – Panel: Command, deception and the fog of war

Chair: Andrew Bamford

Council Room (K2.29) – Panel: Diplomacy and national security

Chair: Nicholas Lipscombe

Edmond J Safra Theatre (Ground Fl) Personal experiences in the Peninsula

Chair: Zack White David Hollins

Napoleonic staffs: Burying Bourcet and looking to Austria

Linda & Marsha Frey The Culture of French Revolutionary

Diplomacy: “Interminable War?”

James Laidlaw The Letters of Colonel George Miller, CB,

FRS (1786-1843)

Ion Iftimie Waterloo Revisited: Managing the Fog of

War

Hailey Stewart ‘Hanover as a British Province’: British Policy and the Prussian Occupation of

Hanover in 1801.

Paco Cancio Memories of the Spanish War.

James Lacey Waterloo:

A Matter of Leadership and Ego

David Murphy “Co-opting tribes” – Lt-Col. Jasper Grant and the military administration of British

North America, 1802-1809.

Angela & Cath Blomfield Retracing an Ancestor’s Footsteps: The inspiring legacy of the letters of Captain

Thomas Valentine Blomfield 14:40 – 15:00

Break – War Studies Room (K6.07) Tea, coffee and biscuits will be served

Session 9

15:00 – 16:20

Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) – Plenary Session: Waterloo Reappraised – Chair: Bruce Collins

Charles Esdaile Topography versus Tradition: The Strange Case of Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte.

John Peaty Ligny: Napoleon's Last Victory

Christopher Duffy Waterloo: The indecisive battle

Session 10

16:20 – 17:30

Keynote Lecture – Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) Edward J. Coss

A Damning Diagnosis: Napoleon, Narcissism, Depression, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Chair: Charles Esdaile

17:30 Closing remarks – Anatomy Lecture Theatre (K6.29) Zack White

Delegates are welcome to join us at the pub after the close of proceedings

TableofContents

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Aldous,Grahame 23Álvarez,IgnacioRodríguez 24Arbel,Yoav 34Bamford,Andrew 18Banister,Julia 14Bellinger,Vanya 28Blomfield,Angela 42Cancio,Paco 41Collins,Bruce 9Cozens,Joseph 21Crumplin,Mick 16DeGraaf,Beatrice 8Deery,James 19Duffy,Christopher 45Easton,Callum 6Esdaile,Charles 43Flynn,Mahhew 30Frey,Linda&Marsha 37Gill,Jack 29

Green,Martyn 3Gregorio-Sainz,Silvia 1Guild,Magnus 12Hammond,Edward 32Hollins,David 35Jędrysiak,Jacek 27Lacey,James 36Laidlaw,James 40Lewis,Gavin 2Lincoln,Andrew 15Lipscombe,Nicholas 10McDonnell,Ciarán 22Murphy,David 39Nichols,Alistair 17O'Keeffe,Eamonn 20Peaty,John 44Pickering,Andrew 25Princi,Vihoria 7Quinn,Simon 4

Reiter,Jacqueline 13Riley,Jonathon 31Stewart,Hailey 38Storring,Adam 26Szadkowski,Kamil 11Villalard,James 33White,Zack 5

�1

Session2SilviaGregorio-Sainz

TheRoyalNavyinSantander:SirHomePopham’slogis<cscentreinthePeninsularWar(1812)Since the beginning of the Peninsular War, the Bri6sh government was aware of the strategic importance of the Spanish territorynowadaysiden6fiedwithCantabria,especiallythecityandportofSantander,fortheiropera6onsinthePeninsula.In1812Wellington’sadvanceinlandrenewedthatBri6shinterestintheCantabrianport.Asthemaintheatreofopera6onsmovedeastwards,itwasessen6altocontrolthemainfortressesalongtheCantabriancoast.InMaytheAdmiraltysentSirHomePophamthereforthatpurpose.Uponhisarrival, the Commodore understood the importance of Santander port for his mission and immediately suggested to free it. Thatopera6onmeant a great deal forWellington since it prevented Napoleon from sending French reinforcements before the baLle ofSalamanca. It was also a turning point for Santander since Popham established his main logis6cs base in that city both to launchdiversionaryaLackseastwardsandtoensureWellington’scommunica6onsandsupplydeliveries.ThispaperaimstobringtolighttherelevanceofCantabriaforWellington’splansandPopham’sdecisiveroleinthatprovinceandcapitalcity.ItpaysspecialaLen6ontotheroleofSantanderashislogis6cscentrein1812andalsototheimpactofallthatontheinhabitants’everydaylife.ItdrawsmainlyonPopham’sandWellington’sdispatchesandalsoontheCantabrianauthori6es’minutebooksandotherlocalsources.FurtherallusionintheBri6shandSpanishpressofthe6meislikewiseexamined.Cri6calrevisionofthesesources,manyofthemforgoLen,providesanewperspec6veontheimportanceofCantabriaanditsmainportinthegeneraldevelopmentofthewar.

DrSilviaGregorio-SainzisajuniorlecturerintheEnglishDepartmentattheUniversityofOviedoandalsoworksinanEnglishlanguageschool.SheholdsaBAwithanAwardforExcellencyandaPhDinEnglishStudies,aswellasanMAinSocio-CulturalAnalysisandHistoryandanMAinTEFL.HerresearchfocusesonAnglo-Spanishrela6ons inthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury,par6cularlyduringthePeninsular War and its aUermath. Recent publica6ons include ‘The Last Napoleonic redoubt in northern Spain: The Bri6sh role’ inRoman1cism, Reac1on and Revolu1on (Peter Lang, 2019); ‘The Bishop of Santander in the 1808 Bri6sh Press: an unusual tracking(SpagnaContemporanea,2014)and ‘Thesiegeanddestruc6onofCastroUrdialesaccordingtoBri6shsources:Theroleof theBri6shallies in the defence of the Cantabrian town’ (Gobierno de Cantabria, 2015). She has also presented recently a paper en6tled ‘Thehardshipsofpeace:logis6csandeverydaylifeinSantander(1813-1814)’attheWellingtonCongressin2019.

�2

Session2GavinLewis

‘Neverwasthereintheannalsofwaramoredecidedcaseofannihila<on’-TheSackofSanSebas<an,August1813

Onthe31August1813,aUeralongandgruellingsiege,theBri6sh5thDivisionsuccessfullystormedtheouterdefencesofSanSebas6an innorthernSpain.Following intensehand-to-handfigh6ng in thestreetsof the town, theaLackingBri6sh troopswentonaviolentrampage.Fuelledbystolenalcohol,theyplunderedwhattheycouldfromthefrightenedSpanishinhabitants,severalofwhommayhavebeenmurdered.Twodayslater,orderwasfinallyrestored.TheconductoftheBri6sharmyduringthePeninsularWarhascomeunderincreasingscru6nyinrecentyears.CharlesEsdailehasdetailedthebreakdownindisciplinethatoccurredduringtheretreattoCorunnain1808andaUertheSiegeofBurgosin1812.GavinDalyhashighlightedtherevulsionthatwasfeltbyBri6shofficersaUerthedreadfulsackofBadajozin1812.Themo6va6onforsuchincidencesiss6llthesubjectofmuchdebate.AliceParkerhassuggestedthatduetothepar6cularlyfiercenatureoftheconflictontheIberianPeninsula,Wellington’sarmybecamedesensi6sedtoviolence,andthattheytreatedtheirallieswithincreasedhos6lity.Dalyhasechoedsuchsen6ments,andhasstatedthatculturalandreligiousprejudicesplayedamajorroleinexplainingthemistreatmentofSpanishcivilians.However,thereasonsforthesackingofSanSebas6anappeartobefarmorecomplex.Thispaperwillarguethat,primarily, thetroopsthattookpart intheassaultofthetownhadbecomevengefulaUeryearsofhardcampaigning,andthattheyfelten6tledtosometangiblerewardaUerriskingtheir livesforkingandcountry.Indoingso,thispaperwillalsoshedlightonthemul6facetedrela6onshipthattheBri6sharmydevelopedwiththeirSpanishandPortuguesecounterparts.

GavinLewis iscurrentlystudying foranMA intheHistoryofWarfareatKing’sCollegeLondon,which ispart-fundedbytheBowyer’sScholarship.HecompletedhisundergraduatecourselastyearattheUniversityofBirmingham,whereheachievedafirst-classhonoursdegreeinWarStudies.HisprimaryresearchinterestsaretheBri6shArmyduringtheFrenchRevolu6onaryandNapoleonicWars,extremeviolenceandwarcrimesduringthe19thcenturyandtheimpactandinfluenceoftheAmericanCivilWaronEuropeanmilitarythought.HehopestoeventuallystudyforaPhDoncehehascompletedhismaster’scourse.

�3

Session2MartynGreen

ReverenceandRidicule:Sa<reandtheVolunteersintheNapoleonicWarsThetwodecadelongconflictthatmadeupthecombinedFrenchRevolu6onaryandNapoleonicWarssawamajorshiUinthenature of European warfare, with mass mobilisa6on and conscrip6on in France building the largest armed force on thecon6nent and requiring ac6on from the Bri6sh government. The PiL Ministry responded in part with the forma6on andorganisa6onofVolunteerCorps,whobytheriseofNapoleonin1803hadbecomewidespreadandwell-manned.Alongsidethis, the period from1780 to 1820 sawamarked increase in the consump6onof sa6rical culture in both London and theShires,withNapoleon providing a caricatured foreign enemy for printmakers against the backdrop of both impressive andineffec6vemilitaryresistance,dependinguponthepoli6calmilieu.The combina6on of this increase in print consump6on and print making, with the mass establishment of a supposedlyhomogenous group for home defence, represents an opportunity to understand the general public’s response to thevolunteers in contrast to portrayals of other military figures. Both informing and being informed by public opinion, themetropolitanprintmakersprodigiousoutputgivesacentralisedviewoftheamateurmilitarytradi6onthattakesaimmoreatthepoli6calleaderswhosecontribu6ontothewareffortwasinjoining(andleading)theirlocalCorpsthantherankandfilevolunteers. By contrast, the limited sa6ricalmaterial rela6ng to volunteers in the provinces is farmore bi6ng and vicious,demonstra6ng the lack of unified thought between London and the locals andwith it offering a glimpse into thedifferentapprecia6onsoftheconflictbeingfoughtonthecon6nent.

MartynGreenisathirdyearpart-6mePhDstudentintheHistoryDepartmentattheUniversityofNorthampton.Hisresearchexplorestherela6onshipbetweenmilitaryvolunteering,localiden6tyandna6onaliden6tyduringtheNapoleonicWars,andhowtheconnec6onbetween those threeareascan informthedebatearound“Bri6shness” in theperiod, inpar6cular theappropriatenessofapplyingacentralisedunderstandingofna6onalassimila6ontotheprovinces.

�4

Session2SimonQuinn

Bri<shmilitaryan<quarianismandcollec<ngduringthecampaigninEgypt,1801In 1801, the Bri6shMuseumacquired one of the largest collec6ons of Egyp6an an6qui6es in history. The items had beenseizedfromtheFrencharmyaUeraseven-monthcampaigninEgypt.TheirarrivalinBritainmadena6onalnewsandcapturedtheimagina6onofthepublic.ScholarssuchasHolgerHoockpointoutthatthenumberandscaleoftheobjectsintheBri6shMuseum’sdisplaytes6fytotheconsiderableinvestmentoftheBri6shmilitaryandimperialstateinarchaeologicalenterprises.

Drawingonanextensivecorpusofsoldiers’narra6ves,thispaperthrowsdoubtontoHoock’sasser6onthatthecollec6onofan6qui6es inEgyptwasastatedirectedendeavour.ManysoldiersoncampaigninEgyptexpressedaninterest inan6qui6esandamassedpersonalcollec6ons.Thehabitsofcollec6ngthatwereondisplayinEgyptwereguidedtosomeextentbyidealsofgentlemanlyaccomplishmentandpolitesociety,buttheywerealsoshapedbymar6alvaluesandmilitaryu6lity.SoldiersoUenthoughtoftheobjectstheyacquiredasspoilsortrophies–arewardforenduringthehazardsofcampaigning.TheyalsoappraisedEgypt’sancientbuildingsandfortsintermsoftheiru6litytotheBri6shexpedi6onaryforces.

TheapproachofthispaperhelpstolocatetheexperiencesofthehundredsofthousandsofBri6shsoldierswhofoughtintheFrenchRevolu6onaryandNapoleonicWarsintheirfullglobalcontext.Whilerecentscholarshiponthe‘soldier-as-traveller’hashelpedustoviewtheseconflictsasimportantmomentsofculturalencounter,thefocushastendedtobeontheBri6sharmy’scampaignsintheIberianPeninsula,1808-1814(seeforexample,GavinDaly).ToaLainamoreroundedpictureoftheBri6sharmy’samtudetoforeignpeoples,opera6onssuchasthecampaigninEgyptdeservefurtherinves6ga6on.

Simon Quinn is a post-doctoral research fellow in history at the University of York. In 2018 he completed his PhD whichexploredBri6shmilitaryencountersandexperiencesinEgyptbetween1798and1801.Hehassincepublishedhisresearchinthe peer-reviewed journalWar in History and haswriLen scripts for themedia outletHistoryNetwork. Simon is currentlyworkingontheproposalforhisfirstmonographen6tledBri1shmilitaryencountersandtheFirstTotalWar.

�5

Session3ZackWhite

‘OvertheHillsandFarAway’:Addressingdeser<onintheBritain’sNapoleonic-eraArmy

Thecrimeofdeser6onhastradi6onallyaLractedconsiderables6gma.Howeverrecentscholarshiphassuggestedthatdisdainfordeserterswasbynomeansuniversal.For theBri6shArmyduring theNapoleonicWars,deser6onwasunques6onablyaleadingpriority,with legisla6onondeser6onbeingreviewedannuallybyParliament.Theamtudesofotherrankswasmoreambivalent,andpointstotheuseofdeser6onbysomemenasameansofwithdrawinglabour,orevennego6a6ngwiththeirsuperiors.Drawingonarmyreturns,registersofdeserters,courtmar6alrecords,andsoldiers’tes6mony,thispaperexploresthereac6onsofallrankstowardsthecrimeofdeser6on,andthemeasuresthatwereemployedtorestrictitsprevalenceinthearmy. In theprocess itwill revealawidespreadapprecia6onamongstsoldiersofhowtounderminedeser6ontrials,andaninternalconflictacrossthearmy’scommandstructureovertheimposi6onofmilitarylaw.Intheprocess, importantques6onswillbeaskedabouthowthearmytrieddeserters,theroleofdiscre6onandnego6a6onwithinthosetrials,andwhethersoldiersfeltthatthelegalpunishmentofexecu6on,whichtheircomradesfacedfordeser6on,was merited. Equally intriguing is whether regiments’ concern about their own honour affected their willingness to trydesertersforsucha‘dishonourable’crime,whichwouldbringshameontheirunitifitwasacknowledged.ThisinturnwillshedlightonthewidercontextofmilitarylawandcrimeandpunishmentintheBri6shArmyduringtheNapoleonicWars,includingtheimpactofa‘pragma6csystemofdiscre6onaryjus6ce’,whichwaswidespreadwithinthearmy,andtheabilityofilliteratesoldierstodefendthemselvesinamilitarycourtwheretheywerejudgedbyeducatedofficers.

ZackWhite is a Doctoral Researcher, and holder of the Archival Studentship, at the University of Southampton. He is thecreatoroftheonlinehubontheFrenchRevolu6onaryandNapoleonicerawww.thenapoleonicwars.net,andisEditor-in-Chiefof the Nineteenth-Century interdisciplinary research journal Romance, Revolu1on and Reform (www.rrrjournal.com). He isPost-GraduateLiaisonandSocialMediaOfficerfortheBri6shCommissionforMilitaryHistory,andisChairoftheCommission’sOnlinePresenceSub-commiLee.ZackhaspreviouslypublishedworkonpopularamtudestowardconflictamongsttheBri6shpublic during the PeninsularWar, and on the rela6onship between officers and troops underWellington’s command.He iscurrentlywri6ngondisciplineintheBri6shArmyduringtheNapoleonicWars. Email:Z.White@soton.ac.ukTwiLer:@zwhitehistory

�6

Session3CallumEaston

WhatshallwedowiththeMu<nousSailors?TheJudicialResponsetothe1797Mu<niesatSpitheadandtheNore

TheSpitheadandNoremu6nieswereunprecedentedinthehistoryoftheRoyalNavyfortheirsizeandthedangerthattheyposedtoBri6sh security. In the springof1797, the twofleets responsible forhomedefencewere successively immobilisedbymu6nieswhichcumula6vely lasted for eight weeks. Comingmeremonths aUer French forces had almost reached Ireland, and successfully, thoughbriefly,landedinWales,thethreatposedbythemu6nieswasclear.FortunatelyfortheBri6sh,aUerahybridpolicyofnego6a6onandin6mida6on,themu6niesendedandorderwasrestored.Itmightbe imagined that, if ever therewasa6me fordraconian judicialmeasures, then thiswas it. Indeed, severalaccountsof themu6nies (andmore general naval histories) describe naval discipline in terms of arbitrary violence, unfair prac6ces, and inhumaneseverity.NiklasFrykman, forexample,hasargued that the1797mu6nieswere followedbya judicial ‘reignof terror’ that ‘rivalled inintensity that which swept through Revolu6onary France in 1793-94’. This paper argues, on the contrary, that the response to themu6nieswasmuchmoremeasuredanddeliberatethanhasbeenappreciated,andthattheconceptofaretribu6ve‘terror’iswideofthemark.Throughtheuseofcourtmar6alrecords,andacomparisontoaconcurrentsessionattheOldBailey,itisdemonstratedthatthenavalresponsetothemu6nieswasinkeepingwiththeoverallra6onaleofBri6sheighteenth-centuryjus6ce:combiningadeterrentthroughexemplary violence towards a few,with concilia6on and rehabilita6onof themany. Furthermore, contrary towidespreadbelief, it issuggestedthatthemu6neerdefendantsatthenavalcourtsmar6alenjoyedsomenotableadvantagesovertheirciviliancounterpartsattheOldBailey.

Biography:MynameisCallumEastonandIamcurrentlyathirdyearhistoryPhDstudentstudyingthe1797mu6niesatSpitheadandtheNore.ThisprojectisanAHRCfundedcollabora6vedoctoralpartnershipbetweentheUniversityofCambridge,whereIamsupervisedbyDrRenaudMorieux,andtheNa6onalMari6meMuseum,whereIamsupervisedbyDrQuin6nColville. IpreviouslycompletedmyBAandMPhil qualifica6ons in history at the University of Cambridge.My project is intended to reassess the events of the 1797 fleetmu6nies and to move beyond the exis6ng historiography, which has predominantly focussed on the causa6on of the mu6nies, byconsideringmu6nyasaprocess,andpar6cularlyasaprocessofnego6a6on.Ihavepreviouslypresentedpapersonthe1797mu6niesattheBSECSannualconferenceinOxford,aswellasinCambridge,Southampton,andattheIns6tuteofHistoricalResearchinLondon.AtCambridgeIsuperviseundergraduatehistoriansandeconomistsonBri6sheconomicandsocialhistoryintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.Email:ce309@cam.ac.ukandTwiLer:@CallumCe309

�7

Session3ViKoriaPrinci

MicrocosmsofworkinthebarracksofNapoleonicLombardy(1798-1811)Barrackshavebeenarela6velyneglectedfieldof inves6ga6on in thehistoriographyabouttheNapoleonicage.Researchonprimary sources for the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy allows gauging the extent and meaning of their defini6on as totalins6tu6ons,andnuancingthephysicalandconceptualopening/closureofthearmytotheciviliansphereofsociety,inanagethatispositedasthestar6ngpointofmodernEuropeanmilitarism.Tofunc6on,barracksrequiredcollabora6onbetweenarmy,private and public ins6tu6ons in order to supply and repair the buildings, and a custodial staff to manage day-to-dayopera6ons.At6mes,barrackshostedshopsandworkshops,cateringtothesoldiersorprovidingspacesforentrepreneurs.

Inthispaper,Iwilloutlinethepermeabilityofbarrackstothenon-militaryworldthroughanoverviewoflabouranditsmarginsofprofithingingonbarracksinMilanandMonza,respec6velythecapitalofthenorthernItaliansatellitestateandtheseatofviceroy EugènedeBeauharnais’ residence. Iwill showhow civilian small-scale commercemanaged to thrive in andoff themilitarised spaces, despite the compe66on among the shopkeepers and the constraints imposed by the army’s use of thespaces,andhowthemiddle-to-lowstaffofthesupplyservicecarriedouttheirtasksandrecruitedanetworkofhelpers.

Biography: I hold a BAdegree in Journalism from theUniversità diMessina and aMA in Publishing from theUniversità diMilano.CurrentlyIamreadingforaDPhilinHistoryattheUniversityofOxford,withathesisaboutbarracksintheNapoleonicKingdomofItaly.

�8

Session3BeatriceDeGraaf

EndingtheWars:Revisi<ngtheParisTreatyandtheQuadrupleAllianceTreatyof20November1815Between1815and1818,auniqueopera6onunrolled–onethatneverreallyhasbeeninves6gatedproperly,orunderstoodaspartofthegreattransforma6onofEuropeanpoli6csaUer1815:therealignmentofpowerrela6ons,interna6onalanddomes6cally,asasystemres6ngonregula6onsformodern,privateownership.In1815,notthethroneswererestored,buttheprivatepropertyholders.Andtheywerenotsomuchrestored,aselevated,andupliUedtowardsanewclassofmajorbeneficials,andtosomeextentstakeholdersofthenewEuropeanregimeofcollec6vesecurity.It has by now abundantly been stated that the years between 1763 and 1848 saw a major transforma6on of European poli6cs.Schroeder,andinrecentyearsJarreL,GrunerandVick,incombina6onwithsomeearlierworksbyPytaandSchulz,havecompoundedthisinsightofatransforma6onininterna6onalpoli6cs,andshaLeredthemythofrestora6on.Thispaperthereforearguesthattoreally,properlyunderstandthegreattransforma6onof1815,weshouldstartbyre-reading,orclosereadingthetrea6esof1815,inpar6culartheSecondTreatyofParisand theQuadrupleAllianceTreaty,bothconcludedand signedon20November1815 inParis. These twotrea6es together unveil how we should understand the basic tenets of the new peace and security order aUer 1815: as a privateownershipbasedone,andatransna6onalcapitalistoneforthatmaLer.Thesecurityof1815wasacapitalis6cone.Noonehadyetheardof ‘retribu6ve jus6ce’, theconceptthatbecameenvogue in1918,indica6ng the rela6on between peace and the adjudica6ng ofwar criminals via tribunals. Trials of ‘crimes against humanity’ or theinterna6onalenforcementofhumanrightsweresimplynotpartofthepicturein1815.ContrarytotheTreatyofVersailles,noar6cle231or237triedtodealwiththeques6onofthe‘warguilt’,orpointedtowardsthedesignatedmainwarcriminals(EmperorWilliamII).NoNurembergtribunalsorlargescalejudicialpurifica6onsandprosecu6onstookplacein1815,asin1945.Thispaper introducesanew takeon the immediateaUermathof theFrenchandNapoleonicWars, and revisits theway theyendedthroughthe lenseoftheEuropeanaLempttoseLlethe indemni6esandarrearpaymentsthroughtheAlliedCouncil inParisandtheSecondTreatyofParis1815.

Prof.Dr.BeatricedeGraafholdstheChairofHistoryofthe Interna6onalRela6ons.Herresearchfocusesonthehistoryofterrorism,counterterrorismandsecurity,fromthe19thtotthe21stcentury.Sheleadsaresearchproject(ERCconsolidatorgrant)onSECURE.TheEmergenceofSecurityCultures inEuropeandbeyond, in the19thcentury.Herbook,Figh6ngTerror.HowEuropewassecuredaUer1815isforthcoming(2020).SheismemberoftheNetherlandsRoyalAcademyofArtsandSciencesandsitsontheEuropeanCouncilonForeignRela6ons(ECFR).In2018,sheasawardedtheStevinPrizeoftheNWO.

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Session3BruceCollins

Britain’sCon<nentalCommitmentRevisited,1815-1848

Thispaperrevisitsalong-standingdebatebetweentheblue-waterandcon6nentalcommitmentapproachestounderstandingpriori6esinBri6shforeignpolicy-making.ItdoessobyconsideringthelegacyofBri6shinvolvementincon6nentalEuropeanfigh6ng in the last phases of the long wars against France. The major military commitments during 1808-14 were theoccupa6onofSicilyandthecampaignintheIberianPeninsula.Afundamentalstrategicconcern,translatedintomilitaryeffortin1815,wastosecurewhatbecameBelgiumin1830fromFrenchcontrol.ThispaperwillconsiderhowfarBritainretainedanac6vestrategic/diploma6ccommitmenttothosethreeareasinthegenera6onaUerWaterlooandhowfarBri6shac6onsin1808-15inthosethreeareassecuredalonger-termpoli6caldividendfortheBri6sh.Thisshortpaperwillfocusonanepisodeineachcountry:thechallengetoBri6shpolicy-makersposedbyFrenchmilitaryinterven6oninSpainin1823;thecontestwithFrance in 1830-33 over the dynas6c and diploma6c seLlement when Belgium split off from the United Netherlands; thetenta6ve collabora6onwith France in resolving the uprising in Sicily against the government in Naples. All three episodesinvolved ques6ons about the ideological character of foreign policy, the extent to which no6ons of na6onal interest ledinexorablytosuspicionofandrivalrywithFrance,andthehistoricalstakewhichBritainmighthaveacquiredinthosecountriesthrough its efforts in 1808-15.A further issuewaswhetherBri6sh interven6onsweremo6vatedbyeconomic self-interest,opposi6on to thegrowthofFrance’s interna6onalpower, support formore ‘liberal’ ins6tu6ons in thecountries concerned,and, especially in 1848, the protec6on of foreign subjects against oppression in countries where Britain had commercialinterests,anhistoricrole,andtheabilitytointerveneonhumanitariangrounds.

Bruce Collins is a Professor ofModernHistory at SheffieldHallamUniversity. Bruce'smain exper6se is the history of howBri6shmilitary and naval power contributed to the expansion of the empire, 1780-1902.He covers American poli6cal andsocialhistorysincethe1960sandhaspublishedonthecomingofthecivilwarinAmerica,aswellasAmerica's'slavesouth'.

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Session3NicholasLipscombe

TheCongressofVienna:theturbulenceandlegacyofGreatPowerdiplomacyAUer over twenty years of warfare, figh6ng French revolu6onaries and the Napoleon’s Grande Armée, the very fabric ofEuropeanpoli6calandsocial cohesionhadbeen tornasunder. In1812Napoleon’sdefeat inRussiaunexpectedly thrust thetaskofconstruc6nganewinterna6onalorderonthefourvictoriousmajorpowersinEurope.Theresultwasalengthy,oUenacrimonious but hugely flamboyant gathering in the Austrian capital inwhatwas termed the Congress of Vienna. Yet theCongressofViennawasnotacongressintheformalsense;itwasablankettermforaseriesofmee6ngsthatstartedin1812andendedsometenyearslater.Europewasrescuedfromseemingchaos.Yethistoriography isdiametricallysplitontheachievementsof themakersof the1815seLlement.OntheonehandtheprocessignoredLiberalismandNa6onalismand,inthewordsofHaroldNicholsontheywere‘merehuckstersinthediploma6cmarket,baLeringthehappinessofmillionswithascentedsimile’.Whileontheotherhand,par6cularlywhen juxtaposedagainst theTreatyofVersailles in1919,whatthemakersachievedwasnothingshortofmiraculous, preven6nga general European conflagra6on fornearly a century, andestablishing theCongress System,whichservedastheprecursortotheLeagueofNa6onsanditssuccessortheUnitedNa6ons.Thisshortpaperwillexaminebothschoolsofthoughtandconsiderthemiddlegroundbetweenthesetwoextremes.

NicolasLipscombeMScFRHistSservedfor34yearsintheBri6shArmy;seeingconsiderableopera6onaldutywiththeBri6shand American armies. He is an accomplished historian, author and lecturer. Hewasmade a Fellow of the Royal HistoricalSocietyin2016.HehasconcentratedontheNapoleonicWars,andthePeninsularWarinpar6cular,butheisnowworkingonprojectsassociatedwiththeEnglishCivilWar.HeisatutorattheUniversityofOxford,DepartmentofCon6nuingEduca6onandanac6vememberofnumeroushistoricalsocie6es.HisworksincludetheDailyTelegraphaward-winningPeninsularWarAtlasandConciseHistory,Wellington’sGuns,WellingtonInvadesFrance, theofficialWaterloo200Bicentenarycompendiumand,mostrecently,Wellington’sEasternFront.His latestproject istheAtlasandConciseHistoryoftheWarsoftheEnglishCivilWars.LikethePeninsularWarAtlas, it isaverylargeprojectandisbeingconductedinconjunc6onwiththeBaLlefieldsTrust,theScomshBaLlefieldsTrustandtheNa6onalCivilWarCentre.

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Session3KamilSzadkowski

TheCourtoftheEmperorNapoleon(1804-1815)InmyspeechIwillwanttofocusonthesubjectoftheimperialcourtofNapoleon.ThisisthesubjectIamcurrentlydealingwithwhenpreparingadoctoraldisserta6onattheJagiellonianUniversityinKraków.TheissueIamdealingwithisaninnova6vetypeofstudiesinPoland. In theworld, especially in France, researchers havebeendealingwith issues related toNapoleon's court for over a century(FrédéricMasson,ThierryLentz,PierreBrandaandJeanTulard). Inmyspeech, Iwould liketosketchtheconstruc6onofmydoctoraldisserta6on,discussingselectedissuessuchastheoutlineoftheorganiza6onandfunc6oningoftheimperialcourt,themostimportantdignitaries, incomeandexpenses,andcourte6queLe.Thekeyques6onsthatIwillraiseareprimarilytheimportanceandroleoftheNapoleonic court, organiza6onal andpersonnel changes towards theBourbonCourt, andwhether the cour6ers canbedescribedas"powerseducers"asW.S.Magdziarz.Thedoctoraldisserta6onpreparedbymewillbeakindofbiographyofthecommunity.IwillbeinterestednotonlyintheEmperor'sperson,butalso,andperhapsinthefirstplaceinhissurroundings.Whowerethey?Wheredidtheycomefrom?Whydidtheychooseacourtcareer?Whatweretheirroles?GemngtoknowthisissuebeLerandbeLer,Ithinkofanalogyto theSolarSystem.For justas theplanetsandotherceles6albodiesarecirclingaroundtheSun,onecloser,others farther, smaller,larger,andmoreorlesssuscep6bletoaLrac6ngtheSun,sowerepeoplearoundNapoleonwhohadmoreaccesstohim,otherssmaller;somehave had a different hearing differently; some fell in disgrace over 6me andwere removed from the imperialmajesty,whosesplendorseemedtobedistant.Ihopeverymuchthattheproposedtopicwillarouseinterest,especiallyinthisuniqueyear2019,whichisthe250thanniversaryofNapoleon'sbirth.

Biography:MynameisKamilSzadkowski,IamaPhDstudentattheJagiellonianUniversityinKraków.Igraduated(MA)historicalstudiesin2015attheUniversityofLodzandayearlaterarchaeologicalstudies(MA)atthesameuniversity.Since2017IhavebeenstudyinglawattheJagiellonianUniversityandIampreparingadoctoraldisserta6onunderthesupervisionofprof.JanuszPezdacalled:ThecourtoftheEmperorNapoleon(1804-1815)-structure,organiza1on,money.ForseveralyearsIhavebeenac6velypar6cipa6nginscien6ficlifeinPolandtakingpartinconferencesandwri6ngar6cles.Ialsopar6cipatedinarchaeologicalresearchincentralPoland.Iamtheauthorandco-editorofthereviewedpapercalled:VariaMediaevalia.StudiesontheMiddleAgesinthe1050thanniversaryoftheBap1smofPoland (Łódź 2016). Recently, was published the book: History - Military - Poli1cs. Marian Kukiel (1885-1973) and his work ed. T.SiewierskiandZ.Zielonka(Warsaw2019)inwhichispublishedmyar6cle:MarianKukielasaresearcheroftheNapoleonicera-selec1onandoutlineoftheissue.Inprint,thereisanar6cletobepublishedin2020attheActaUniversita1sLodziensis.Foliahistorica,concerningthewarreflec6onofNapoleonstayingonSaintHelena.Occasionally,attheJagiellonianUniversity,IteachstudentsaboutthehistoryofFranceinthe19thcentury.Hisemailaddressiskamil.szadkowski@doctoral.uj.edu.pl.

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Session3MagnusGuild

GeneralsandDiplomacy1806-23Inthispaper,itisproposedtoexaminetheapparentclashbetweengeneralsanddiplomacyandhowtheysome6mesfoundthemselvesengaged inwhatmightbetermeddiploma6cac6vity. Wasthisemployment outsidetheusual jobdescrip6oneitherabnormalorunusual?Orwasitratheremployingpeoplewhobelongedtothesamesocio-poli6calcasteandwhomayhaveenjoyedblurrediden66esandwhocouldbethereforebetrustedtobea"safepairofhands".Didtheseac6onsoccasion"policymaking on the hoof" orwere these ac6on amore considered part of amore considered policy. Finally,was theselec6onofsuchindividualsduetotheirprofessionalpres6geandrequirementsofpeopleofacertainstatusforthemission.

MagnusGuildisanindependentscholar.HereadHistoryandSpanishatAberdeenUniversity(1984-9).Havingdecidedthathewas a beLerhistorian thanhewas a linguist, hehas since tried to keepupwith recent developments in that field.Hepreviouslygaveapaperatthe2015WellingtonCongress.

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Session3JacquelineReiter

‘AMelvilleExpedi<on’:SirHomePopham’spoli<calnetworksandtheWalcherenexpedi<onof1809SirHomePopham isusuallyviewedambivalentlybyhistorians,whonever reallyknowwhere toplacehimorhowtodealwithhim.Apart from his work in telegraphy, Popham’s reputa6on in his own profession was not par6cularly good; he was notorious for hissmugglingac6vi6esbeforethewarandforthecourtmar6alarisingfromhisroleinthe1806BuenosAiresexpedi6on.Hisinvolvementinseveralmilitaryfailures(includingWalcheren1809)didnothelp.Asoneearly20thcenturynarra6veobserved:‘Probablynomaninthatgenera6ongothimselftalkedaboutsomuch,anddidsoliLle’.YetifPophamappearstohave‘donesoliLle’,thiswasbecausehemostlyworkedbehindthescenes.Anexpertonamphibiouswarfare,hewasnonavalcaptain in the tradi6onalmould:hedabbled inpoli6csanddiplomacy,andhis long-standingconnec6onwithHenryDundas,LordMelvillebroughthimaseat inParliamentandproximitytoprimeministerhimself.Hewasso indispensablethathenotonlysurvivedtheguiltyverdict inhis1807courtmar6al,butwithinmonthswasappointedCaptainof theFleetatCopenhagen.Twoyearslater,hehelpedplanandexecuteWalcheren.ThispaperwillexplorePopham’sac6vi6esduringandaUerWalcherentoexplainhowthisnavalcaptainpunchedsomuchabovehisweight.Ata6mewhentherewasnorealofficialshapetothewaygovernmentconstructeditswarstrategy,expertindividualscouldplayasignificantroleiftheymanagedtopersuadetherightpeopleoftheirvalue.PophamplayedthisgamebeLerthanmost.Walcheren,however,markedaturning-pointinhiscareer.Ashispoli6calpatronsdied,resigned,orfelloutoffavour,Pophambecameataintedmanwhosepastwasrapidlycatchingupwithhim.

JacquelineReiterreceivedherPhDfromtheUniversityofCambridgein2006ontheroleofna6onaldefenceinBri6shpoli6caldebatebetween1793and1815.Herfirstbook,TheLateLord:TheLifeofJohnPiK,2ndEarlofChatham(PenandSword,2017),illuminatedthepoli6calandmilitarycareerofPiLtheYounger’selderbrotherandwasdescribedas‘entertainingandpercep6ve...amodelbiography’byRoryMuir.ShehaswriLenforHistoryTodayandcontributedseveralar6clestotheJournaloftheSocietyforArmyHistoricalResearch.Mostrecentlyshehasco-wriLenachapterwithJohnBewonBri6shwaraimsfortheforthcomingCambridgeHistoryoftheNapoleonicWars, and she is wri6ng for theHistory of Parliament. She is par6cularly interested in the interplay betweenmilitary strategy andpoli6calpolicybetween1793and1815.HercurrentresearchfocusesonthecareerofSirHomeRiggsPophamandhisimpactonmilitarydecision-making.

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Session4JuliaBanister

HeroismandDisabilityintheEarlyNineteenthCentury

ThispaperwillexploreBri6shamtudestoheroisminthedecadesaUerthebaLleofWaterloo.Iwillfocusonrepresenta6onandcommentaryconcernedwithHenryPaget,EarlofUxbridgeandMarquessofAnglesey.PagetservedascommanderofthealliedcavalryatthebaLleofWaterloo.Hedis6nguishedhimselfforbraveryandattheendofthebaLlehesustainedaninjurythatledtotheamputa6onofhisrightlegabovethekneejoint.Pagetwentontohavealengthycareerinpoli6cs,buthewasfrequently characterised in print with reference to both his Waterloo heroism and his physical disability, or rather, hisremarkable ability as an amputee, something thatwas in large part due to the fact that he adopted a pioneering form ofar6ficiallimb,onethatwaslatertermedthe‘Angleseyleg’.UsingPagetasacase-study,thispaperwilldiscusstheextenttowhichearlynineteenth-centuryideasofmilitaryheroismwereunseLled by physical disability. Philip Shaw has argued that in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century images ofwoundingcouldbeco-optedtoreinforcecelebratorynarra6vesofmilitaryvictory,butstudiesofdisabilitybyChrisMounsey,DavidTurnerandothershavedrawnaLen6ontothelimitedrangeofwaysinwhichdisabilitywasunderstoodatthis6me.ThispaperwillexplorethecomplexityofheroismanddisabilitybytracingachangeinthewaycommentatorsrespondedtoPaget’sinjuryandsubsequentdisability.WhileearlyaccountsofthebaLleexploitthepathosofferedbythecircumstancesleadingtoPaget’sinjury,laterreferencestendtofindcomedyinhisdisability.Iwillarguethat,whilePaget’sinjurycouldbenarratedinways that served to reinforce ideas of heroism, the ability afforded to him by his prosthe6c limb served to complicateddis6nc6onsbetweendisabledandnon-disabledandthatthisunderminedideasaboutmilitaryheroism.

DrJuliaBanisterisaseniorlecturerinEnglishLiteratureatLeedsBeckeLUniversityandauthorofMasculinity,MilitarismandEighteenth-CenturyCulture,1689-1815(CambridgeUniversityPress,2018).Email:J.Banister@leedsbeckeL.ac.uk

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Session4AndrewLincoln

ThomasClarksonandtheprincipleofnon-resistance

Thispaperexaminesthepoli6caldimensionsoftheprincipleofnon-resistanceasitappearsintheworkofthehumanitarianreformer Thomas Clarkson,who became a foundermember of the Society for the Promo6on of Permanent andUniversalPeace(formallyestablishedinLondonin1816).ThecaseofClarksonhelpstoshowthattheobjectofthisSociety,some6messeenas remote fromthepredicamentsof thepresent,was in6matelyboundupwithcontemporaryproblemsofempire. InClarkson’sPortraitureofQuakerism(1806)WilliamPenn’scoloniza6onofPennsylvania ispresentedasempiricalevidenceofthe possibility of governingwithout armsor themeans of self-defence, andof the non-violent incorpora6onof peoples ofdifferentbackgrounds;Clarksonproposesaneduca6onalprogrammesupervisedbyQuakersasaformofpeaceeduca6onforfuturePenns.Inthewakeofthesuccessfulcampaigntoabolishtheslavetrade,theexampleofPenn,andofhiscontemporaryQuakersuccessorsinthenewNorthAmericanrepublic,influencedClarkson’sworkwiththeAfricaIns6tu6on(dedicatedtothedevelopmentofthenewcolonyofSierraLeoneasagatewayforthepeaceful‘civilizing’ofAfricaasawhole).TheworkofPennis discussed in more detail in Clarkson’s two volume Memoirs of Penn, a work that appeared in 1813, when Chris6anmissionariesweregranted formalpermission towork in theEast Indies.Thepaperconcludesbydiscussing the influenceofClarkson’sPennonthePeacesocie6esthatemergedonbothsidesoftheAtlan6cinthewakeoftheNapoleonicwars,astheprospectsofanexpandingarenaforthe‘civilizing’processbeckoned.Clarkson’sdesiretoeliminatethemanifestviolenceofempire is evident inmuch that hewrote, but it led him to embrace and recommendwhatwould nowbe termed ‘culturalviolence’instead.

Andrew Lincoln in Emeritus Professor of the School of English andDrama,QueenMaryUniversity of London.Muchof hisresearchhasfocusedontheworkofWilliamBlakeandWalterScoL.Hispublica6onsincludetheBlakeTrustedi6onofBlake’sSongsofInnocenceandofExperience(1992),SpiritualHistory:areadingofWilliamBlake’sTheFourZoas(1995),WalterScoKandModernity(2007),andmanyar6cles(onsubjectsrangingfrombookhistorytoArnoldBenneL).BothScoLandBlakewereinterestedintheapparentlycomplementaryrela6onshipbetweenhumanitarianismandthedriveforwar.Thisrela6onshipisatthe heart of Andrew Lincoln’ current project, a book-length study of the culture ofwar (and peace) in eighteenth-centuryBritain.

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Session4MickCrumplin

Waterloo:AfertheGloryIn most accounts of conflict, military historians leave us with figures of casual6es sustained during combat, perhaps with a fewanecdotes.This,throughignorance,gen6lityorpoorunderstandingofthetotalityofthesubject,givesafarfromrealis6cportrayalofsomeofthemorechallengingeventswhichhaveshapedourmilitaryheritage.Whatisfrequentlyincompletelyresearchedisthefateofcasual6esaUerthesurvivorshavemovedaway.Thisdiscoursefocussesonthefateofsomeofthewoundedmeninjuredbetween15and18June1815duringtheWaterlooCampaign.TheproblemaUertheBaLleofWaterloowasthesheardensityofthecasual6es inanareaofaround3squaremiles.Atabout2,300woundedpermileofbaLle front, thisdensity farout-passedthefigures fromthefirstdayontheSommeoratElAlamein.Thishighconcentra6on of casual6es would completely swamp today’s Medical Emergency Response Teams and, at Waterloo, led to a highmortality for want of simple first aid and rapid evacua6on. Three armies of over 300,000 effec6ves suffered around 102,000 killed,woundedormissingandleUaround30-35,000woundedtobetendedbyabout1,000medicalstaff-mostlysurgeons.The pain6ngs of Sir Charles Bell depic6ngWaterloo casual6es have given us some inkling of the type of suffering and the immenseproblems for the medical staff, who, despite much ignorance, strived their very best to overcome the enormous challenges ofhaemorrhageandsepsis.Newly-discovereddatafromtheUniversityofEdinburghlibraryhasrevealedsomecasenotesandsketchesoftheinjuredmenthatwerecaredforaUertheWaterlooCampaign.Wealsohaveaccesstoresultsofsurgery,bothinthefiveprincipalmilitaryhospitalsinBrusselsandtheoverallsurgicaloutcomesoftheinjuredsoldiersfollowingthiscampaign.

MichaelKHCrumplinisare6redconsultantsurgeon,educatedatWellingtonCollegeandtheMiddlesexHospital.Duringhiscareer,hewaselectedChairmanoftheCourtofExaminersoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEnglandandheservedonthecounciloftheCollegeandtheAssocia6onofSurgeons.HewaselectedanhonoraryfellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEdinburgh.AUer studyingmedicine of theNapoleonic andmany otherwars for over 45 years, he devotes 6me towri6ng, lecturing and givingsupportandadvicetostudents,researchworkers,authorsandthemedia.HisprinciplepurposeistopromoteinterestinthehumancostofwarandtheoU-forgoLeneffortsofmilitarymedicalmen.HeisanhonorarycuratorandarchivistattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsandhasbeentreasurer/trusteeoftheWaterlooCommiLeeandmemberoftheWaterloo200commiLee-headinguptheeduca6onalgroupfortheBicentenaryoftheBaLleofWaterloo.HeisatrusteeforthenewDCMS-fundededuca6onproject,theAgeofRevolu6on.Anotherprojecthasbeentosetupauniquesurgicalmuseum,ontheBaLleofWaterlooheritagesite.HewasrecentlyelectedaFellowoftheRoyalHistoricalSociety.

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Session4AlistairNichols

Itisnotjustaboutdeser<on:foreignsoldiersandtheirroleintheBri<shArmyduringtheNapoleonicWarsIntroduc<onWellington and units that served in the Peninsular dominate considera6on of the Bri6sh Army’s role in the defeat of Napoleon.Deser6onfromBritain’sforeignregiments,especiallyfromthoseservingunderWellington,dominatesconsidera6onoftheroleofsuchunitsduringtheconflict.Isthispreoccupa6onafairreflec6onoftheirroleinthewar?BootsonthegroundNumbersofforeignsoldiersinthePeninsularandtheBri6shArmyasawholeFlexibility–aforeignunitscouldbeformed(anddisbanded)intheatresoprovidinggreaterflexibilityAbsencefromsickness–whatthismeanttoWellingtonasacommander(foreignunitsreportedtobemoreeffec6veinthisarea)ProfessionalismandInnova<onMilitary educa6on and experience brought by foreign officers – examples cavalry in advance posts in Netherlands and Peninsular;WaLevilleasbrigadier;advantagesofhavingforeignersintheranks;Innova6onsbroughttotheBri6shArmybyforeignofficerse.g.thefirstrifleregiments.AcountertotheNapoleonichegemonyBritain’s foreignunitsas symbolsof ‘anotherway’ counteringNapoleon’s regimeasbeing seenas thesole sourceofopportunity foryoungmeninEurope–Switzerland,Germany,TheNetherlandsetc..Employmentofcareerofficerswhohavelostemployment–DutchsupportersoftheHouseofOrange,PrussianofficersaUerJena,ItalianofficersremovedfromAustro-Hungarianarmy…Wasdeser<onreallysuchaproblemanyway?Dothenumbersrecordedashavingdesertedreallyaddup?WeresoldiersinforeignregimentsshownashavingdesertedwhenthoseinBri6shunitswouldhavebeenrecordedas,forinstance,missingorprisoner?

AlistairNicholsservedasapoliceofficerintheHampshireConstabularyforoverthirtyyearsandhasapar6cularinterestinthehistoryoftheforeignunitsoftheBri6shArmyduringtheFrenchRevolu6onaryandNapoleonicWars.HeistheauthorofWellington’sMongrelRegiment: A History of the Chasseurs Britanniques Regiment (2005),Wellington’s Switzers: The WaKeville Regiment in Egypt, theMediterranean, Spain and Canada (2015) andThey TurnedOut So Ill! The Independent Companies of Foreigners 1812–1814: FrenchDesertersintheBri1shArmy(2018)aswellashavingcontributedtotheJournaloftheSocietyforArmyHistoricalResearch,CarnetdelaSabretache(thejournaloftheSociétéd’Étudesd’HistoireMilitaire)andTheNapoleonSeries.

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Session4AndrewBamford

ProvisionalBahalionsReconsidered:Wellington,York,andManpowerManagement1812-1814During1813and1814,aconflictofinterestsdevelopedbetweenWellington,commandinginthePeninsula,andthemilitaryandcivilauthori6esathome–uptoandincludingtheDukeofYorkasCommander-in-Chief–astothebestuseoftheBri6shArmy’smanpower.KeytothiswasWellington’screa6onofProvisionalBaLalionsbycombiningweakbutexperiencedunitssoastoretaintheminthePeninsula.Tradi6onalhistoriography,tendingtobePeninsula-centric,takesthelinethatWellington’sstancewascorrect.Thispaper,bylookingathowWellington’spolicyaffectedtheArmyasawhole,arguestheopposite.Wellington’sreten6onofveteranunitsinthePeninsulaservedasaunilateralsuspensionofthesystemsofunitrota6onthathad enabled Britain tomaximise the effec6ve use of hermilitarymanpower, and forcedHorseGuards to scour the homesta6onfortroopswithwhichtomeetgrowingcommitmentsinNorthAmericaandNorthernEurope.Examina6onofreturnsandreportsdemonstratesthat thebulkofunits then intheBri6sh Isleswereunfit forservice,andthis isborneoutbytheperformanceofsomeoftheseunitswhensentoncampaign.Thepaperwill examinehow theDukeofYorkwas forced tomanipulate themilitary systemtocopewith lackof resourcescausedbyWellington’sreten6onofmeninthePeninsula,demonstra6ngalevelofflexibilityandinnova6onfargreaterthanthatshownbyWellington.

DrAndrewBamfordistheauthorofnumerousbooksontheBri6shArmyintheNapoleoniceraanditscampaigns,includingSickness, Suffering, and the Sword: The Bri1sh Regiment on Campaign 1808-1815 (Oklahoma UP), A Bold and Ambi1ousEnterprise:TheBri1shArmyintheLowCountries1813-1814(Frontline)andGallantryandDiscipline:The12thLightDragoonsatWarwithWellington(Frontline).Hecurrentlyeditsthe‘FromReasontoRevolu6on1721-1815’seriesforHelion&Co.andholdsaVisi6ngResearchFellowshipattheUniversityofDerby.

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Session4JamesDeery

Wellington’sIrish:‘Thedevilisinthedetail’Asta<s<calanalysisofIrishofficersandmenservinginEnglishandScokshregiments

BytheendoftheNapoleonicWarsanes6mated30-40percentoftheBri6shArmywereIrish.Considera6onoftheIrishsoldier’sserviceintheWellington’sPeninsularandWaterlooarmieshastendedtobepresentedinoverallnumericaltermswithoutseriousanalysisofthekeyfactorsoftheirmilitaryservicethatcontributedtoBri6shvictory.Inaddi6on,mostofthehistoriographyconcerningWellington’sIrish soldiers has focused on his Irish regiments. While the significance of research into these regiments is undeniable it hasuninten6onally resulted in an under apprecia6on of the true extent of the Irish soldier’s contribu6on given thatmost Irish soldiersservedinEnglishandScomshregiments.ThispaperwillexaminethewiderIrishcontribu6onusingsta6s6calanalysisofIrishofficersandenlistedmenservinginEnglishandScomshregiments.TheanalysiswillfocusonkeyserviceexperiencesofIrishofficersandmensuchas socio-economic background andmo6va6ons for enlistment, promo6on and discipline trends, and integra6on into the regimentalstructure.ThiswillprovideanempiricalbasedassessmentastotheIrishsoldier’scontribu6ontoWellington’svictories.Theirabili6esand crucially their assimila6on into the Bri6sh Army were key success factors for Wellington during the Peninsular and Waterloocampaigns. An examina6onof how thiswas achieved forms a key part ofmy research. Preliminary findings presented in this paperindicate that the capabili6esof the Irish soldier and theBri6shArmy regimental structuremutually supportedeachother. Sta6s6calfindingsfurtherdemonstratethattheIrishsoldier’scontribu6onwasmuchwiderthanisgenerallyappreciatedorunderstood.However,theBri6shArmyoftheperiodrecogniseditsimportanceanddespitemoremodernmispercep6onsdidnotdiscriminateagainsttheIrishCatholicsoldier.JimDeeryhailsfromDublin,IrelandandiscurrentlystudyingforaPhDthroughtheCentreforMilitaryHistoryandStrategicStudiesinMaynoothUniversity.His areaof research is Irelandand theNapoleonicWarswith specific reference to Irish soldiers inWellington’sarmies1808–1815.Hisresearchisbasedonsta6s6calanalysisoftheservicedetailsofIrishbornofficersandenlistedmenservinginWellington’s Peninsular andWaterloo armies. His research involves the construc6on of a database of regimental officers based onna6onalitywho served underWellington in the Peninsular andWaterloo campaigns. The database currently contains the details ofofficers from thirty-eight baLalions/regiments. When not delving through the mists of 6me he works for the Na6onal TreasuryManagementAgency,agovernmentagencyresponsibleforprovidingfinancialassetandliabilitymanagementservicestotheIrishState.Aformerar6lleryofficerheservedtwentyyears intheIrishDefenceForcesbothathomeandabroadinLebanonandEastTimor.Heholds aMasters in History fromMaynooth University and aMasters in Business Administra6on from University College Dublin. HecompletedhisundergraduatestudiesinBusinessStudiesatUniversityCollegeGalway.Email:jimdeery@hotmail.comTwiLer:@JimJimDeery

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Session6EamonnO’Keeffe

“AnEvilofLongStanding”:mar<almusicians,par<sanperformancesandthemilitariza<onofBri<shelectoralspectacle

Musicwasanobligatoryandkeenly-contested featureofelec6on-6mepageantry in thefirsthalfof thenineteenthcentury.Despitetherestrictednatureofthefranchise,Bri6shelectoralculturewas“immenselyvigorousandvibrant”;parliamentarypolls doubled as mul6-day public spectacles, replete with boisterous and theatrical rituals reliant on the masspar6cipa6onofvotersandnon-votersalike.Althoughmusichad longbeen integral topoli6caldisplay,Napoleonic-eramassmobiliza6on greatly augmented the number of organized instrumental ensembles available for elec6oneering. NumerousVolunteerandLocalMili6abandswereengagedtorallycrowds,enliventhehus6ngsandsalutesuccessfulcandidates,whilemusicians of the Mili6a permanent staff rou6nely performed at post-1815 polls across Britain and Ireland, oUen insupportoftheclosefriendsandrela6onsoftheircommandingofficers.Evenbandsmenfromregularregimentsoccasionallypar6cipated in electoral rituals. Thewidespreadparty-poli6cal employmentofmilitarymusicians, unthinkable today, seemsalmostequallyperplexinginanearly-nineteenth-centurycontext,consideringlegalrestric6onsonthepresenceofsoldiersatelec6ons and the tradi6onal Bri6sh suspicion of standing armies as inimical to liberty. This paper examines contemporarycomplaintsovertheproprietyofmar6almusicalelec6oneeringbeforeoutliningawiderpaLernofmilitarisa6on inpost-warelectoralspectacleandrhetoric.AUerdecadesofan6cipa6ng invasion, training inarms,andscru6nisingreportsofoverseascampaigns,Britonsappear tohavereinterpreted longstandingpollingrituals indis6nctlymar6al terms,envisioningelectoralpoli6cs as war, complete with armies and enemies, sieges and skirmishes. By highligh6ng the ubiquity of mar6al musicalelec6oneering and the prolifera6on of military metaphors in post-1815 electoral culture, this paper offers an arres6ngillustra6onofthefar-reachingimpactsofmassmobiliza6ononBri6shsocietyandpopularpoli6cs.

EamonnO’KeeffeisaDPhil(PhD)studentattheUniversityofOxfordresearchingBri6shmilitarymusiciansduringtheFrenchRevolu6onaryandNapoleonicWars.He isaCouncilMemberoftheSocietyforArmyHistoricalResearch,oneoftheworld'soldestmilitaryhistorysocie6es,andrecentlyeditedthememoirofaNapoleonic-eraColdstreamGuardssergeant,Narra1veoftheEvenjulLifeofThomasJackson.Email:eamonn.okeeffe@merton.ox.ac.ukTwiLer:@1812andallthat

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Session6JosephCozens

PensionersorProtestors?ASocialHistoryofDemobilisedSoldiersinBritain,1815-1819

IntheaUermathoftheNapoleonicWarsnearlyaquarterofamillionregularsoldiersandmili6amenweredemobilisedfromtheBri6sharmedforces.Whateffectdidthephysicalpresenceoflargenumbersofex-servicemenhaveonBri6shsociety?Wasthe demobbed soldier greeted as awar hero?Orwas he viewed as a poten6al threat to the social order? Using soldiers’autobiographies, court records, newspaper reports, and army pension records, this paper will explore the experiences ofveteransoldiersintheturbulentperiodbetweenWaterlooandPeterloo.Itwillbearguedthat,forthoseluckyenoughtobegrantedapension,reintegra6onbackintocivilianlifewasrela6velystraightforward.ThisprocesswasaidedbyaidedbyloyalistswhovauntedtheveteransofWaterlooastheembodimentofthena6on.Similarly,someemployersvaluedthedisciplineandtheskill-setofthemilitaryman.Hence,manyreturningsoldierswereco-optedintotheapparatusoflawandorder.Fromthisperspec6ve,veteransoldiersplayedanimportantroleinthemaintenanceofsocialstabilityinBritain.However,most discharged soldiers did not receive a pension. Faced by a post-war economic slump and a shrinking labourmarket they found the process of reintegra6on extremely difficult. Parish and court records show that some demobbedsoldiers inevitably turned to begging and to crime while others directed their economic and poli6cal frustra6ons into themovementforradicalreform.Theexperienceofthehomecomingsoldierthereforegetstotherootofawiderhistoriographicalques6on:WeretheFrenchWarsaunifyingexperiencefortheBri6shna6onordidwarexacerbatepre-exis6ngsocialtensions?

Joseph Cozens is a Teaching Fellow at UCL. His research focuses on protest and the military in Britain during the longeighteenthcentury.HehaspublishedworkondesertersfromtheBri6shArmyandiscurrentlypreparingamonographwhichexploresthethemeofsoldiersandsocialconflictinBritain,1789-1819.

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Session6CiaránMcDonnell

‘ZealandPatrio<sm’:ForgingIden<tyintheIrishMili<a,1793-1815TheIrishMili6a,formedin1793todefendIrelandfromFrenchinvasion,representedalmosttwothirdsoftheBri6shgarrisoninIrelandduringtheFrenchRevolu6onaryWars. AllacrossBritainandIreland(andindeedmostofEurope)societybecamemilitarisedinthisfirstageof‘totalwar’;neverbeforehadsomanymenbeenunderarms(inbothprofessionalandamateurforces)andthishadadrama6ceffectonsociety.TheIrishMili6awasalsosignificantasitwasacomingtogetheroftheupper-classAnglo-IrishProtestantmilitarytradi6on,representedbytheofficercorps,andtheCatholicmajority,whofilledtheranksandhadonlyrecentlyregainedtherighttobeararms.Asacasestudythispaperwillexplorehowsuccessfullyorunsuccessfullythese compe6ng Irish iden66es came together in the Donegal Regiment of Mili6a, examining how the officers overcamechallengesandfosteredaregimental iden6tythatwascapableofweatheringtheviolenceofthe1798Rebellionandforginglinkswith awider Bri6shmilitary iden6ty.Manymili6amenwould go on to serve in the Army, showing howmutable anddynamicIrishiden6tywasinthe18thcentury,adap6ngtobothinternalandexternalsitua6onsandpressures.

Dr Ciarán McDonnell is a historian and archaeologist from Co. Meath, Ireland. His 2013 PhD from Maynooth Universityexamined Irish iden6ty in theBri6shmilitaryduring theFrenchRevolu6onaryWars (1793-1802). In2014hewasa JacobiteStudies Trust Research Fellow at the Ins6tute of Historical Research (University of London) inves6ga6ng Franco-Irish ‘WildGeese’officersduringtheFrenchRevolu6on.HehasworkedattheBlackfriaryArchaeologyFieldSchoolinTrim,Co.MeathandtaughtinUniversityCollegeDublinandMaynoothUniversity.CiaráncurrentlyworksforMeathCountyCouncil,wherehepromotesheritagetourismandcommunityengagement.Hehaspublished both locally and interna6onally on topics from the medieval to modern period (in par6cular the Crusades,Jacobi6sm, theFrenchRevolu6onandNapoleonicWars).Hewas recentlyawardedabursaryby theRoyal IrishAcademytocon6nuehisWildGeeseresearchinarchivesinParisandLondon.Heisinterestedinhowmilitaryhistoryrelatestothewidersociety and how ‘Irish’ iden6ty has evolved over the centuries. He has also taken part in a number of community andcommercial archaeology projects in both Ireland and Scotland. For more details on publica6ons and research seeindependent.academia.edu/CiaránMcDonnell.Email:ciaran.j.mcdonnell@gmail.com.TwiLer:@DrCiaranMcDonn

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Session6GrahameAldous

1808:Napoleon’sYearofDes<ny?When looking for the turning points of military history we tend to look for great baLles or technological developments.Although1805s6llfeaturesinthepublicmindasagreatBri6shnavalvictory,theno6onthatitsavedBritainfrominvasionhasbeenlongbeendiscounted.Further,TrafalgarclearlydidnotendtheNapoleonicwars,whichcon6nuedforanothertenyears.NapoleonaLemptedtoisolateBritaineconomicallyfrom1806throughtheCon6nentalSystemandBritainrealisedthatitwasin fora longhaul todefeatNapoleonandneededtomo6vate itsnavy tomaintain thateffort,and inpar6cular thatnavy’sskilledmiddleranks.ThroughouttheNapoleonicwarsBritainmo6vatedtheRoyalNavybypaymentofprizemoneytotheofficersandcrewwhocapturedenemyships.The largest shareof suchpaymentswent to theflagofficersandcaptains.Althoughtherehadbeensugges6onsearlier inthewarsagainstFrancethatafairersystemofdistribu6onshouldbeintroduced,changehadfailedtomaterialise,evenaUerthe1797mu6nies.In1808,however,aroyalproclama6ontookaoneeighthshareoftheprizefundsawayfromtheseniorofficersandgaveittotheskilledpeLyofficerstoincen6visethemun6lpeacefinallycamein1815.1808marksthepointatwhichBritainwaspreparedtomakethechangesnecessarytosustaintheeffortofwaragainstNapoleonthatwouldul6matelyleadtohisdownfall.

GrahameAldousQC isapart-6mepost-graduate researchstudentatKing’sCollegeLondonworkingonaPhDthesisaboutprizemoneyinNelson’sNavy.HewascalledtotheBarin1979andappointedQueen’sCounselin2008.Heisinprac6cefromchambers at 9 Gough Square, London, and has a par6cular specialism in claims involving marine accidents and /or aninterna6onallawaspect.AqualifiedYachtmaster,heisamemberoftheRoyalOceanRacingClubandracedroundCapeHornin the 1990Whitbread Round theWorld Race. He sails as a watch leader on the JST barque rigged tall ships, which areequippedtobesailedbymixedcrewswithorwithoutdisabili6esorpreviousexperience.In2013hesailedfromRiodeJaneirotoCapeTownaspartoftheNortonRoseRoundtheWorldChallenge.HeisaformermemberofTheNelsonSocietycommiLeeandoftheRNM/NMMOfficialNelsonCommemora6onCommiLeeinthebuildupto2005.Hewritesandlectures,includingfortheJudicialCollege.Hispublica6onsincludeWorkAccidentsatSea,2008,andNelsonandStVincent:PrizeFighters,forTheMariner’sMirror,2015.Email:galdous@9goughsquare.co.uk.

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Session6IgnacioRodríguezÁlvarez

AStrangeAppe<teforLegality:War,Peace,andTheSpanishFrigatesIncident(1804)

TheseizureoftheSpanishtreasureFrigates in1804,whichbroughtadoubÇulneutralSpain intothefolderofFrance swareffort,iswell-known.TheBri6shofficerincommandofthesquadronin6matedtheSpaniardsthathehadorderstodetainthesquadron.Sincenowarbetween the twocountrieshadbeendeclared,andsince theBri6shvesselsdidnot formpartofablockadingsquadron,SpanishofficersregardedBri6shin6ma6onillegal.TheirrefusalwassoonfollowedbyclosebaLle.Inlessthantenminutes,oneoftheSpanishfrigatesblewupwithatremendousexplosion.ExceptfromfortymentakenbytheBri6shfromthefloa6ngfragments,allonboardperished.Theremainingthreefrigatesquicklystrucktheircoloursandsurrendered.Bri6shdecisiontodetaintheSpanishfrigateshasnotescapedtheaLen6onofhistorians.Theyhavetended,however,tofocusontheopera6onalaspectsofthese‘captures’bytheRoyalNavy,andtheevolu6onofBri6shwarpolicy.Thelegalbasisofthatdeten6on,asconceivedby theBri6shministry,anddefended inParliament,hasnot receivedcomparablescru6ny.Thishasbeendue,nottoalackof interestbythoseconcerned,buttoafailuretorecordtheirviewswiththecompletenessoftheirnavalandpoli6calcolleagues.ThispapershallconsiderhowseniorlawyerswithintheBri6shgovernmentaLemptedtofashionalegalmeanstocontainingturmoilinParliament,andaLacksonherforeignpolicyabroad.DiscussionsonthelimitsofwarwouldsoonreturnonthebackoftheSpanishfrigatescontroversyandburstintoflameswitharenewedvigouratthe6meoftheexpedi6ontoCopenhagen.Morepointedly,theywouldtriggeralegalexplosionthatwouldaffectforeignpolicydecision-makersoveracenturymarkedbytheso-styledgun-boatdiplomacy.

Underthe6tleWarandPeace:TheOriginsoftheModernLawofNa1ons(1793-1815),IgnacioRodríguezÁlvarez(LLB,MA)iscomple6ngaPhDdisserta6onattheUniversityofTilburg(TheNetherlands).HehasalsobeenLawClerkattheInterna6onalCourt of Jus6ce (UnitedNa6ons) aswell as Research Fellow at the Lauterpacht Centre for Interna6onal Law,University ofCambridge.Currently,heservesasTeachingassistantattheBenjaminFranklinIns6tuteforNorth-AmericanStudies,UniversityofAlcalá(Spain),aswellasEuropeanProjectsofficerofitsFacultyofArtsandHumani6es.Email:ignacio.rodrigueza@uah.es.

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Session6AndrewPickering

MethodismintheRoyalNavyduringtheRevolu<onaryandNapoleonicWarsThe rela6onship between Methodism and the Bri6sh armed forces dates from the very early days of the movement.MethodistsinthearmyleUampleevidenceandtheyhavebeensubjecttoconsiderablehistoricalstudy.MichaelSnape’sTheRedcoatandReligion linkstheriseofMethodism intheEighteenthCenturywith itspresence intheArmy inBritainandoncampaign.Methodisthistoriographygivesprominencetothesoldierpreachersoftheearlydaysofthemovement.Ac6vityofMethodistsinthearmyduringtheRevolu6onaryandNapoleoniccampaignsiswelldocumented.TheexistenceofMethodismin the Royal Navy has received much less aLen6on. Owen Spencer Watkins, well-known Methodist Army chaplain andhistorianof themovement in the armed forces, claimed that evidenceofMethodism in theRoyalNavy ‘was atmost veryoccasional.Theresultisthatamostinteres6ngchapterinthehistoryofourChurchislosttous.’Thereisapaucityofmaterial,certainlyincomparisonwiththearmy;however,itispossibletogivesufficientevidenceofathrivingMethodistsubcultureintheRoyalNavyduringtheRevolu6onaryandNapoleonicWars.Thereisnosubstan6veevidenceofMethodismamongstthesailorsintheNavybeforetheoutbreakofwarin1793;however,fromthenon,thesourcesrevealthegrowthofasignificantMethodist sub-culture amongst men on the lower deck of Nelson’s navy. The paper will describe religious provision andobservanceintheNavy,andexaminethereasonsforthegrowthofanevangelicalculturewhichenabledMethodismtogainapresencebetween1793and1815.

AUeradegreeatYorkUniversityandaPGCEatCambridge,AndrewPickeringtaught instatecomprehensiveschools for35years.ForthelasteightyearsofhiscareerhewasHeadteacheroftheKnightsTemplarSchoolinHerÇordshire.Decidingthateduca6oniswastedontheyoung,here6redanddidanM.PhilinhistoryatCambridge.MembershipoftheMethodistChurch,andaninterestintheFirstWorldWarbasedonleadingmanyschoolBaLlefieldsTours,ledhimtohisresearchfocuswhichwas‘WesleyanChaplains in theBri6shArmyduring theFirstWorldWar’.He isnowstudyingpart-6me foraPhD in theologyatDurham looking at ‘MethodistMinistry to the Bri6sh Armed Forces, c. 1740-2000’. He has had two ar6cles based on thisresearchpublishedbyWesleyandMethodistStudies.

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Session7AdamStorring

OrderorCalcula<on?MilitaryThoughtintheLongEighteenth-CenturyThispaperwillchallengeconven6onal ideasabout therela6onshipbetweentheFrenchRevolu6onaryandNapoleonicWarsandthemilitarythoughtoftheprecedingcentury.ScholarshavearguedthattheScien6ficRevolu6onandtheEnlightenmentledtoaLemptsinthelongeighteenthcenturytoreducewartomathema6calcalcula6on,andhavecontrastedthiscau6ousand calculated approachwith theembraceof ‘fric6on’ and theplayof chance inwarduring the revolu6onaryperiod. Thispaper will show, however, that military thought in the long eighteenth century was not primarily a product of theEnlightenment,but rather reflectednobleculture,andtheaLemptsofeighteenth-centurystates toorder theworldaroundthem. In so faras therewasachange in the latereighteenthcentury, this reflected thegrowthofmilitary ins6tu6ons,andchallengestomonarchicalstatesandnobledominanceinwarfare.Thepaperwillshowthat,whileeighteenth-centurytextsonsiegewarfaredidemploymathema6calcalcula6on,therulersandhighnobleswhomadeup thebulkofgeneralsandmilitaryauthorshad liLle interest insuchcalcula6ons,andoUen lackedmathema6cal literacy.Eighteenth-centurymilitarythinkerswerekeenlyawareoftheuncertain6esofterrainandtheplayofchanceinwar,butsoughttocontrolit,expec6nganarmycommandertohaveaperfectknowledgeofthecountrywheretheirarmywascampaigning,andtoconsidereverypossibilityintheirownhead.Thisverypersonalconceptofmilitaryknowledgereflectedthecon6nueddominanceofhighnoblesasgenerals.Thelatereighteenthcenturysawstrongermilitaryins6tu6ons,withthecorpssystemandgeneralstaffsprovidinganins6tu6onalbasisformilitaryknowledge,whileEnlightenmentideasofindividualfreedomandmeritpointedawayfromtheorderedwarfareofmonarchicalstatesandnobles.

AdamStorringcompletedhisBA,MPhilandPhDatSt.John’sCollege,Cambridge.HisPhDdisserta6on,supervisedbyProfessorSirChristopherClarkanden6tled‘FredericktheGreatandtheMeaningsofWar,1730-1755’wasawardedtheAndréCorvisierPrize 2019 by the Interna6onal Commission ofMilitary History. His research has been funded by the Arts and Humani6esResearch Council, theGermanAcademic Exchange Service, the Leibniz Ins6tute for EuropeanHistory, the Prussian CulturalFounda6on, and the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Founda6on. From October 2019, he will be Early Career Fellow at theGömngenIns6tuteforAdvancedStudy.Email:alstorring@gmail.com.

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Session7JacekJędrysiak

ThroughtheWinners’Eyes:NapoleonicArtofWarinPrussianMilitaryreflec<onbeforeClausewitz(1815-1832)TheaimofthispaperistobringuptodatethestateofknowledgeregardingtheinfluenceofNapoleonicartofwaronPrussianarmyinthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.Accordingtothepopularinhistoriographypointofview,defeatsatJenaandAuerstädtin1806weretoini6ateaperiodofreformsinPrussia,including,ofcourse,militaryones,culmina6ngintheestablishmentoftheLandwehrandGeneralStaff, which then, based on the teachings of Carl von Clausewitz’s Vom Kriege, were used by Helmuth vonMoltke the Elder in theunifica6onofGermany.TheendoftheNapoleonicwarsleUPrussiainanewgeopoli6calrealityandahostofchallenges.ThethoroughlyanalysedNapoleonicperiodhadaprofoundimpactonshapingthePrussianartofwar.Thereconstruc6onofPrussianmilitarypowerwascarried out by veterans of theWars of Libera6on, and they contributed by drawing conclusions from the 1806–1815 campaign. Thedescribed above situa6on gave the reason for aLemp6ng to supplement the current stateof knowledge regardingPrussian strategicthoughtintheyears1815-1832,takingintoaccounttwoaspects:ins6tu6onalreflec6onsonstrategyandmilitaryliterature.Contrarytotheconvic6onofmostauthorsdealingwiththesubject,largenumbersofmaterialsconcerningtheorganisa6onofthehighestmilitaryauthori6esandtheprocessofdefenceplanningares6llavailable,whichallowstodiscusstheviewsonstrategyofkeydecision-makersintheyears1815–1832,chieflyHermannvonBoyen,KarlvonGrolmanandKarlvonMüffling.Basedontheseassump6ons,subsequentlypresentedwillbeviewsonNapoleonicartofwarcontainedintheworksofJohannOLoAugustRühlevonLilienstern,CarlvonDecker,GeorgWilhelmvonValen6ni,JohannFriedrichConstan6nvonLossau,HeinrichvonBrandtandAugustWagner.

Biography:JacekJędrysiak(bornOctober12,1985inWrocław)-DoctorofHumani6esinthefieldofhistory.AssistantProfessorattheHistoricalIns6tuteoftheUniversityofWrocław.TheworkeroftheMilitaryHistoricalBureau.Editor-in-chiefofthequarterly"PrzeglądHistoryczno-Wojskowy" ["Military Historical Review"]. Award winner of the Prize of the Prime Minister of Poland for disserta6ons,awardedon thebasis of thedoctoral thesis "Prussianmilitary thought 1815-1848" in 2015.He specializes in thehistoryof the19thcentury,thehistoryofPrussiaandGermany,thehistoryofmilitarythought,Germanmilitarypolicy inthePolishcountries1815-1918andtheques6onofgeneralmilitaryserviceinthePolishPeople'sArmy.Expertinthe16thconference“RecoveringForgoLenHistory.TheImage of East-Central Europe in English-LanguageAcademic Textbooks”, discussingmanuscript of Vanya E. Bellinger’s book “Carl vonClausewitz'sLastCampaign.Cholera,theCampaignof1831,andtheLessonsNeverWriLenDown”.LaureateofthescholarshipS6UungPreußischerKulturbesitzin2011.

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Session7VanyaBellinger

ClausewitzintheBahlesofLignyandWavre(1815):TheQues<onofTheoryvs.Prac<ceCurrently, Carl von Clausewitz’s lifework On War dominates the Western strategic thought and is widely proliferatedthroughoutthevariousserviceschools.Hisperformanceasasoldierandastaffofficer,however,remainsasubjectofdebate,par6cularlyas it relates totheWaterlooCampaign.This20-minutepaperreassesseshis role in twoof the1815Campaign’smainengagements—byLigny(16June1815)andWaterloo’stwinbaLleinWavre(18-19June1815).Clausewitzservedasthechiefofstaffforthe IIIPrussianArmyCorpsunderGeneral JohannvonThielmann.EvidenceshowsthatduringtheBaLleofLigny, III Corps displayed a certain 6midity and lacked ini6a6ve. Addi6onally, following the news of Napoleon’s defeat atWaterloo, theywere blamed for allowing Grouchy’s Corps to slip away on 19 June 1815. Ongoing debate aLributes thesefailuresonClausewitz’sapprehension.Compoundingtheissue,hisomissionindefendinghisperformanceordecisionsmadein1815.Thisin-depthexamina6onexploresthesurroundingcircumstancesrelatedtothesefailuresandmisstepsandreveal,forthefirst6me,Clausewitz’sactualinfluenceoverthedecision-makingprocess.ComparingClausewitz’slaterworks(OnWarandThe Campaign of 1815) against his contemporary correspondence, accounts of fellow par6cipants (for instance the neverpublished report of Major Wilhelm von Grolman, Commander of the 4th Kurmärkisches LIR, II Brigade, III Corps, which Irecentlyfoundinthearchives),andlaterwri6ngsaccuratelymirrorsomeofOnWar’smostenduringconcepts.

VanyaE`imovaBellingeristheauthorofMarievonClausewitz:TheWomanBehindtheMakingofOnWar(OxfordUniversityPress USA—2015). She is an Assistant Professor of Strategy and Security Studies at Air University’s eSchool of GraduateProfessionalMilitaryEduca6onandAirCommandandStaffCollege.PreviouslyshetaughtasaVisi6ngProfessoratUSArmyWarCollege(2016-2018).VanyaEUimovaBellingeristhewinnerofthe2016SocietyforMilitaryHistoryMoncadoPrizeforherar6cle"TheOtherClausewitz:FindingsfromtheNewlyDiscoveredCorrespondencebetweenMarieandCarlvonClausewitz,'"The JournalofMilitaryHistory 79 (April2015). She isagraduateofNorwichUniversity'sMaster inArtsProgram inMilitaryHistory (Cum Laude, 2011). Bellinger received her B.A. in Journalism andMass Communica6ons from the Sofia University,Bulgaria.ShecompletedajournalismfellowshipattheFreeUniversityofBerlin(2003-2004)andhasworkedasinterna6onalcorrespondentformorethanfiUeenyearsformajorBulgarianandGermanmedia.

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Session7JackGill

TheBahleofZnaimandtheTransi<onfromWartoPeacein1809Thispaperexaminesthetransi6onfromwartopeaceduringtheFranco–AustrianWarof1809(‘theWagramCampaign’),specificallytheBaLleofZnaim,10–11 July1809, thefinalmajorengagementof thewar.Although it involvedmore than100,000menat itsheight,Znaim is usually treated as an aUerthought, overshadowed by its 6tanic predecessor, the BaLle ofWagram on 5–6 July. The usualnarra6verunsthus:NapoleonwonacostlybutincompletevictoryatWagram;abriefpursuitensued;andanarmis6cewasconcludedaUeranac6onnearZnaim.TheBaLleofZnaim,however,rewardsstudyinitsownrightforatleasttworeasons.First,itisofinterestforitsopera6onalaspects.Asa large,unplannedencounterbaLlebetweentwolargelyveteranarmies, it illuminatesthequali6esofthearmiesandleadershipsonbothsides.Second,thebaLleisin6matelyconnectedwiththeconvolutedprocessthatledtoaceasefireandthentothearmis6cethatendedthewar.FoundedonarchivalresearchinFrance,AustriaandGermany,thispaperwilladdressboththemilitaryandthepoli6caldimensionsofthebaLleaswellastheinterleavingofthesetwoconsidera6onswithspecialaLen6ontohowthewaraimsofeachsidedeterminedtheirac6onsonthefieldandintheceasefirenego6a6ons.Theceasefire/armis6ceoutcome,ofcourse,wasnotforeordained.Thepaperwillthereforeexamineques6onssuchaswhyNapoleonacceptedtheceasefirewhenhemighthavecon6nuedthewartoseekatrulycrushingvictoryàlaAusterlitzandwhytheArchdukeCharles,theAustriancommander,soughttoendthefigh6ngeventhoughheknewhewouldtherebycontravenethewishesofhisbrothertheemperor.FocusingontheintertwiningofbaLleanddiplomacy,thepaperwillthus endeavour to illustrate how and why this war evolved from desperate combat to a sudden ceasefire and an equally suddenarmis6celeadingtoapeaceshaped,tonosmalldegree,bytheBaLleofZnaim.

JohnH.Gill(Jack)isanadjunctprofessorattheNearEast–SouthAsiaCenterforStrategicStudies,affiliatedwiththeNa6onalDefenseUniversity inWashingtonDC. Specializing inmilitary history of theNapoleonic period, his publica6ons includeWith Eagles toGlory:NapoleonandHisGermanAllies inthe1809Campaign,ASoldierforNapoleon (editor),andThunderontheDanube (athree–volumehistoryofthe1809Franco–AustrianWar),aswellaschaptersandar6clesforTheWestPointHistoryofWarfare,OxfordBibliographies,andnumerouseditedvolumes.HehaspresentedpapersonNapoleonicwarfaretotheSocietyforMilitaryHistory,theConsor6umontheRevolu6onaryEra,andtheGermanStudiesAssocia6onamongothervenues.AformerU.S.ArmySouthAsiaForeignAreaOfficer,hisotherpublica6ons includeanAtlasof the1971 India-PakistanWar, chaptersoncurrent IndianandPakistanipoli6cal–militaryaffairs,U.S.–Indiarela6ons,andIndia–Pakistancrisisbehaviour.Hecanbereachedatgillnesa@gmail.com.

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Session7MaKhewFlynn

Bonaparte’sOpera<onalArtintheTwilightofEmpireMypaperexaminesBonaparte’sabilitytowageopera6onalartinthe1814campaign.WithlimitedforcesathisdisposalaUerdefeat inGermany in1813,Bonaparte indeedrediscoveredhisoldstyleofcampaigningashehad launched in Italy in1797whenfirstburs6nguponthescene. Withsmall forcesbentonmaneuver,he lookedtokeepthe invadingarmiesseparatedfromoneanotherinordertocrushisolatedpartsoftheopposingAlliedforces.Terrainplayedakeyroleinthisapproach,andBonapartewasastuteenoughtocapitalizeonthelayofthelandtofendoffhisaLackersin1814–fora6me.Eventualdefeat,however,spoketolessafailureofopera6onalartandmoreasignofthe6mes. Francewassimplytooexhaustedby1814toagain sustain the military burden Bonaparte placed on that na6on. In seeking this measure of failure, the presenta6onstresses Bonaparte’s fault in bringing France to that state. His reliance on decisive baLle aUer 1800 and up to 1814, andrepeated in theWaterloo campaign the following year, reveals a military mind unable to accommodate means with bestprac6ces. Onlyunderduressand thereforebynecessitywasBonaparteable tocalibrate theneed toaLack thewillofhisopponentmorethanthemeansatthedisposalofhisfoe. Thisbelatedembraceoftheopera6onalartspoketoinfatua6onwithcripplinganopponenttac6cally,ratherthanopera6onally.Thedis6nc6onwasvitalthenaswellasnow.Westernpowerss6ll seemilitarymeansasa self-fullingact toendaconflict; that result iselusiveunless thepoli6cal context is setprior tomilitaryac6on.ExaminingtheeffortsofNapoleoninthetwilightoftheFrenchempirebringsthispointhome.

ProfessorMaahewJ.FlynnisaprofessorofmilitaryhistoryatMarineCorpsUniversity,Quan6co,Virginia. Hespecializesinthe rise and fall of great powers, examining topics such as revolu6onarywar, preemp6on, and fron6ers to highlight undomilitarismandthestressesthatrelianceimposesonopen/representa6vegovernments.HisbooksincludeSeKleandConquer:Militarism on the American Fron1er, 1607-1890,Washington andNapoleon: Leadership in the Age of Revolu1on, and FirstStrike:Preemp1veWar inModernHistory. Healsoassesses that samedynamicofmilitarism in thecontextofcyberspace,followingtheimpactofthatdomainontheevolu6onofwarfare.Hereagainfron6ers,borders,andrevolu6onarymovementsall speak toamilitarismhoping tomutesuchdynamics,a call for ‘cyberpreemp6on’amongmanyprofessionalsmaskingafailuretoexamineallmeansofna6onalpowerasthefocusofsustaininggreatpowerstatus.

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Session7JonathonRiley

TheFallofDetroit,August1812While thewaragainstNapoleon raged inEurope,anotherwarwasbrewingacross theAtlan<c.Awarwith the infantUnitedStatesofAmericabroughtaboutbya seriesof factors,whichbecameanopportunityanda cause forwar-hawks in theUS intenton their ‘manifestdes<ny’– tocontrolthewholecon<nentofNorthAmerica.AferPresidentMadison’sdeclara<onofwarinJune1812,anarmyunderGeneralWilliamHull,arevolu<onarywarveteran,formedaroundthe4thUSinfantryregimentandcon<ngentsofmili<afromOhioandMichiganwassenttoDetroit.Oncethere,HullinvadedBri<shterritorybutlosthisnerveandwithdrew.General IsaacBrock,assembledaforceofafewhundredBri<shregulars,volunteersfromthemili<aandwarriorsfromtheGrandRiverpeople.Brocktooktheoffensiveusingamixtureofbravado,bluffanddecep<on,playingonthepsychologyofhisopponent.Aferashortsiege,withnoBri<shcasual<es,HullsurrenderedthefortofDetroit,itsgarrisonandthewholeoftheMichiganTerritory.ThenewshitWashington,literally,likeaboltfromtheblue,confoundingAmericanexpecta<ons.Moreimportantly,thefallofDetroitconvincedthepeopleofUpperCanadathattheycouldpreservetheirwayoflifeandthatsurrendertotheAmericanswasnotinevitable.InLondontherewasjubila<on.LordBathurst,theSecretaryofWar,wrotetoWellington,that:“Aferthestrongrepresenta<onswhichIhadreceivedoftheinadequacyoftheforceinthoseAmericansehlementsIknownothowIshouldhavewithstoodtheahacksagainstmeforhavingsentreinforcementstoSpaininsteadofsendingthemtothedefenceofBri<shpossessions.”Thispaperwilloutlinethestrategic,opera<onalandtac<caleventsaroundthefallofDetroit,anditsconsequences.

LieutenantGeneral JonathonRiley comes froma Yorkshire familywith a historyofmilitary service.Hewas educated at theUniversity CollegeLondon,wherehegainedanMAinGeomorphologyandaMaster'sDegreeinHistoryatLeedsUniversity,lateragainingaPhDinModernHistory,atCranfieldUniversity.HejoinedtheArmyin1973andwascommissionedthefollowingyear. Sincethenhehasservedpeace<metoursofdutyinBritain,theUSA,Canada,Denmark,Germany,KenyaandCyprus.HetaughtatSandhurstfrom1984-86,ahendedtheStaffCollegeCamberleyasastudent in1987,andtaughtthere in1993.HewastheDeputyCommandantoftheStaffCollege,responsiblefortheHigherCommandandStaffCourse–theseniorcourseinthecollege–aswellasallcoursesforArmystudents,from2001-3.Onopera<ons,GeneralRileyhasservedsixtoursinNorthernIreland,oneinCentralAmerica,fiveintheBalkans,oneinSierraLeone,twoyearsinIraqandone-and-a-halfyearsinAfghanistan.Hehascommandedonopera<ons inevery rank, includingbeingDeputyCommandingGeneralMul<-Na<onalDivision (South-West) inBosnia,1998-99;CommandingGeneral,Mul<-Na<onalDivision(South-East)andGeneralOfficerCommandingBri<shForcesIraq,2004-5;andDeputyCommandingGeneralofallNATOforcesinAfghanistan,2007-9.HeisoneofasmallnumberofBri<shOfficerstohavecommandedatri-serviceJointTaskForce,whichhedid inSierra Leone in2000-2001. Lieutenant-GeneralRiley isaVisi<ngProfessor inWarStudiesatKing’sCollegeLondonandhashaspublishedtwenty-threebooksofmilitaryhistoryandbiography.TheseincludeThatAstonishingInfantry:TheHistoryofTheRoyalWelchFusiliers1689-2006(co-authoredwithMichaelGlover),AMaKerofHonour:TheLife,CampaignsandGeneralshipofIsaacBrockand1813,EmpireatBay:TheSixthCoali1onandtheDownfallofNapoleon.

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Session7EdwardHammond

RadicalNokngham:Inves<ga<ngLocalImpactsoftheNapoleonicWarsThispresenta6onwillofferaninsightintothesocial,economicand,toanextent,poli6calinfluencesthattheNapoleonicWarshad on the lives of individuals living in Nomngham and the East Midlands. Nomngham, being a town which gained areputa6on for radicalism and violent protest, remains a par6cularly interes6ng case study during this period, where thecombina6onof industrialisa6onandaneconomicdepressiongaverisetoprotestgroupssuchastheLudditesand ledtoanincreasingamountofopposi6ontothewar.Historians,suchasJohnBeckeL,havesuggestedthatinNomngham,interest inthewardeclinedasaresultofthedepressedstateofthehosierytrade,broughtaboutasaresultofNapoleon’s‘Con6nentalBlockade’.Whilsttheeconomicturbulenceoftheconflictcouldbefeltacrossthecountry,thereexiststhedebateastohowfargroupsliketheLudditesweremo6vatedbypoli6calconcerns.E.P.ThompsonregardedtheLudditesashighlypoli6cal,andsawthemaspartofanEnglishlabouringclassthatwasincreasinglysuscep6bletotheinfluencesofFrenchrevolu6onaryprinciples.More recently, it is theprevailingviewthat suchprotestmovementswere largely ‘stemming from localcircumstances’,andweremore likelymo6vated by economic concerns, rather thanwholly poli6cal. But this does notmean that such poli6calinfluenceswerenon-existent.Itistheviewofthispresenta6onthatthereneedstobeacloserassocia6onbetweenwhatwashappening on the con6nent and its wider social, economic, and indeed poli6cal effects in Britain, especially in the EastMidlands.Biography:Igraduatedin2018fromNomnghamTrentUniversitywithaFirstClassHonoursdegreeinHistory.IhavelonghadapassionfortheperiodoftheFrenchRevolu6onaryandNapoleonicWars,andIrecentlyhadmyar6cle‘TheNapoleonicWarsatHome’ published in the regional history magazine East Midlands History and Heritage, with a view to increasing localawarenessofthedomes6cimpactsoftheNapoleonicWars.Duringthesummermonths,Ienjoyspendingmyspare6mebypar6cipa6nginNapoleonicre-enactmenteventsasamemberofthe21emeRegimentd’InfanteriedeLigne,oneofthelargestFrench infantry re-enactment groups in the country. Throughout the year, I regularly give talks and presenta6ons to localhistorygroupsandrotaryclubsonvarioustopicsrela6ngtotheperiod,includingmymostrecenttalkwhichdetailsthelifeandexperiences of the French Napoleonic soldier. One of my current projects involves transcribing the diary of a frameworkkniLer,withtheaimofeventuallyhavingitpublishedintheRecordSeriesoftheThorotonSocietyofNomnghamshire.Email:edwardhammond@live.co.uk.

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Session7JamesVillalard

LawandOrderintheChannelIslandsduringthe‘GreatFrenchWar’Occupyingadominant strategicposi6onwestof theCoten6nPeninsula, theChannel Islands’prominencewithin thecontextof localmari6me trafficdatesback toat least the thirteenthcentury. Inaddi6on to servingasa stagingpost for vesselsbound forFlanders,France,CanadaandSouthAmerica, the Islandswerealso thebaseofopera6ons forprivateersand smugglers. The resultantflowofhumanitywhichaccompaniedthisvibranttrafficmeantthatthecivilandmilitaryauthori6esfacedmanyofthesamedifficul6eswhichexistedinmuchlargerborderterritories.Bythe6meoftheFrenchRevolu6on,socialandpoli6caltensionshadlongbeenafeatureofIslandlife.However,the‘GreatFrenchWar’triggeredbothanunprecedentedexpansionofthelocalgarrisonsandtheinfluxofthousandsofrefugeesfleeingpersecu6oninBriLany,NormandyandtheVendée.Theauthori6es intheChannel Islandswereacutelyawareof thefact thatsuchwar6mepressuresmightserveasthecatalysttotransformtensions(botholdandnew)intoopendisorder.Fortunately,suchthreatstotheinternalstabilityoftheBailiwickscouldbemetwithacombina6onofcivilandmilitarypower.Whilethepopularviewof lawenforcement in late-eighteenthcenturyBritainisdominatedbytheimageofapoorly-disciplinedmili6aandyeomanry,themaintenanceofpublicorderintheChannelIslandswasentrustedprimarilytoelectedcivilianofficers,embodied(inJersey)asthePoliceHonorifique.However,themostinteres6ngaspectof lawenforcement intheChannel IslandsduringtheGreatFrenchWar isthemanner inwhichthegarrisonforcesandmili6awere employed as a support to the civil power. Far from being deployed solely against ‘the mob’, the local military powers wereemployedinanumberofroleswhichcharacterisethedu6esofamodernpoliceofficer.

Biography:BornintheChannelIslandofJerseyin1989,IwaseducatedatDeLaSalleCollege,JerseywhereIspenttheen6retyofmyschoolcareer.Encouragedbymy formerheadmaster, JohnMichaelSankeyKSG, IappliedtostudyhistoryatBalliolCollege,Oxford. IgraduatedwithUpper Second-ClassHonours in 2010and completed aMasterof Studies inModernBri6sh andEuropeanHistory in2011.Duringmy6meatBalliol, IhadthehonourofbeingawardedtheJamesGayPrize(2008),Mar6nWrightPrize(2008),ReynoldsExhibi6on(2008-09)andReynoldsScholarship(2009-10).In2013,IcommencedmyPhDattheUniversityofExeter,workingunderthesupervisionofProfessorJeremyBlackMBEandDrMichaelDuffy.InspiredbyakeeninterestinlocalhistoryandtheworksofCSForesterandBernardCornwell, Ichosetoinves6gatethestrategicroleoftheChannelIslandsduringtheFrenchRevolu6onaryandNapoleonicWars.FollowingtheawardofmyDoctorateinApril2018,IacceptedanofferofemploymentwiththeStatesofJersey,takingupthepostofAssistantLegalAdviserwithintheCriminalDivisionoftheLawOfficers’Department,assignedtotheMutualLegalAssistanceTeam.Email:jamesvillalard0@gmail.com.

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Session7YoavArbel

AnArchaeologicalPerspec<veoftheFrenchConquestofJaffa(1799)anditsLong-termAfermathThe coastal city of Jaffa has experiencedmuch violence over its four-millennium history, as a result of heterogeneous popula6ons,foreign involvement, religious fric6on, commercial compe66on and its role in the pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Itwas destroyed several6mes,andhasalwaysrecovered.Insomecasesreconstruc6onwastheworkoftheresidents,inothersoftheconquerors,andoUenofboth,addingnewelementstotheancientculturalconglomerate.Napoleon’ssiegeandsubjuga6onofJaffa(March5-7,1799)wasthemosttrauma6cpost-medievalwarepisodetobefallthecity.Frenchandothersourcesdepicteditindetail,inevitablyreflec6ngpoli6calagendas regarding theconqueror,whofiveyears laterwouldbecomeEmperorofFrance.Having failed tostormAcre later thatyear,Napoleon retreated to Egypt. In the following decades, Jaffa experienced military and public construc6on, an agricultural boost,reloca6on of cemeteries, and intensifying foreign involvement, turning it from a dormant OLoman anchorage into a vibrantcosmopolitan harbor. The short-lived French conquestwas not the dominant cause behind these irreversible developments, yet likemanyhuman-inducedcalami6esithelpedupsetextantreali6esandsetthecondi6onsforchangetoripen.Owingtothebriefdura6onoftheoccupa6onandtoextensiveurbandevelopmentinthe19thcentury,materialevidenceoftheFrenchpresence in Jaffa is scarce, yetarchaeologicalexcava6onsover recentdecadeshaveaddedsignificant contribu6ons. Segmentsof therampartsNapoleonhadfacedwereexposed;ar6lleryshots,musketballs,uniformbuLonsandagunthatprobablytookpartinthesiegewere recovered.Otherdiscoveries shed compara6ve lightonpre-siegeandpost-siege Jaffaand the long-termeffectson localurbanhistory.Thisarchaeological-basedperspec6ve,onewhichhassofarreceivedliLleaLen6onfromresearchersofNapoleon’scampaignintheHolyLand,willbethefocusofthispresenta6on.

YoavArbelearnedhisBachelor’sdegreeinclassicalarchaeologyandAfricanstudiesfromtheHebrewUniversityinJerusalem(1995)andaMaster’s degree andPh.D. in archaeological anthropology from theUniversity of California, SanDiego (2005).Hehasbeen a staffmemberinexcava6onsinIsrael,Jordan,Turkey,England,GermanyandTanzania,andin2005joinedtheIsraelAn6qui6esAuthority(IAA)as a senior researcher. His du6es include direc6ng and publishing archaeological excava6ons and surveys, reviewing archaeologicalreportsandinstruc6nginthefield.MostofhisIAAexcava6onshavetakenplaceinJaffaandheispar6cularlyinterestedintheOLomanperiod, currently the least researched by archaeologists in Israel. Arbel has published a book based on his disserta6on (Ul1mateDevo1on: The Historical Impact and Archaeological Reflec1on of Intense ReligiousMovements, London, 2011) as well as ar6cles inprofessionalandpopularpublica6ons.Hecanbereachedatyoar07@gmail.com.

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Session8DavidHollins

Napoleonicstaffs:BuryingBourcetandlookingtoAustriaItiswidelyclaimedthatmoderngeneralstaffsbeganwithBourcetandhisstaffcollege,establishedinGrenoblein1764,butdisbandedin1771.Basedonit,Napoleon’sstaff,throughwhichhedirectedhiscorps,followed andwasdevelopedbythePrussians,whoselate19thcenturysystemisthebasisofmodernstaffs.TheGrenoblecollegeisamyth,embellishedbySpencerWilkinson,butwidelycopied,despite the factsbeingpublished inHennet:L’etatmajor (1910).Claimsaboutcorpsanddivisionalstaffs from1800arean inven6on,designedtocoverthePrussianoriginofthemodernsystem.Asthispaperthenshows,thePrussianapproachemulatedAustria,whichhadalackofgreatcommanders,butgrowingarmysizesfromthe7YearsWaronwards.AUerthedefeatsof1748,thecommandstructurewaschangedtospreadtheworkloadandtherebyallowtheCommander-in-chief the 6me to consider the bigger picture. The paper considers how the 1757 regula6ons created the GrosseFeldgeneralstab,whichwasdevelopedfurther in1769,whenapermanentstaffof30officerswasestablished.FurtherchangesunderArchdukeCharlesin1805andRadetzkyin1811producedapowerfulChiefofStaffandprofessionalstaffofficers.NotonlydidPrussiaadoptthisapproach,butasHuwDaviesnotesin‘SpyingforWellington’,Brigadier-GeneralSirGeorgeMurraywasinfluencedbyColonelsAnstrutherandHope,whohadbeenaLachedtotheAustrianstaffduringtheFlanderscampaign.TheretheyhadexperiencedthesystemoftheChiefofStaffbeingastheexpertopera6onalconsultantforhiscommander.Incontrast,Berthierwas,asJominiandVacheesay,merelyachiefclerk,whojusthadagoodabilitytosetoutNapoleon’sordersclearly.AsEl6ngnotes,NapoleonwashisownG3(opera6onalplanner),aswellashandlingsignificantintelligencehimself(recentlysetoutinT.Crowdy:Marengo).Hisstaffwasnomorethantheoldsystemofapersonalentouragerotatedfromthelinewithnorealtraining.

Born in 1962,David Hollins studied Law at University College London and trained as a specialist shipping lawyer in London beforeworkingincommercialshipping.HavingjoinedtheNapoleonicAssocia6onanditsAustrianreeenactmentunit, IR4Deutschmeister,hebegan researching theGerman-languagematerial on the Austrian army andwrotemany ar6cles in the specialistmagazines, ‘Age ofNapoleon’ and ‘First Empire’. AUer helping Ian Castlewith twoOsprey Campaign books on the 1809war, hewrote sevenworks forOspreyPublishingrelatedtotheImperialAustrianarmy,followedbyachapter inFremont-Barnes: ‘ArmiesoftheNapoleonicWars’.AregularvisitortotheViennaKriegsarchiv,hehelpedTerryCrowdywith‘Marengo’andiscurrentlyworkingonintelligenceandspyingintheRevolu6onaryWars,aswellaspreparingachapteronCaldiero1805foraforthcomingmul6-authorwork.HavingcompletedanMBAthroughEdinburghBusinessSchool,henowlivesintheScomshBordersandworksinfinancialservicesinEdinburgh.

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Session8JamesLacey

Waterloo:AMaherofLeadershipandEgoThispresenta<onaddressestheimpactofleadershipastheprincipalcauseoftheFrenchdefeatatWaterloo,inves<ga<ngthefollowingtopics:-ThearmyNapoleontookwithhimtoWaterloowasprobablythebesthehadsince1805,butitwasmiserablyledatalmosteverylevel.Althoughthispresenta<onfocusesonNapoleonandhisseniorleaders,Iwillbeginbydiscussingtheunderlyingdistrustthatthetroopsfeltfortheofficersanditsimpactonopera<ons.- Any leadership study ofWaterloomust deal with the core of the problem – Napoleon’s near abdica<on of a central leadership role. As such, thispresenta<onaddresseswhyandhowtheNapoleonof1805hadbecome“justanotherpounder,”asWellingtonderisivelysaidofhimaferthebahle.-ThecoreofthepaperexaminesthegeneralsNapoleonplaced in leadershiprolesandwhytheywerethere. IwillahributemostoftheseabominablechoicestoNapoleon’sego,asIbelievehehadtoshowthatanyvictoryin1815wasen<relyhis.Inthis,hisgreatcomebackontheEuropeanstage,therewasnoroomtosharethegloryofvictorywithanyofhisMarshals.So,wefind:

• Arguably thebestofNapoleon’smarshals – LouisDavout– lef inParis tohandle administra<vedetails.Davoutwasamarshalwhohadofenprovenhecouldahaindecisiveresultsinindependentcommand.IfhehadbeenincommandatQuatreBra,insteadofNey,theresultswouldhavebeenhugelydifferent.

• Napoleon,nevercalled forhisgreatest cavalrycommander– JoachimMurat.Hewasa soldierwhohad longbahlefieldexperience inbreakinginfantrysquares.Oneshouldconsiderthedifferenceafewbrokensquaresatwouldhavemadeinthebahle’soutcome.

• OnehastowonderwhyJean-Bap<steDrouet,Comted'ErlonwasentrustedwithleadingthecrucialahackontheBri<sh-heldridgelinewhileJean-de-DieuSoult–themarshalwholedtheahackonthePratzenheightsatAusterlitz–wasleftoineptlyhandleNapoleon’spaperwork. Forthatmaher,onemayalsowonderwhyoneofhisdivisioncommandersatthePratzenHeights–DominiqueVandamme–wasdetachedwithGrouchyatWarve.NapoleononcesaidofVandammethat”Ifhehadtoahackhell,Vandammewouldleadthevanguard.”HewassorelymissedatWaterloo.

• WasMassena not there becauseNapoleon insulted him: "So, Prince of Essling, you are no longerMasséna.” And,whywere did somany ofNapoleon’sothermarshalsrefusetojoinhim?

Dr.JamesLacey istheProfessorofStrategyattheMarineCorpsWarCollege.PriortothathewasawidelypublishedsenioranalystattheIns<tuteforDefenseAnalysesinWashington,DC.Laceyservedoveradozenyearsonac<vedutyasaninfantryofficerandisre<redfromtheArmyReserves.HealsotaughtgraduatecoursesinMilitaryHistoryandGlobalIssuesatJohnsHopkinsandGeorgetownUniversi<es.LaceywasanembeddedjournalistwithTimemagazineduring the invasionof Iraqandhaswrihenextensively formagazines andmilitaryhistory journals. Lacey is theauthorofMomentofBaKle(Bantam),TheFirstClash(Bantam),Takedown:the3rdInfantryDivision’s21-DayAssaultonBaghdad(NavalIns<tutePress),Pershing(Palgrave-Macmillan)TheMakingofPeace (CambridgeUniversityPress)andTheMakingofGrandStrategy (CambridgeUniversityPress)andKeep fromall ThoughjulMen(USNI, 2010)Healsohas a trilogyofworksonglobal terrorism,publishedearly in2008 (Naval Ins<tutePress). Hismost recentbook isGreatPowerRivalries(Oxford,2017).Hehastwobooksforthcoming:TheWashingtonWar,dealingwiththerela<onshipbetweenFDR,theJointChiefsofStaff,andtheWarCabinetduringWWII(May2019);and,GodsofWar,dealingwiththose<mesinhistorywhengreatcaptainshavefoughteachother(May2020).

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Session8Linda&MarshaFrey

TheCultureofFrenchRevolu<onaryDiplomacy:“InterminableWar?”The French revolu6onaries saw themselves as soldiers figh6ng for a cause and thought theywere not bound by the constraints oftradi6onaldiplomacy. In their fervor theydiscardedall diploma6c conven6onsand rejected the systemas awhole. Todootherwisewould have compromised the Revolu6on itself. Revolu6onaries aLempted to transform the public sphere by radically altering theinsignia, dress, and rhetoric so inextricably associatedwith the ancien régime. The noble code of conduct had to be displaced andreplaced by a revolu6onary one: one “theater of power” erected on the ruins of another. In the view of some contemporaries,revolu6onandwarwerenotonly“friends”but“twoinseparableallies.”Bélissaasks:“wasit[theRepublic]notforcedbyitsverynaturetowagepermanentwar?”Therevolu6onarydiplomats,whosharedthepercep6onsoftheircompatriots,wereopera6nginaneraofwhat has been dubbed total war. The inability or the unwillingness of republican diplomacy to bring peace contributed to thedestruc6onofthefirstrepublic.Thosesentabroadmenweresenttoeitherformerorpoten6albelligerents,orbothandoUenfoundthemselvespassingthroughornear enemyterritory.The isola6onsuchmenfaced inhos6leandsuspiciouscourtsonlyexacerbatedtheirdefensiveness.TheFrenchrepresenta6veinMunich,voicedasen6mentthatmanymusthavefelt:"aplague-strickenpersonwhomthepolicehavesequesteredforthesecurityofallisnotmorewatchedanddreadedthanIam."Throughouttheircareers,warwasthedominantnoteinthethrenodyoftheage.Indisputably“republicandiplomacytookshapeintheserviceofthewar,butwasintheendcompletelytakenoverbythewar.”Diplomatswerereluctanttoengageinaninterna6onalsystemtheyrepudiated.Linda S. Frey is a graduate of the Ohio State University and currently professor at the University of Montana. She specializes ineighteenth- century interna6onal rela6ons and interna6onal law. With her twin, she has co-wriLen, co-edited and co-annotatednumerous books and ar6cles including The History of Diploma6c Immunity, The Trea6es of theWar of the Spanish Succession and“ProvenPatriots”: theFrenchDiploma6cCorps,1789-1799.Theduoarecurrentlycomple6ngamonographon thecultureofFrenchRevolu6onarydiplomacyandyetanotherontheFrenchRevolu6onarychallengetointerna6onallaw,HerworkhasbeenfundedbytheNewberryLibrary,theHagleyMuseumandLibrary,andtheNa6onalEndowmentfortheHumani6esamongothers.MarshaL.Frey,professorofhistory,KansasStateUniversityhasspecializedinthehistoryofinterna6onalrela6onsandthedevelopmentofinterna6onallaw.ShehaswriLenintandemwithhertwinTheCultureofFrenchRevolu6onaryDiplomacy:IntheFaceofEurope;TheHistoryofDiploma6c Immunity; ‘ProvenPatriots’:TheFrenchDiploma6cCorps,1789–1799;TheFrenchRevolu6on;Friedrich I; andeditedTheTrea6esoftheWaroftheSpanishSuccessionandDailyLivesofCiviliansinWar6meEurope,1618–1900,amongothers.TheEarhartFounda6on,theNa6onalEndowmentfortheHumani6es,theAmericanCouncilofLearnedSocie6es,theNewberryLibrary,theFolger Shakespeare Library, and the Hagley Museum and Library to name but a few, have generously funded their work. Email:mfrey@ksu.edu.

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Session8HaileyStewart

‘HanoverasaBri<shProvince’:Bri<shPolicyandthePrussianOccupa<onofHanoverin1801Concep6ons of the Bri6sh Empire fail to consider George III’s German possessions as part of or crucial to empire. Circumstances,par6cularlywar, alteredno6onsof empire. Frenchpolicy iden6fiedHanover as aBri6sh con6nentalpossessionopen toaLackwhileBri6sh policy steadfastly denied Hanover’s aLachment to Britain, par6cularly Hanover as an imperial province, and the rela6onshipprompted fierce parliamentary debate throughout the eighteenth century. Britain’s consistency in its official narra6ve concerningHanoverianrela6onsandthepoli6caldebatethattypicallyemergedinresponsetopoliciesrelatedtoHanoverfailstofullycomprehendthe rela6onship. With the rise of Napoleon, persistent Anglo-French hos6li6es, and France’s aLempts to sever Britain’s economicrela6onshipwithEurope,Bri6shforeignpolicyemphasizedtheimportanceofmari6merightsinnorthernEurope.Bri6shrela6onswithRussia,Prussia,Sweden,Denmark,andothernorthernrulersincreasedinsignificanceasBritainrecognizedthathos6li6esintheNorththreatenedBritain’saccesstomarkets,andthusitsempire.Hanover,aNorthGermanterritory,andBritainhadinterestsinmaintainingfriendly rela6onswithpowers innorthernEurope.War alteredBritain’s strict adherence topolicy, andat6mes con6nental conflictsimpacted,regardlessofnarra6ve,theAnglo-Hanoverianrela6onship.AlthoughtheRegencyadministeredHanoverandsentHanoverianenvoystosomeEuropeancourts, theBri6shdiplomats frequentlyconversedwiththeHanoverianswhenpolicy intersected.At6mes,Bri6shdiplomatsinvolvedthemselvesinacquiringinforma6onandinnego6a6onswhenthreatstoHanoveremerged.In1801,Bri6shhos6li6eswiththeBal6cpowersandPrussiaresul6ngintheforma6onoftheArmedNeutrality,andthesubsequentPrussianoccupa6onofHanoverdemonstratesthefluidityandcomplexityofHanover’sposi6onwithinempire.Withinthispolicy,HanoverprovidedBritainwithleverageintheNorthandcreatedanopportunityforbelligerentpowerstoaLackBritain.

HaileyStewart isadoctoralcandidateat theUniversityofNorthTexas.Herdoctoraldisserta6onfocusesonGeorge III,Hanover,andconcep6onsofempire.Morespecifically,herresearchinves6gatesGeorgeIII’sseparatemanagementofBri6shandHanoverianpoli6cs,thecollisionofBri6shandHanoverianpoliciesin6mesofwar,andinpar6cular,theNapoleonicwars.HaileyhaspresentedresearchonhertopicattheSocietyforMilitaryHistoryinwhichsheconcentratedonNapoleon’sinvasionofHanoverin1803,andpar6cipatedinaroundtablediscussionattheImperialLegaciesof1919conferenceregardingiden6tyandempire.Hailey’smentorsareProfessorMarilynMorris,whohasguidedherunderstandingofeighteenth-centuryBri6shpoli6csandempire,andProfessorMichaelV.Leggierewhoseexper6se is theFrenchRevolu6onandNapoleonicEurope,whichhas informedherworkoncon6nentalEuropeandtheHolyRomanEmpire.Email:HaileyStewart@my.unt.edu.

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Session8DavidMurphy

“Co-op<ngtribes”–Lt-Col.JasperGrantandthemilitaryadministra<onofBri<shNorthAmerica,1802-1809During both the French and Indian and the American Revolu6onaryWar, the Bri6sh armymade extensive use of tribal forces. Thisprac6cewasmaintainedduringtheNapoleonicperiodandIndianwarbandswouldoncemorebedeployedduringtheWarof1812.Thispaperwillfocusontheac6vi6esofLt-Col,JasperGrantofthe41stRegiment.AveteranofthecampaignintheWestIndies,GrantwaspostedtoBri6shNorthAmericain1802.Hewasini6allypostedtoQuebecbeforebeingappointedascommandingofficeratFortGeorgenearNiagara.HerehemethisfirstIndians,mostlyIroquoisandOjibwa,andhisleLershomemen6onhisdealingswiththemandalsothe forbidding nature of the territory. From 1803 to 1805 he served again in Quebec before returning to Fort George, where heremained incommandun6l1806. In1806hewasgivencommandofFortMaldenatAmherstburgon theGreatLakes,an importantcentreofthefurtrade.Hisnewpos6ngwasnotonlyremotebutwasalsointhemiddleofthehomelandofvariousIndiantribes.TheseincludedOLawas,Hurons,Chippewas,andPotawantomisandhewasresponsibleformaintainingtheallianceswiththesetribes.EverysummertherewasagreatgatheringoftribesatAmherstburg,duringwhichGrantgavethetribalchiefspresents,ensuringtheirloyaltyto the Bri6sh. These tribes included Chippewas, Shawnees, OLawas, Delawares, Mingoes (Ohio Senecas), Cherokees, Miamis, andMohawks.Hedisplayedconsiderablediploma6cskillandfosteredgoodrela6onswiththeIndiansthroughoutthisperiod,muchtothediscontent of the governors of the northernAmerican states.His allianceswith Indian chiefswere especially important aswarwithAmerica seemed likely in1807–8,andGrantbecame responsible fororganisingBritain's Indianallies into largewarbands.DuringhiscareerinCanada,Grantalsogatheredalargecollec6onofIndianmaterial.Indeed,hewasanavidcollector,notonlyoftribalpieces,butalsoofbotanicalandzoologicalspecimens.ThisproposedpaperwillmakeextensiveuseofGrant’sleLercollec6onandwillalsomakereferencetothematerialinhisIndiancollec6on.It ismyinten6ontoillustratehowGrantfollowed apaLernestablishedbypreviousofficersandmaintainedthemilitarypoten6altribalalliances. ItwillalsodiscusshowGrantfiLedintoawiderpaLernofofficerswhobegancollec6nganthropologicalmaterialinaproto-scien6ficmanner.DrDavidMurphyisagraduateofUniversityCollege,DublinandTrinityCollege,Dublin.Heiscurrentlyalecturerinmilitaryhistoryandstrategic studies atMaynooth University in Ireland. He has also lectured abroad at various ins6tu6ons including the DutchMilitaryAcademy, Breda,West PointMilitary Academy and the US Command and Staff College, Fort Leavenworth. His publica6ons includeBreakingPointoftheFrencharmy:theNivelleOffensiveof1917(2015)andLawrenceofArabia(2011),amongothers.HeisamemberoftheRoyalUnitedServices Ins6tuteand isanexternalexaminer for theDepartmentofDefenceStudiesofKing’sCollege,London (UKJointServicesCommandandStaffCollege,Shrivenham).HeisafellowoftheRoyalHistoricalSociety.Inrecentyears,hisresearchhasfocusedontheFirstWorldWarandalsothehistoryoftheMiddleEast.Herecentlyheldavisi6ngfellowshipattheChangingCharacterofWarProgrammeatOxfordUniversity(MichelmasTerm,2018-19).

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Session8JamesLaidlaw

TheLehersofColonelGeorgeMiller,CB,FRS(1786-1843)Na6onalLibraryofScotlandMSAcc.13463contains162leLerswriLenbyGeorgeMillertohisolderbrotherJohn.Theearliestdatesfrom 1804 when George joined the 95th as a Second Lieutenant by purchase. Supplemented by an ar6cle in the United ServiceMagazine of 1842-43, the leLers give privileged insights into life in the 95th. Intelligent and well-informed, they are salted withpercep6vecommentsaboutcontemporaryissues,par6cularlytheconductofthewar.TakenprisoneratBuenosAiresin1807,GeorgewentontosurviveCorunnaandWalcheren,beforefigh6ngwithWellingtonacrossSpainintoFrance.AtWaterloohetooktemporarycommandof2/95th.Hislastpos6ng,intheearly1820s,foundhiminIrelandonpeace-keepingdu6es.GeorgeMiller'sleLerscomplementtheextensivewri6ngsbyfellow-soldiersinthe95th,e.g.Harris,KincaidandSimmons.ButGeorge’sleLersaredifferent: theypresentamul6-threadednarra6vewhere regiment, familyand society co-exist,where the soldier is alsoacountryman,whomustmanagethefarmswhichyieldtherentsthatsupplementhisregimentalpay;theyallowhimtobuyacaptaincyin1808andamajorityin1819.Ifhisfinancesarestrainedat6mes,theyareneverstraitened.GeorgecanaffordtotravelbacktoScotlandon leave.AUerWaterloohe can set offon aGrand Tour to France, Italy and Switzerland. There ismoney to indulge his passion forfirearmsand tofinance the researchonballis6cswhichearnshimelec6onto theRoyalSociety in1827. It isnosurprise that, in thememorial inWinchesterCathedral,Miller isnamedasoneof the 'par6cularlydis6nguishedriflemen…whoestablishedthetradi6onsandespritdecorpsoftheRifleBrigade'.HispreviouslyunknownleLersareanimportantdiscovery.

James Laidlaw is Emeritus Professor of French, University of Aberdeen, and Honorary Professor, University of Edinburgh. I taughtpreviouslyinCambridge(TrinityHall),Queen'sBelfastandWellington,NewZealand.I amamedievalist,havingworkedonEustacheDeschamps,Chris6nedePizanandAlainChar6er, threeMiddleFrenchwritersac6vebetween1360and1430.Franco-Scomshrela6onsduringtheHundredYearsWarareanotherinterest.My latewife,Elizabeth, inheritedthe leLers,previouslyunknown,ofColonelGeorgeMillerof the95thRifles, later theRifleBrigade.(ShegavethevolumetotheNa6onalLibraryofScotlandin2014,whereit isnowMSAcc.13463).ElizabethdiedinSeptember2016,leavingherworkonMillersoverynearlycomplete.Ihaveseenherbookintoprint;TheMakingofaRiflesOfficer:theLifeandLeKersofColonelGeorgeMiller CB FRS (1786-1843)waspublished in June.Mypaperwill explorewhyMiller ranks asoneof the ‘par6cularlydis6nguishedriflemen…whoestablishedthetradi6onsandespritdecorpsoftheRifleBrigade.’Email:james.Laidlaw@ed.ac.uk.

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Session8PacoCancio

MemoriesoftheSpanishWarInDecember1809AntoineLaurentApollinaire, a veryyoungFrenchpharmacyofficerwas called for serviceandcrossed thePyreneeswith theImperialArmy.Sincethefirstbeginninghestartedtowritenotesaboutthecampaign,experiences,details,andimpressionsthathelaterusedforwri<ngMemoriesoftheSpanishWar,firstpublishedlaterin1856.HisopinionabouttheSpanishwariswellsummarizedinthefollowingstatementthat:“Noonedoubtsthattheaggressionwasapoli1calerror.ThebehaviouroftheEmperordeservesaseverecensure(...)Somehavewantedtofindextenua1ngcircumstances(...)Spain,ithasbeensaid,languishedunderagovernmentwithoutstrengthordignity,itwasadutytorecoveritand the Emperorwanted to fulfil it. He never thought about it.When a na1on is sick, it is necessary to let it cure alone. Any remedy that theforeignercontributesaggravateshis illsorcauseshimtoperishviolently,unlessherevoltsagainsthisdoctor,andthat iswhathappened.” Inhisbook the author reflects many aspects of the campaign, analyses the military conduc<on of main French military commanders, judges the“guerrilla”tac<csthatreviewsseverely,introducingsomeinteres<ngpoli<csanalysisabouttheJoseI,theEmperorbrotherandkingofSpainunderhisrule;the“afrancesados”andtheRoyalSpanishfamily,retainedinValençayafertheBayonneabdica<ons.Thebookisahighvaluerecordofthedailyrou<neoftheFrenchtroops.LaurentApollinairewillgofromthebordertoBurgos,sufferingthefirst“guerrilla”ahacks.AferashortperiodinMadrid,hewilljointheFirstArmyCorpsandwilltakepartinmanyoftheprincipalmilitaryevents.AfertheBahleofVitoriahewillcrossbacktheFrenchborderwithoppositefeelingsofhappinessforthereturningandsadnessfordefeat.Thelecturerwillsummarizethemostinteres<ngpointofthesememoriesunderaSpanishpointofviewconnectedtothepoli<calandsocialaspectsofthat<meandthegraveconsequencesthatthiswarwillhaveforthewhole19thCenturyinSpain.

PacoCanciowasborninCádiz,Spain,sonofanavalarchitect.AtanearlyagehearrivedinBilbaowherehisfatherheldpostsofresponsibilityatdifferentnavalshipyards,that ledtohisyouthful interest inships,theseaandnavalwarfare.Whilegrowingup,hefurtheredhiseduca<onwithbibliographyonthemajornavalbahlesofthe20thCenturyandnumerousbookssummarizingthestateofthewarfleetsinvolvedintheintenseColdWaratthe<me,un<lin1982hewitnessedtheFalklandsWarasayoungEuropeanspectator.Whileinprofessionalprac<ceinEconomicsandLaw,hehasalwaysmaintainedaninterestinthatconflict,thatledhimtogatheralargelibraryofbooksonthesubjectacquiredduringhistripstothe United Kingdom and finally conducted him to his first book, recently awarded about the FalklandsWar. During this period his interest formilitary history increased in other areas. The Spanish 19th century bahles are his new focus of interest, star<ngwith the Spanish call “War ofIndependence”againsttheFrench.HehasspokenattheRoyalGranPeñainMadrid,Argen<neanAirForceWarfareCollegeinBuenosAires,MardelPlataArgen<neanSubmarineWarfareCollege,Argen<neanNavyDestroyerSquadron,theRoyalMari<meClubinBilbao,andattheUniversityofManchester.HeismemberoftheCommissionofMilitaryHistoryattheRoyalGranPeña.HeisgraduateinEconomicScienceattheUniversityoftheBasqueCountryandgraduateinlawattheComplutenseUniversityofMadridandworksasanindependenteconomistandlawyer.Heismarriedandisfathertothreechildren.

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Session8AngelaandCathBlomfield

RetracinganAncestor’sFootsteps:TheinspiringlegacyofthelehersofCaptainThomasValen<neBlomfieldTheliLleknown,recentlyreprinted,leLersofT.V.Blomfieldareoneoftheplethoraofaccountswhichhaveemergedintothelightinthewakeofthebi-centenarycommemora6onsofthePeninsularWarandBaLleofWaterloo.Duringaperiodwherehistoriansareunusuallyspoiltforchoiceintermsoftheplethoraoffirsthandaccountsoftheconflict,thispaperexaminesthemul6plicityofvaluesthattheleLersofTVBlomfieldholdonbothahistoricalandpersonallevel.The paper will outline the career of Thomas Blomfield, the nature and content of his candid leLers to his family back inEngland, and the value of his tes6mony to scholars of the Peninsular War, before detailing the personal journey of hisdescendants,astheyretracedtheirancestor’sfootsteps,andvisitedthesitesofthebaLleswhichhefoughtin.Intheprocess, itdemonstratesthe importanceofresearchingourown6estotheNapoleonicera,andcommemora6ngthelegacies,ac6onsandlossthatourancestorssustainedoverthecourseoftheconflict.Followingtheirac6ons,bothonpaperand in person, has inspired a journeyof research that has led the authors from the suburbsof Sydney to thebreachesofBadajoz,andfromaquietestateinSuffolk,tothebustleofcentralLondon.

BiographiesofJason,AngelaandCathBlomfieldJason Blomfield, is the great, great, great grandson of PeninsularWar veteran T. V Blomfield, andwas born and raised inSydney,NewSouthWales.HiswifeAngela,wasborninLiverpoolandemigratedtoAustraliaasateenager.Havingbeenmarriedforalmost40years,theyhavenowre6redfromtheirrespec6vejobsasaneconomistfortheDepartmentofIndustryandanelectorateofficerforaQueenslandMP.Theyhavespenttheirre6rement,amongstotherthings,researchingT.V.Blomfield’slifepriortocomingtoAustralia,andtheplacesthatheandhiswifeChris6analivedinandtheagriculturalproper6eshedeveloped.InMay2017,thisledthemtovisitPortugalandSpaintowalkinhisfootsteps.CathBlomfieldwasborn inWalchaNSWandmoved to England in2000.A corporate travel agent, specialising inhighendbusinesstravel,shehastravelledtheworld,includingvisi6ngtheBlomfieldancestralhomeinSuffolk,andintendstotraveltoPortugalandSpaintotryandunderstandsomeofthehardshipsheendured.

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Session9:WaterlooReappraised(plenary)CharlesEsdaile

TopographyversusTradi<on:TheStrangeCaseofHougoumontandLaHayeSainteThedefenceofHougoumontandLaHayeSaintecons6tutetwoofthemostdrama6candwell-knownepisodesofthebaLleofWaterloo:attheformerasmallgarrisonofBri6shandGermantroopsheldoutagainstferociousFrenchaLacksalldaytotheaccompanimentofsuchepisodesas the famousclosingof theNorthGate,whileat the laLeranevensmaller forceof riflemen fromtheKing’sGermanLegionheldoutgrimlyinthefaceofoverwhelmingnumbersun6lfinallybeingcuttopiecesasaresultofthefailureoftheirammuni6onsupply.Aswithmostsuchepics,manyaspectsofwhattookplacehavebeenattheveryleasteithergreatlyexaggeratedorportrayedinsuch away as to be gravelymisleading, and analysing the tradi6onal account in such amanner as to expose theseproblemswoulddoubtlessmakeforaveryinteres6ngpaper.However,inthispar6cularinstance,theaimwillratherbetolookatHougoumontandLaHayeSainteintermsoftheirvaluetoWellingtonandthepoten6alimpactoftheircaptureonthepartoftheFrench:overandoveragainit is claimed that their capturewas thekey tocarryingWellington’sposi6onandyet the fact is thatcloseexamina6onof thegroundsuggestaverydifferentpicture,namelythat,asdefensiveoutworks,theyhadveryliLlevalue,and,further,thattheirconquestbytheFrenchwouldhavebroughtthelaLeronlythemostlimitedofadvantages.

CharlesEsdailewasborninAugust1959inEpsom,Surrey.HewasastudentattheUniversityofLancasterwhereheobtained,first,aFirst-ClassHonoursDegreeinHistory,and,second,aPh.D.,thesubjectofhisthesisbeingtheSpanisharmyintheperiod1788-1814.Hehasoccupiedaseriesofacademicposts,andcurrentlyholdsapersonalchairintheDepartmentofHistoryoftheUniversityofLiverpool.ProfessorEsdailehaswriLenextensivelyontheNapoleonicperiod,hismajorworks includingTheWarsof theFrenchRevolu1on,TheWarsofNapoleon,Napoleon’sWars,1803-1815:anInterna1onalHistory,ThePeninsularWar:aNewHistory,PeninsularEyewitnesses:the Experience ofWar in Spain and Portugal, 1808-1814, The Spanish Army in the PeninsularWar, The Duke ofWellington and theCommandof the SpanishArmy, 1812-1814,Women in thePeninsularWar, Figh1ngNapoleon:Guerrillas, Bandits andAdventurers inSpain, 1808-1814, Outpost of Empire: the Napoleonic Occupa1on of Andalucía, 1810-1812, Burgos, 1808-1814: Occupa1on, Siege,Auermath,Napoleon,FranceandWaterloo:theEagleRejectedandWalkingWaterloo,Meanwhile,from2008to2015hewasAcademicVice-PresidentofPeninsularWar200,theofficialcommissionestablishedbytheMinistryofDefencetoco-ordinateBritain’spartinthecommemora6onofthebicentenaryofthePeninsularWar.

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Session9:WaterlooReappraised(plenary)JohnPeaty

Ligny:Napoleon'sLastVictory

ThispaperwillreassesstheBahleofLigny(16thJune1815),Napoleon'slastvictory.Inthisbahle,FrenchtroopsunderNapoleondefeatedPrussian troopsunderBlucher, near Ligny inpresent-dayBelgium.Deployingonly apor<onofhis army (thanks to thethreat exercised by Wellington at the simultaneous Bahle of Quatre Bras and failings which kept one of his corps frompar<cipa<ng ineitherbahle)andfacinganumericallysuperiorandtenaciousopponent,Napoleonfounda long,hardandcostlybahleonhishands.WhileNapoleon'scommitmentoftheImperialGuarddideventuallyforcethePrussianstoretreat,therewasnoNapoleonicpursuit.Underthecoverofdarkness,thePrussianarmymanagedtogetwayandfightanotherday.Aferthebahleandwell into thenext day,Napoleon andhis armywere<red and lethargic. Thepursuit began late and long afer contactwith thePrussians had been lost. The result was that Blucher was able to intervene decisively on 18th June at the Bahle ofWaterloo,usingfreshtroopswhohadnotpar<cipatedatLigny.HadtheFrencharmysucceededeitherinsmashingthePrussianarmyatLignyor in preven<ng it from joining the Anglo-Allied army underWellington atWaterloo, Napoleonmight have won theWaterloocampaignandboughtvaluable<metodeter,disruptordefeattheSeventhCoali<on.Thispaperwillconcludethat:theBahleofLignyhasbeenrela<velyoverlookedbyBri<shhistorianswhoconcentrateonQuatreBrasandWaterloo;thatPrussianresistanceandFrench failingsundid thebrilliantopeningof thecampaignbyNapoleon thedaybefore; thatLignywasa tac<calwinandastrategiclossforNapoleon;andthatNapoleon'spar<alvictoryatLignycosthimthecampaign.

JohnPeatyisaFellowoftheRoyalGeographicalSocietyandoftheRoyalHistoricalSociety.HeholdsaPhDandMAinWarStudiesfromKing’sCollegeLondon.Hehas long servedon theCommiheeof theBri<shCommission forMilitaryHistory,wherehewasInterna<onalSecretaryformanyyears.HeistheChairoftheTemplerSub-CommiheeandCouncilmemberoftheSocietyforArmyHistoricalResearch,theConvenoroftheHistoricalMilitaryMappingGroupandCouncilmemberoftheBri<shCartographicSociety,aFounderMemberoftheRoyalAirForceHistoricalSociety,aLifeMemberoftheIns<tuteofHistoricalResearchandamemberoftheRoyalUnitedServicesIns<tute.Hehaspublishedar<cles,chaptersandessaysandlecturedwidelytobothspecialistandnon-specialist audiences,both in theUKandoverseas.He is an inveteratebahlefield tourer.Hehas longworked for theMinistryofDefence: at theArmyHistorical Branch, then theDefence Evalua<on&ResearchAgency and currently theDefenceGeographicCentre.

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Session9:WaterlooReappraised(plenary)ChristopherDuffy

Waterloo:theindecisivebahleItmayappeargrotesquetoregardWaterloo,outofallthebahlesinhistory,asbeinginanywaylessthandecisive.ButWellingtondidnotthinkso,andwehavetoaskwhatconsidera<onsmighthaveweighedwithhimandhiscontemporaries.On23June1815WellingtonandBluchersehledonParisastheirobjec<ve,itbeingNapoleon’spoli<calcentreofgravity,asClausewitzmighthaveputit.ThealliesarrivedoutsideParison30Juneand1July,andonthe3Julytheprovisionalgovernmentagreedtoadmitthemtothecapital.ThatwasthedaywhenNapoleonreachedthecoastasafugi<ve.Therecouldthereforebenoques<onofacoordinatedresistanceagainsttheinvaders.Buttherewass<llawartobewoninboththemilitaryandlegaldimensions,andWellingtonisspecificonthepoint.TheallieshadbeenfortunateinthattheavenueoftheiradvancelaythroughnorthernFrance,andtheDukewrotetoLordLiverpoolthat‘itwouldberidiculoustosupposethattheallieswouldhavebeeninpossessionofParisinafortnightaferonebahlefoughtiftheFrenchpeopleingeneralhadnotbeenfavourabledisposedtothecausewhichthealliesweresupposedtofavour.Inthenorththeywerecertainlysodisposed’.Itwasotherwiseinthenorth-eastandeastofFrance,theregionswhereNapoleonhadenjoyedhismostconsistentsupport.Frenchforcesweres<lllooseinthefield,andRapp’scommandinAlsacedispersedonlyinthefirstweekofSeptember.Therewasmore.DuringtheHundredDaysNapoleonhadputthelandwarddefencesofhistoricFranceinastateoforder(whichhadbeenfarfromthecasein1814),andtheinvadingallies(augmentedbyFederalGermancon<ngents,Austrians,Piedmontese-Sardiniansandul<matelybyRussians)hadtoforcefreshavenuesthroughVauban’sfor<fiedfron<erzone.TheywereresistednotjustbytheBonapar<stfortressgovernors,themajority,butbyRoyalistcounterpartswhowerewai<ngupontheformalendofhos<li<es,whichwasdecreedonlyon20November.Bonapar<stBriancon,upintheAlps,didnotopenitsgatesun<l1816.Inawidercontextthevictorswerefacedwithadilemma.TheyneededtokeepaplaceforFrance intheEuropeanbodypoli<c,and,asWellingtonsaw it, toconciliatetheFrenchpublic.Thatinhibitedthealliesfromtakingfulladvantageoftheirmilitaryvictory,astheDukewaswillingtoadmit.OntheotherhandtheHundredDayshadshownhowrapidlyanaggressiveFrancecouldbe re-cons<tuted.HenceFrancecametobehemmed inbyaugmentedand for<fiedbufferstates,andbythepoli<calandmilitaryprovisionsofwhatcametobeknownastheCongressSystem.It nevertheless proved en<rely beyond thewit of the allied soldiers and diplomats to bring poli<cal stability to France, or to prevent the French army fromregaining its posi<on as probably the most proficient in Europe. Every revolu<on or ahempted revolu<on in France, every indica<on of French militaryadventurismthereforeoccasionedalarmwellbeyondthena<onalborders.MoreoverFrenchmodelsoflawandpublicadministra<onhadstruckdeeprootsincon<nentalEuropeduringthebriefperiodofNapoleonichegemony,andtheywerenottobeeradicated.Suchprovedtobethelimita<onsonvictory,evenoneas‘decisive’asWaterloo.ChristopherDuffy (born1936)gainedhisdoctorateatOxford in1961. In thatyearhe joined JohnKeeganandDavidChandlerat theDepartmentofMilitaryHistory(laterWarStudies)attheRMASandhurst,wherehecametospecialiseintheaffairsofNorthernIreland.From1996to2001heheldthepostofResearchProfessorinMilitaryHistoryatDeMon~ortUniversity,Bedford.Since2002hehasbeenworkinginwitnesssecurityandwelfareatthecriminalcourts.HeisamemberoftheScokshBahlefieldsTrust,andiscurrentlyengagedintheefforttosavethebahlefieldofCulloden(1746)fromdevelopment.Duffyisprobablybestknownforhisseriesofworksonfor<fica<onandonthemilitaryhistoryofCentralEuropeintheeighteenthcentury.Hehasalsopublishedmonographsonthe Jacobite Rising of 1745,Napoleonic bahles, the bahle of the Somme, the openingweeks of the Soviet offensive in 1945 and (under the nameofHughFarringdon) on the historical-geographical roots of the strategy of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. His transla<on of Guderian’s Achtung Panzer! (1937) hasundergonemul<plereprints.Email:cduffy1757@gmail.com.