Understanding the Potential for Understanding the Potential for Open GovernmentOpen Government: :

Open Source Processes for Open Source Processes for E-Government E-Government

Walt ScacchiWalt ScacchiInstitute for Software ResearchInstitute for Software ResearchUniversity of California, IrvineUniversity of California, Irvine

Wscacchi@uci.eduWscacchi@uci.eduhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~wscacchihttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~wscacchi

http://www.ics.uci.edu/~wscacchi/Presentations/OpenGovthttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~wscacchi/Presentations/OpenGovt

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Open Government?Open Government?

• Free/open source software development Free/open source software development encourages sharing, examination, reuse, encourages sharing, examination, reuse, modification, and redistribution modification, and redistribution

• E-Government encourages adoption of E-Government encourages adoption of E-Commerce/E-Business in government E-Commerce/E-Business in government agency operations, functions, business linesagency operations, functions, business lines

• Open governmentOpen government embraces open source and embraces open source and E-government E-government processes, practices, and processes, practices, and communitiescommunities

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Why Open Government?Why Open Government?

• HelpHelp make government make government faster, better, cheaperfaster, better, cheaper

• EmpowerEmpower interested government employees, interested government employees, contractors, and interested citizens to offer contractors, and interested citizens to offer help and capture their contributionshelp and capture their contributions

• EnableEnable creation of creation of public test-bedspublic test-beds where where existing/new government processes can be existing/new government processes can be demonstrated, manipulated, and refined.demonstrated, manipulated, and refined.

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Why Open Government?Why Open Government?

• Make processes of government and democracy Make processes of government and democracy Web-enabled and Web-enabled and computationally enactablecomputationally enactable– Codify processes into high-level, user-friendly Codify processes into high-level, user-friendly

process models as their “source code”process models as their “source code”– AvoidAvoid coding processes in conventional coding processes in conventional

programming or scripting languagesprogramming or scripting languages• This makes them opaque to users, and difficult to This makes them opaque to users, and difficult to

improve, adapt, or learn improve, adapt, or learn

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OverviewOverview

• Open Open processesprocesses for system development, for system development, use, and evolutionary supportuse, and evolutionary support

• Motivations for open source processesMotivations for open source processes

• Government operations and business Government operations and business processesprocesses

• International Development applicationsInternational Development applications

• Military and security applicationsMilitary and security applications

• Opportunities and conclusionsOpportunities and conclusions

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Open source Open source processesprocesses

• System developmentSystem development– build and release, testing, review/inspection, build and release, testing, review/inspection,

configuration management, security certification, configuration management, security certification, localization, porting, contribution, development localization, porting, contribution, development Web site maintenance, etc.Web site maintenance, etc.

• DeploymentDeployment– business process redesign, organizational business process redesign, organizational

transformation, system upgrade, user training, transformation, system upgrade, user training, community development and support, etc.community development and support, etc.

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Open source Open source processesprocesses

• Free/open source Free/open source softwaresoftware does notdoes not embody the embody the processes for how best to develop, deploy, use or processes for how best to develop, deploy, use or sustain themsustain them

• Deploying free/open source software is often Deploying free/open source software is often inefficient and sub-optimalinefficient and sub-optimal

• Closed source software development, deployment, Closed source software development, deployment, use and support is generally no different!use and support is generally no different!

• Explicit open source processes could also help Explicit open source processes could also help closed source systems.closed source systems.

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Open source process exampleOpen source process example• ExampleExample of an open of an open

source process source process model of a model of a proposal proposal submissionsubmission process, process, specified in a specified in a Process Markup Process Markup Language, PMLLanguage, PML

• J. Noll and W. Scacchi, J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Hypertext for Organizational Computing, Computing, Journal of Network Journal of Network and Computer Applicationsand Computer Applications, , 4(1):39-61, 2001.4(1):39-61, 2001.

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Complex motivations for open Complex motivations for open source processessource processes

• Closed source processesClosed source processes: opaque or tacit, : opaque or tacit, difficult to improve, subject to patent difficult to improve, subject to patent

• Most enterprise processes are operational, Most enterprise processes are operational, not strategic.not strategic.

• Continuous process improvementContinuous process improvement and and organizational learningorganizational learning requires open access requires open access to the “source code” of operational processesto the “source code” of operational processes

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Closed source process as strategic Closed source process as strategic business assetsbusiness assets

• Processes offering competitive advantage Processes offering competitive advantage can be can be patentedpatented, denoting their value as , denoting their value as strategic business assetsstrategic business assets

• But But very fewvery few enterprise processes are source enterprise processes are source of competitive advantageof competitive advantage

• Closed/tacit vs. administrative vs. open Closed/tacit vs. administrative vs. open source enterprise processessource enterprise processes

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A closed source business A closed source business process exampleprocess example

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Closed vs. administrative vs. Closed vs. administrative vs. open source processesopen source processes

• Closed: Amazon “one-click” e-purchaseClosed: Amazon “one-click” e-purchase– Patented processes inhibits their sharing, reuse, Patented processes inhibits their sharing, reuse,

study, modification, and redistributionstudy, modification, and redistribution

• Administrative: Java community processAdministrative: Java community process– asserts property rights, responsibilities, and asserts property rights, responsibilities, and

administrative authorityadministrative authority– legalistic or bureaucratic “policy and procedures” legalistic or bureaucratic “policy and procedures”

are narrative, are narrative, notnot operational => ambiguous operational => ambiguous interpretation and legal wranglinginterpretation and legal wrangling

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Java Community ProcessJava Community Process

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Administrative process exampleAdministrative process example

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Continuous process improvement Continuous process improvement and organizational learningand organizational learning

• CPI is easier when processes are open and CPI is easier when processes are open and computationally explicitcomputationally explicit

• OL can be supported just-in-time via OL can be supported just-in-time via process-directed intranets/extranetsprocess-directed intranets/extranets– PDIs/PDEs enable just-in-time training, process PDIs/PDEs enable just-in-time training, process

prototyping, performance monitoring and prototyping, performance monitoring and measurement, dynamic repair of process measurement, dynamic repair of process execution breakdowns/failures, and more.execution breakdowns/failures, and more.

– see References for citations and detailssee References for citations and details

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Government operations and Government operations and business processesbusiness processes

• Example: Procurement and acquisitionExample: Procurement and acquisition– ProcurementProcurement: purchasing MRO supplies: purchasing MRO supplies– AcquisitionAcquisition: contracting for services: contracting for services– Not simply a matter using electronic forms or Not simply a matter using electronic forms or

extensible markup notations about themextensible markup notations about them– ReengineeringReengineering enterprise processes is complex and enterprise processes is complex and

requires processes transformation, integration, requires processes transformation, integration, commitment, and trainingcommitment, and training

• W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, Journal of Journal of Information Technology and ManagementInformation Technology and Management, 2(3), 313-334, 2001., 2(3), 313-334, 2001.

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Government operations and Government operations and business processesbusiness processes

• Federal Enterprise Architecture process Federal Enterprise Architecture process domains are the prime candidatesdomains are the prime candidates– Financial managementFinancial management– Human relations Human relations – Monitoring benefits and public healthMonitoring benefits and public health– Data and statistic developmentData and statistic development– Criminal investigationCriminal investigation– Regulation and legislation development, Regulation and legislation development,

deployment, and enforcementdeployment, and enforcement

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Open Govt for International Open Govt for International Development applicationsDevelopment applications

• Promote free/open source enterprise software Promote free/open source enterprise software systems systems andand processes processes– http://http://www.gnuenterprise.orgwww.gnuenterprise.org for enterprise for enterprise

resource management and E-business resource management and E-business frameworkframework

– Many other office productivity, E-business, Many other office productivity, E-business, and E-commerce systems being developed and E-commerce systems being developed and deployed as free/open sourceand deployed as free/open source

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GNUe enterprise system GNUe enterprise system architecturearchitecture

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Open Govt for International Open Govt for International Development applicationsDevelopment applications

• Free/open source systems and processes are Free/open source systems and processes are comparatively easy to transfer and deploy comparatively easy to transfer and deploy into developing nations, once localizedinto developing nations, once localized

• Free/open source systems and processes Free/open source systems and processes amenable to co-sourced, cost-shared, multi-amenable to co-sourced, cost-shared, multi-lateral developmentlateral development

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Military and security applicationsMilitary and security applications

• Most of the military enterprise focuses on Most of the military enterprise focuses on operational, logistical, and training processesoperational, logistical, and training processes

• Administrative processes are ponderous, Administrative processes are ponderous, procrustean, rather than agile, flexibleprocrustean, rather than agile, flexible

• Current legacy processes are Current legacy processes are compliance compliance orientedoriented, rather than , rather than improvement orientedimprovement oriented

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DD(X) OverviewDD(X) Overview

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DD(X) Acquisition GuidelinesDD(X) Acquisition Guidelines

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Acquisition Acquisition Process-Directed Intranet Process-Directed Intranet

demonstrationdemonstration

More information available in:More information available in:

J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Computing, Organizational Computing, Journal of Network and Computer Journal of Network and Computer ApplicationsApplications, 4(1):39-61, 2001., 4(1):39-61, 2001.

W. Scacchi, W. Scacchi, Open Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Open Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Development with System AcquisitionDevelopment with System Acquisition, technical report, July 2002., technical report, July 2002.

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Military and security applicationsMilitary and security applications

• Homeland securityHomeland security will increasingly become will increasingly become focus of process improvement, streamlining focus of process improvement, streamlining and cost reduction.and cost reduction.

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Open Govt OpportunitiesOpen Govt Opportunities• Establish OG Web portals and clearinghouseEstablish OG Web portals and clearinghouse

– Create/share process toolkits, libraries, repositoriesCreate/share process toolkits, libraries, repositories

• Co-sourced development of OG processesCo-sourced development of OG processes– amortize and share OG development costsamortize and share OG development costs

• Capture and codification of government process Capture and codification of government process domain expertisedomain expertise

• Operational OG system and process demo’sOperational OG system and process demo’s– OG prototypesOG prototypes– Exportable processes for democratic government operationsExportable processes for democratic government operations

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ConclusionsConclusions• Free/open source software systems for Free/open source software systems for

government represent a significant opportunitygovernment represent a significant opportunity

• Seek high-level, user-friendly processes for Seek high-level, user-friendly processes for government operations expressed as open government operations expressed as open source, computationally enactable processessource, computationally enactable processes

• Open government embraces and extends open Open government embraces and extends open source, while also moving towards flexible, source, while also moving towards flexible, agile democratic government operations agile democratic government operations

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ReferencesReferences

• J. Noll and W. Scacchi, J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Supporting Software Development in Virtual EnterprisesSupporting Software Development in Virtual Enterprises, , Journal of Journal of Digital InformationDigital Information, 1(4), February 1999., 1(4), February 1999.

• J. Noll and W. Scacchi, J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational ComputingSpecifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Computing, , Journal of Network and Computer ApplicationsJournal of Network and Computer Applications , 4(1):39-61, 2001, 4(1):39-61, 2001

• W. Scacchi, W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based ElectronicRedesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study Commerce: A Case Study, , Journal of Information Technology and ManagementJournal of Information Technology and Management , 2(3), 313-334, , 2(3), 313-334, 2001.2001.

• W. Scacchi, W. Scacchi, Open Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Development with SOpen Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Development with System Acquisitionystem Acquisition, technical report, July 2002., technical report, July 2002.

• W. Scacchi, W. Scacchi, Open EC/B: A Case Study in Electronic Commerce and Open Open EC/B: A Case Study in Electronic Commerce and Open Source Software DevelopmentSource Software Development, technical report, July 2002., technical report, July 2002.

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ReferencesReferences

• W. Scacchi and P. Mi, Process Life Cycle Engineering: A Knowledge W. Scacchi and P. Mi, Process Life Cycle Engineering: A Knowledge Based Approach and Environment, Based Approach and Environment, Intern. Journal Intelligent Systems Intern. Journal Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance, and Managementin Accounting, Finance, and Management, 6(1), 83-107, 1997., 6(1), 83-107, 1997.

• W. Scacchi, Understanding the Social, Technological, and Policy W. Scacchi, Understanding the Social, Technological, and Policy Implications of Open Source Software Development position paper Implications of Open Source Software Development position paper presented at the presented at the NSF Workshop on Open Source Software,NSF Workshop on Open Source Software, January January 2002 (revised August 2002). 2002 (revised August 2002).

• W. Scacchi, Understanding the Requirements for Developing Open W. Scacchi, Understanding the Requirements for Developing Open Source Software Systems, Source Software Systems, IEE Proceedings--SoftwareIEE Proceedings--Software, 149(1), 24-39, , 149(1), 24-39, February 2002. February 2002.

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• The research described in this report is The research described in this report is supported by contracts/grants from:supported by contracts/grants from:

• National Science Foundation National Science Foundation – #IIS-0083075, #ITR-0205679, #ITR-0205724 and #IIS-0083075, #ITR-0205679, #ITR-0205724 and

Industry/University Research Cooperative for the Industry/University Research Cooperative for the CRITO ConsortiumCRITO Consortium

• Defense Acquisition University Defense Acquisition University – #N487650-27803#N487650-27803

• No endorsement impliedNo endorsement implied. .