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War Affected Populations and CDD. Designing demand-driven programs to serve war-affected populations. Objective of Study. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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War Affected Populations and CDD
Designing demand-driven programs to serve war-affected populations
Objective of Study
Gain a better understanding of what design features World Bank demand-driven projects have used to best serve war affected populations (returning IDP, refugees, ex-combatants, war widows and orphans and other affected groups).
Provide a menu of options to TTLs and other partners interested in designing demand-driven projects that serve war affected populations and communities.
Projects Serving War-affected Populations
The World Bank external database captures 174 projects serving conflict affected areas.
Of these 34 have some elements of a demand-driven project.
10 of these projects were analyzed for the purpose of this study.
Overview of Projects Serving Conflict Areas
Number of World Bank Projects involving Conflict Countries by Region
56 59
916
10
24
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Africa ECA SAR LAC MENA EAP
Conflict
Projects Serving War-affected Populations by Sector
Sector Breakdown– Demobilization and Reintegration – 5%– Community Infrastructure Reconstruction – 36%– Macroeconomic Stabilization – 17%– Employment Creation/PW Reconstruction – 3%– HIV/AIDS – 2%– Other (Mostly Sector-specific) – 37%
Growth in # Projects Serving War-affected Populations
World Bank Projects Serving War-affected Populations
8
58
108
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990 - 1994 1995 - 1999 1999 - 2004
# o
f P
roje
cts
Project Sample Analyzed
– Colombia – Magdalena Medio Regional Development Project– Angola – Post Conflict Social Recovery Project – Eritrea Emergency Reconstruction Program– Rwanda – Community Reintegration and Development Project– Sierra Leone – National Social Action Project– Kosovo – Community Development Fund – Macedonia – Community Development Project– Afghanistan – National Community Empowerment Program– Sri Lanka – Northeast Irrigated Agriculture Project– East Timor – Third Community Empowerment and Local
Governance Program
Categories of War-affected Populations
Ex-combatants (adults and children; rebels and government)
Internally Displaced People (IDPs) Returning Refugees Population that stayed Vulnerable groups – widows, orphans,
disabled, elderly, excluded ethnic groups
Characteristics of War-affected Areas/Populations Served
Destroyed or debilitated social infrastructure (Schools, Health Posts, Roads)
Agriculture stalled, due to abandonment, mines, lack of access to inputs or markets; industry
High unemployment, due to destruction or abandonment of industry
Loss of basic households assets (land, house, cooking utensils, clothes, tools, etc.)
Characteristics of War-affected Areas/Populations Served
Psychologically and physically traumatized population
Destroyed social fabric – lack of trust and cohesion
High levels of poverty and extreme poverty Children and youth who have lost several
years of schooling Malnourished and in poor health
Types of Interventions – Community Level
Organization of democratically-elected and representative community councils
Participatory community planning – multi-sectoral plans – block grant approach (Afghanistan, Angola, Rwanda)
Socio-economic infrastructure Social services projects targeting vulnerable
groups (Kosovo and Macedonia)
Types of Interventions – Community Level
Productive activities (agriculture, micro-enterprise, etc.)
Capacity-building for community-level associations (needs assessment, project identification, planning, implementation and management.)
Promotion of social cohesion – within community and among communities
Types of Interventions – Regional and Municipal Levels
Capacity building for local government to be more responsive to demand from communities – promotion of decentralized model – often building democratic forms of local government from the bottom up (East Timor, Rwanda, Afghanistan).
Projects serving multiple communities and municipalities or districts.
Targeting Strategies Used
Geographic targeting of most affected regions (Angola, Rwanda)– Selection criteria included:– Security and accessibility– Presence of local government authority and
willingness to participate– Extent of war damage to community infrastructure– Number of returning ex-combatants, IDPs, and
refugees
Targeting Strategies Used
– Poverty and Conflict Affected (Kosovo and Macedonia) - to ensure equity across regions
Allocations made to regions based upon following criteria:– Population size– Level and intensity of poverty– Unemployment rate– Number of persons displaced from each region– Number of damaged houses
Targeting Strategies Used
Allocations within regions based upon following criteria:
– State of physical and social infrastructure– Presence of vulnerable or marginalized groups– Presence of ethnically mixed communities– Under-funded communities– Community capacity to plan– Community commitment level– Level of interest of municipal government in
supporting recurrent costs
Targeting within Communities to Ensure Inclusion of more Vulnerable
Ear-marked set-aside for mixed and minority communities affected by the conflict and vulnerable groups (e.g. widows and disabled) (Kosovo)
Community Clusters of 20 families to elect representative to Community Development Council and as framework for community-wide consultations (Afghanistan)
Separate forum for women to express priorities (Afghanistan)
Targeting within Communities to Ensure Inclusion of more Vulnerable
At least half of the project applications must come from women’s groups (East Timor)
Targeted social mobilization and communication campaigns to vulnerable groups (Rwanda)
Increased block grant to communities that involved IDPs and returning refugees in project planning (Afghanistan)
Role of Community-based Organizations (CBOs)
Community needs assessment, project identification and prioritization, planning, implementation, and M&O.
In-kind and cash contributions. Mechanism for rebuilding social cohesion – getting
former enemies to identify and plan a mutually beneficial activity
Mechanism for creating demand for better services from local government.
Role of Local Government
Heavy emphasis on building a democratic, responsive and transparent local government through capacity-building in social mobilization, participatory needs assessment, local planning, budgeting, financial management, procurement, maintenance, etc. (Afghanistan, Rwanda, East Timor, Sierra Leone)
Projects used as a vehicle to promote decentralization.
Role of Central Government
National level Project Management Unit affiliated with a Ministry to coordinate activities nation-wide – in some cases projects are approved at this level (Angola, Rwanda)
National Steering Committee – nexus for involvement of other sectors
Project often includes sub-offices at a sub-national level
Role of NGOs
In most projects, NGOs have only a minor role. In one case, the project management unit is an NGO,
created for that purpose (Kosovo). Most common role for NGOs – facilitators or suppliers
of training, technical assistance to communities and, in some cases, local government (Afghanistan).
NGOs as intermediaries between government and community organizations due to weakness of local government (Angola).
How do these projects Empower War-Affected Communities/Populations?
Gives them a voice in the reconstruction of their own community. Gives them access to rehabilitated community assets – schools,
health posts, water points – that will improve their future prospects.
Revitalizes their income generating assets (e.g. Irrigation systems in NE Sri Lanka).
Builds their capacity to negotiate with high levels of government. Stabilizes their lives and allowing for gradual recovery from their
past traumas.
Recommendations
Target the whole community - all have been affected in one way or another, while earmarking funds for most vulnerable households including orphans, former child soldiers, widows, disabled, etc.
Use the block grant approach and finance community plans, not just projects.
Pay extra attention to building representative community committees that involve all segments of the population – these are mechanisms for rebuilding social cohesion and preventing future conflict.
Use this program to promote decentralization and build a democratic form of local government from the bottom up.
Recommendations – (…continued)
Give bonus points or extra money for projects that target particularly vulnerable members of the community (Afghanistan – higher per capita for communities concerned with vulnerable groups, IDPs, and returning refugees).
Invest heavily in capacity-building of communities, local government.
Be patient – participatory processes take time, especially when involving war-affected and other vulnerable groups, but the results will be more sustainable.