WALS data points on Balochi, Kalderash, Kedang, Kharia ... · PDF file! 1 WALS data points on Balochi, Kalderash, Kedang, Kharia, Kurmanji, Kurux, Lithuanian Romani, Malay, Yiddish,

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WALS data points on Balochi, Kalderash, Kedang, Kharia, Kurmanji, Kurux, Lithuanian Romani, Malay, Yiddish, and

Yucatec

Franziska Roß and Frank Seifart

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, 2013

1. Introduction In this document we provided 222 data points that fill gaps in the WALS database (Dryer and Haspelmath 2011). Their coding follows the descriptions in the individual chapters in Dryer and Haspelmath (2011). They are given in a format that is fully compatible with the WALS database, which allows including them in queries on WALS features. Franziska Roß compiled these data points in January-March 2013 in the context of a project on morphological borrowing, which guided the selection of languages and features for which data points are provided. This project aims at a typological comparison of affix borrowing (see Seifart (2012) for some preliminary results, based on just a few languages). For the purpose of this project, a database consisting of approximately 100 languages which have borrowed at least one affix from another has been compiled (Seifart 2013). Together with the language from which the affix was borrowed, these languages form approximately 100 pairs of languages. One of the project’s aims is to empirically test whether typological similarity between languages facilitates borrowing of grammatical markers and bound forms. Within the current project, this claim will be tested by calculating the typological distance between the languages of each pair in terms of correspondences in WALS features. These distance values will then be compared with the overall, average typological distance between random pairs of languages represented in WALS. We will also test if there are correlations between the typological distance and the number of borrowed affixes. The languages Balochi, Kalderash, Kedang, Kharia, Kurmanji, Kurux, Lithuanian Romani, Malay, Yiddish, and Yucatec were chosen because for the other language of the language pair of which they are part (within the above-mentioned database) there are already a number of data points in the published version of WALS. Selecting these languages was thus a way to efficiently produce pairs with a large enough number of features for which there are values in both members of the pair. The selection of features that were coded was likewise guided by practical considerations of the current project. We coded primarily features that already have a value in the other language of the pair in Dryer and Haspelmath (2011). A number of WALS features were not used for the calculation of typological proximity in the project on morphological (affix) borrowing because they are considered to be less relevant (see the Appendix below). For these features, there are no additional values in the documents provided here.

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Coding decisions for each data point are justified by comments, language examples (in some cases) and bibliographical references in the tables in the following. The datapoints are also provided in a separate file as Comma Separated Values (RossSeifart2012_WALSdatapoints.csv) for easy integration with WALS data. These data are published here for the benefit of the scientific community. If you use them in publications, please cite them as: Roß, Franziska, and Frank Seifart. 2013. WALS data points on Balochi, Kalderash, Kedang, Kharia, Kurmanji, Kurux, Lithuanian Romani, Malay, Yiddish, and Yucatec. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 2. Balochi ID TITLE VALUE REFERENCE COMMENT 30A Number of

Genders 1 Axenov

(2006:62)

31A Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems

1 Axenov (2006: 62)

32A Systems of Gender Assignment

1 Axenov (2006: 62)

33A Coding of Nominal Plurality

2 Axenov (2006: 66)

34A Occurrence of Nominal Plurality

6 Axenov (2006: 66ff.)

“When a noun is generic, the category of number becomes irrelevant and the difference between singular and plural disappears.” Axenov (2006: 66); no plural: nouns with unique reference like ‘sun’ and mass nouns

39A Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns

5 Axenov (2006: 104)

40A Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection

2 Axenov (2006: 164)

43A Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives

2 Korn (2005: 248)

44A Gender Distinctions in Independent Pronouns

6 Axenov (2006: 104)

47A Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns

1 Axenov (2006: 119)

48A Person Marking on Adpositions

2 Axenov (2006: 143ff.)

49A Number of Cases

6 Axenov (2006: 73)

51A Position of Case Affixes

1 Axenov (2006: 73)

52A Comitatives and Instrumentals

1 Axenov (2006: 144)

53A Ordinal Numerals

4 Axenov (2006: 135; 142)

54A Distributive Numerals

2 Axenov (2006: 134)

55A Numeral Classifiers

2 Axenov (2006: 140)

3

69A Tense-Aspect Affixes

2 Axenov (2006 188f.)

70A The Morphological Imperative

1 Axenov (2006: 185)

73A The Optative 2 Axenov (2006: 225)

74A Situational Possibility

2 Axenov (2006: 222f.)

modal predicate or modal conjunction with different verbal forms

85A Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

4 Axenov (2006: 143)

87A Order of Adjective and Noun

1 Axenov (2006: 85; 87f.)

order noun - adjective also possible (for emphasis)

88A Order of Demonstrative and Noun

6 Axenov (2006: 111; 113 [246]-[249])

90A Order of Relative Clause and Noun

1 Axenov (2006: 250ff.)

91A Order of Degree Word and Adjective

1 Axenov (2006: 88)

93A Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions

2 Axenov (2006: 237)

107A Passive Constructions

1 Axenov (2006: 199)

110A Periphrastic Causative Constructions

2 Axenov (2006: 172)

111A Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions

2 Axenov (2006: 170f.)

present stem + - en + personal endings

112A Negative Morphemes

2 Axenov (2006: 172)

121A Comparative Constructions

1 Axenov (2006: 90)

143A Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb

3 Axenov (2006: 172)

143E Preverbal Negative Morphemes

2 Axenov (2006: 172)

143F Postverbal Negative Morphemes

4 Axenov (2006: 172)

143G Minor morphological means of signaling negation

2 Axenov (2006: 173)

3. Kalderash ID TITLE VALUE REFERENCE COMMENT 30A Number of

Genders 2 Boretzky

(1994:120) little importance of gender marking - optionally

37A Definite Articles

1 Boretzky (1994: 29f.)

definite words distinct from demonstrative, but historical relation between definite article and demonstrative

38A Indefinite Articles

2 Boretzky (1994: 31)

46A Indefinite Pronouns

4 Boretzky (1994: 57)

4


1 Boretzky (1994: 31ff.)


1 Boretzky (1994: 108f.)

57A Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes

4 Boretzky (1994: 53f.; 116ff.)

58B Number of Possessive Nouns

1 Boretzky (1994: 53f.; 116ff.)

73A The Optative 2 Boretzky (1994: 125)


1 Boretzky (1994: 47)

adjective precedes noun means emphasis


1 Boretzky (1994: 55)

demonstrative precedes noun means emphasis

89A Order of Numeral and Noun

1 Boretzky (1994: 59)

92A Position of Polar Question Particles

1 Boretzky (1994: 56; 156)

106A Reciprocal Constructions

3 Boretzky (1994: 143)


1 Boretzky (1994: 140f.)

passive exists, but there is rarely usage of passive meaning


1 Boretzky (1994: 48; 59)

116A Polar Questions

4 Boretzky (1994: 156)


1 Boretzky (1994: 48f.)

no old comparatives without -eder: maij- feder ‘better’; prefix maj (Rumanian) + adjective; noun: construction with katar (‘from’); alternatively: noun in ablative inflection

4. Kedang ID TITLE VALUE REFERENCE COMMENT 39A Inclusive/Exclu

sive Distinction in Independent Pronouns

5 Samely (1991:61, 70)

47A Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns

1 Samely (1991: 74)


2 Samely (1991: 96)

only cardinal numbers 1 to 10 may be used in combination with one of two possible classifiers


4 Samely (1991: 76)

65A Perfective/Imperfective Aspect

1 Samely (1991:)

67A The Future Tense

1 Samely (1991: 88)


2 Samely (1991: 84)


2 Samely (1991: 85f.)

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5. Kharia ID TITLE VALUE REFERENCE COMMENT 30A Number of

Genders 1 Peterson

(2011:139–142)


1 Peterson (2011: 139-142)


1 Peterson (2011: 139-142)


4 Peterson (2011: 142f.)


2 Peterson (2011: 142f.)


5 Peterson (2011: 169ff.)

41A Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives


49A Number of Cases

3 Peterson (2011: 143)

53A Ordinal Numbers


three other strategies when referring to non-humans/inanimates

73A The Optative 1 Peterson (2011: 257f.)


2 Peterson (2011: 348)


2 Peterson (2011: 206)


1 Peterson (2011: 293f.)

117A Predicative Possession

2 Peterson (2011: 148)


1 Peterson (2011: 202f.)

6. Kurmanji ID TITLE VALUE REFERENCE COMMENT 30A Number of

Genders 1 Soane

(1913:6) no distinction of gender, but where necessary to distinguish: marking with nair ‘male’ and m a/mañg ‘female’ (e.g. animals)


1 Soane (1913: 6)


1 Soane (1913: 6)


2 Soane (1913: 10)


3 Soane (1913: 20)

41A Distance Contrast in Demonstratives

2 Soane (1913: 27)

6

44A Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns

6 Soane (1913: 20ff.)

49A Number of Cases

6 Soane (1913: 11ff.)

nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, ablative, vocative, locative


5 Soane (1913: 11ff.; 15f.)

prefixes, but in locative and ablative prefixation and suffixation simultaneously


2 Soane (1913: 21; 25)

possessive pronouns = personal pronouns in genitive case, but: “Kurdish uses to a great extent the genitive of the reflexive pronouns” (1913: 25) → possessive suffixes in the Southern Group, but no possessive affixes in the Northern Group (free word khwa)


1 Soane (1913: 56)


1 Soane (1913: 71)

81A Order of Subject, Object and Verb

1 Soane (1913: 112)

for emphasis: reversals of the positions of the adverbial phrases (→ transfer of the complement of the verb to a position before the object)


2 Soane (1913: 31)

in most cases the adjective follows the noun (connected by particles ı, a and ki ), but in a few cases it may precede the noun, e.g. rrashw ala ‘a swift (the black one)’


1 Soane (1913: 28)


1 Soane (1913: 29)

90C Postnominal relative clauses

1 Soane (1913: 29f.)


3 Soane (1913: 29)


4 Soane (1913: 33)

122A Relativization on Subjects

1 Soane (1913: 29f.)

7. Kurux ID TITLE VALUE REFERENCE COMMENT 30A Number of

Genders 3 Hahn

(1911:10–11) masculine, feminine, neuter, but: “strictly speaking, there are only two genders in Kurukh, viz., masculine and neuter, because each woman taken alone is treated grammatically as a thing or chattel”


2 Hahn (1911: 10f.)


3 Hahn (1911: 10f.)


2 Hahn (1911: 10ff.)


3 Hahn (1911: 10)

plural: only “rational beings”


5 Hahn (1911: 86; 98)

affixing as/s to the indefinite noun singular effects definiteness (“force of the definite article”)


5 Hahn (1911: 86; 98)

‘one’ may be used as an indefinite article (meaning), but Kurux has no article

7


5 Hahn (1911: 22)


3 Hahn (1911: 21; 37)


2 Hahn (1911: 22; 23)


1 Hahn (1911: 34)

49A Number of Cases

6 Hahn (1911: 13)

63A Noun Phrase Conjunction

1 Hahn (1911: 81f.; 83)

ar a, anti, dara ‘and’; gusan, gan e, b ar ı, c aki ‘with’


1 Hahn (1911: 104)


2 Hahn (1911: 44; 51)

68A The Perfect 3 Hahn (1911: 48)

from ‘be’


1 Hahn (1911: 55)

73A The Optative 1 Hahn (1911: 53)


1 Hahn (1911: 53)


1 Hahn (1911: 109)

‘position of words in a sentence is modified by the desire or want of emphasis’


1 Hahn (1911: 81; 109)

86A Order of Genitive and Noun

2 Hahn (1911: 13f.)


1 Hahn (1911: 18)


1 Hahn (1911: 85)


2 Hahn (1911: 29; 68f.)

distinct from reflexive, but reflexive pronoun in the locative case is also employed with the reciprocal auxiliary


1 Hahn (1911: 61)


2 Hahn (1911: 64f.)


1 Hahn (1911: 19; 20; 96)

alternatives: compared noun in nominative, standard in ablative; contrasting the nominative to be compared

8. Lithuanian Romani ID TITLE VALUE REFERENCE COMMENT 30A Number of

Genders 2 Tenser

(2005:7)


2 Tenser (2005: 7)


3 Tenser (2005: 8)

8


1 Tenser (2005: 19; 24)


4 Tenser (2005: 24)


3 Tenser (2005: 16)


2 Tenser (2005: 19)

44A Gender Distinctions in Independent Pronouns

3 Tenser (2005: 16)


1 Tenser (2005: 22; 23)


1 Tenser (2005: 45)


1 Tenser (2005: 26ff.; 34; 35)

aspect or tense?


2 Tenser (2005: 29f.)

single future suffix for all persons, but no inflected suffixes

69A Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes

4 Tenser (2005: 25f.; 29)

present: suffixes; perfective: infixes; all other tenses: no inflected suffixes


1 Tenser (2005: 31)


2 Tenser (2005: 36)

75A Epistemic Possibility

1 Tenser (2005: 36)


2 Tenser (2005: 55f.)

“There is a tendency, characteristic of the Northeastern group, however, to prepose pronominal direct objects”

82A Order of Subject and Verb

1 Tenser (2005: 55ff.)

also variants with VS word order

83A Order of Object and Verb

2 Tenser (2005: 55ff.)

see comment on 81A


2 Tenser (2005: 38ff.)

86A Order of Genitive and Noun

2 Tenser (2005: 43)


1 Tenser (2005: 19)


1 Tenser (2005: 16)


1 Tenser (2005: 50)

90C Postnominal Relative Clauses

1 Tenser (2005: 50)


1 Tenser (2005: 21f.; 56)

115A Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation

1 Tenser (2005: 30; 50)

9


1 Tenser (2005: 22; 56f.)


4 Tenser (2005: 13)

122A Relativization on Subjects

1 Tenser (2005: 49f.)

9. Malay ID TITLE VALUE REFERENCE COMMENT 30A Number of

Genders 2 Winstedt

(1957:57)


6 Marsden (1984:30f.), Hassan (1974:34f.)

reduplication or classifiers


4 Hassan (1974: 34)


5 Hassan (1974: 27)


2 Winstedt (1957: 116)


6 Marsden (1984: 43)

inanimate things


6 Winstedt (1957: 107)

49A Number of Cases

1 Marsden (1985: 32)

use of prepositions and directives


2 Winstedt (1957: 126)


3 Hassan (1974: 32; 34f.; 120)


2 Hassan (1974: 35f.)

distinction of completive/incompletive aspect with adverbs, but no grammatical marking

66A The Past Tense 4 Winstedt (1957: 63)


2 Winstedt (1957: 63)

73A The Optative 2 Winstedt (1957: 62)


2 Winstedt (1957: 166)


1 Hassan (1974: 20ff.)


2 Winstedt (1957: 166), Hassan (1974: 20ff.)


1 Hassan (1974: 35)


1 Hassan (1974: 121)

10


1 Marsden (1984: 61), Hassan (1974: 35)

“[t]he passive voice [...] is found only in the form of a participle, and is rather a branch of the transitive than a distinct species of verb.” (Hassan 1974: 61)


2 Hassan (1974: 97f.; 99f.)


2 Hassan (1974: 121)

seven negative particles


4 Marsden (1984: 38)

10. Yiddish ID TITLE VALUE REFERENCE COMMENT 30A Number of

Genders 3 Jacobs

(2005:166)


6 Jacobs (2005: 163)

“Yiddish generally marks noun plurals via suffixation, modification of the root or a combination of the two.” - limited class of nouns: zero-allomorph for the plural → reference to the entire NP or to subject-verb agreement


6 Jacobs (2005: 166)

exception: only singular: substances, abstract nouns, exhaustive collectives; plural impossible with numeral: di cvej jidišn ‘the two Yiddishes’ (two types of Yiddish)


2 Jacobs (2005: 174; 186)

demonstrative meaning by stressing the definite article

41A Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives

2 Jacobs (2005: 186)


5 Jacobs (2005: 186)

49A Number of Cases

1 Jacobs (2005: 161f.)

no case marking of nouns - three exceptions: 1) adjectives may be used as nouns 2) personal names (incl. family terms) and a few words such as jid ‘Jew’, menč ‘person’ and rebəә ‘rabbi’: suffix -n 3) fossilized case markers are found in some idioms: zin ‘sense’, luft ‘air’ → hobn in zinəәn ‘have in mind’, in der luftn ‘in the air’

53A Ordinal Numerals

6 Jacobs (2005: 192)


4 Jacobs (2005: 184)

more general: use of preposition fun; alternatively: possessive ‘case’: dative NP + -s → mostly limited to human or anthropomorphized possessors

58A Obligatory Possessive Inflection

2 Jacobs (2005: 183f.)


1 Jacobs (2005: 221)

only marking of perfective aspect - no imperfective aspect


2 Jacobs (2005: 223)


1 Jacobs (2005: 223)


2 Jacobs (2005: 223ff.; 238)

also OV-features: diverse phenomena concerning the syntax of verbs, incl.: passives, order of verb particle and verb, periphrastic verbs → complement precedes the non-inflected verb


1 Jacobs (2005: 240)


1 Jacobs (2005: 186f.)


1 Jacobs (2005: 191ff.)

92A Position of Polar Question Particles

6 Jacobs (2005: 229)

declarative word order

11


1 Jacobs (2005: 187f.; 228ff.)


4 Jacobs (2005: 185)


1 Jacobs (2005: 220)


2 Jacobs (2005: 175)

negative article kejn used in conjunction with the negative particle ni(š)t


6 Jacobs (2005: 229)

123A Relativization on Obliques

1 Jacobs (2005: 235)

143A Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb

6 Jacobs (2005: 251ff.)

143E Preverbal Negative Morphemes

1 Jacobs (2005: 252)

143F Postverbal Negative Morphemes

1 Jacobs (2005: 252)

144A Position of Negative Word with Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb

16 Jacobs (2005: 252)

11. Yucatec ID TITLE VALUE REFERENCE COMMENT 33A Coding of

Nominal Plurality

2 Andrade (1955:2.28)

plural suffix is often omitted


5 Andrade (1955: 2.27)

pronoun used for definite sense


5 Andrade (1955: 2.27)


5 Andrade (1955: 2.4)


2 Andrade (1955: 4.69)

56A Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers

1 Andrade (1955: 4.52)

tu lakal ‘all/every’, yetel ‘and/with’

63A Noun Phrase Conjunction

2 Andrade (1955: 2.30; 4.52)

‘yetel ‘


1 Andrade (1955: 2.18)


1 Andrade (1955: 2.26)

three groups of adjective-like words: groups one and two precede the noun, group three can precede or follow the noun


4 Andrade (1955: 4.23)


1 Andrade (1955: 2.26)

93A Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions 1 Andrade (1955: 4.31)


4 Andrade (1955: 2.7)

12


1 Andrade (1955: 4.13; 4.55)

other occurrence of the passive voice than in English


2 Andrade (1955: 2.24)


1 Andrade (1955: 2.19)

question particle in combination with change of sentence intonation

References Andrade, Manuel J. 1955. A Grammar of Modern Yucatec. Chicago:

University of Chicago Library. Axenov, Serge. 2006. The Balochi Language of Turkmenistan: A corpus-based

grammatical description. Uppsala phd. Boretzky, Norbert. 1994. Romani  : Grammatik des Kalderaš-Dialektes mit

Texten und Glossar. Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen 24. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Dryer, Matthew S., and Martin Haspelmath (eds.) 2011. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Digital Library. http://wals.info/.

Hahn, Ferdinand. 1911. Kurukh grammar. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. Hassan, Abdullah. 1974. The morphology of Malay. 1st ed. Kuala Lumpur:

Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. Jacobs, Neil G. 2005. Yiddish: a linguistic introduction. Cambridge:

Cambridge Univ. Press. Marsden, William, and Russel Jones. 1984. A dictionary and grammar of the

Malayan language: volume 2  ; a grammar of the Malayan language with an introduction and praxis. Singapure: Oxford University Press.

Peterson, John. 2011. A Grammar of Kharia: A South Munda Language. Brill’s Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages 1. Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Samely, Ursula. 1991. Kedang (Eastern Indonesia). Some aspects of its grammar. Forum Phoenticum 46. Hamburg: Buske.

Seifart, Frank. 2012. The Principle of Morphosyntactic Subsystem Integrity in language contact: Evidence from morphological borrowing in Resígaro (Arawakan). Diachronica 29.471–504.

--- 2013. AfBo: A world-wide survey of affix borrowing. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://afbo.info.

Soane, Ely Banister. 1913. Grammar of the Kurmanji or Kurdish language. Luzac’s oriental grammars series. London: Luzac.

Tenser, Anton. 2005. Lithuanian Romani. Vol. 452. Languages of the world. Materials. Munich: Lincom.

Wichmann, Søren, and Eric W. Holman. 2009. Temporal stability of linguistic typological features. LINCOM Studies in Theoretical Linguistics 42. Munich: LINCOM EUROPA.

Winstedt, Richard Olof. 1957. Malay grammar. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

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Appendix The features that are excluded in the project on morphological borrowing are marked in the last column in the following table (see also Wichmann and Holman 2009) by the following tags: 0- features with less than 50 languages, features with restricted areal distribution, sign language features, some others that are considered to be irrelevant, e.g., paralinguistic clicks and M-T pronouns. p - phonological features (although one could consider measuring phonological proximity too, since it is relevant for how easily an item such as an affix can be integrated in language contact) x - lexical features r - redundant - These were also excluded by Wichmann & Holman (2009) (095A-097A) (one could consider also excluding the seven “complex sentences” features).

ID TITLE AUTHORS AREA LANGUAGES

EX-CL.

1 020A Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives

Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols

Morphology 165

2 021A Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives


Morphology 162

3 021B Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection


Morphology 160

4 022A Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols

Morphology 145

5 023A Locus of Marking in the Clause Johanna Nichols and Balthasar Bickel

Morphology 236

6 024A Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases

Johanna Nichols and Balthasar Bickel

Morphology 236

7 025A Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology

Johanna Nichols and Balthasar Bickel

Morphology 236

8 025B Zero Marking of A and P Arguments Johanna Nichols and Balthasar Bickel

Morphology 235

9 026A Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology

Matthew S. Dryer Morphology 971

10 027A Reduplication Carl Rubino Morphology 368 11 028A Case Syncretism Matthew Baerman and

Dunstan Brown Morphology 198

12 029A Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking

Matthew Baerman and Dunstan Brown

Morphology 198

13 030A Number of Genders Greville G. Corbett Nominal Categories

257

14 031A Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems

Greville G. Corbett Nominal Categories

257

15 032A Systems of Gender Assignment Greville G. Corbett Nominal Categories

257

16 033A Coding of Nominal Plurality Matthew S. Dryer Nominal Categories

1066

17 034A Occurrence of Nominal Plurality Martin Haspelmath Nominal Categories

291

18 035A Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns

Michael Daniel Nominal Categories

261

19 036A The Associative Plural Michael Daniel and Edith Moravcsik

Nominal Categories

237

20 037A Definite Articles Matthew S. Dryer Nominal Categories

620

21 038A Indefinite Articles Matthew S. Dryer Nominal Categories

534

22 039A Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns

Michael Cysouw Nominal Categories

200

23 040A Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection


200

24 041A Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Holger Diessel Nominal Categories

234

14

25 042A Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives

Holger Diessel Nominal Categories

201

26 043A Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives

D.N.S. Bhat Nominal Categories

225

27 044A Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns

Anna Siewierska Nominal Categories

378

28 045A Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns Johannes Helmbrecht Nominal Categories

207

29 046A Indefinite Pronouns Martin Haspelmath Nominal Categories

326

30 047A Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns Ekkehard König and Peter Siemund (with Stephan Töpper )

Nominal Categories

168

31 048A Person Marking on Adpositions Dik Bakker Nominal Categories

378

32 049A Number of Cases Oliver A. Iggesen Nominal Categories

261

33 050A Asymmetrical Case-Marking Oliver A. Iggesen Nominal Categories

261

34 051A Position of Case Affixes Matthew S. Dryer Nominal Categories

1032

35 052A Comitatives and Instrumentals Thomas Stolz , Cornelia Stroh and Aina Urdze

Nominal Categories

322

36 053A Ordinal Numerals Thomas Stolz and Ljuba N. Veselinova

Nominal Categories

321

37 054A Distributive Numerals David Gil Nominal Categories

251

38 055A Numeral Classifiers David Gil Nominal Categories

400

39 056A Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers

David Gil Nominal Categories

116

40 057A Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes

Matthew S. Dryer Nominal Categories

902

41 058A Obligatory Possessive Inflection Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols

Nominal Syntax

244

42 058B Number of Possessive Nouns Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols

Nominal Syntax

243

43 059A Possessive Classification Johanna Nichols and Balthasar Bickel

Nominal Syntax

243

44 060A Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses

David Gil Nominal Syntax

138

45 061A Adjectives without Nouns David Gil Nominal Syntax

124

46 062A Action Nominal Constructions Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm

Nominal Syntax

168

47 063A Noun Phrase Conjunction Leon Stassen Nominal Syntax

234

48 064A Nominal and Verbal Conjunction Martin Haspelmath Nominal Syntax

301

49 065A Perfective/Imperfective Aspect Östen Dahl and Viveka Velupillai

Verbal Categories

222

50 066A The Past Tense Östen Dahl and Viveka Velupillai

Verbal Categories

222

51 067A The Future Tense Östen Dahl and Viveka Velupillai

Verbal Categories

222

52 068A The Perfect Östen Dahl and Viveka Velupillai

Verbal Categories

222

53 069A Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Matthew S. Dryer Verbal Categories

1132

54 070A The Morphological Imperative Johan van der Auwera and Ludo Lejeune (with Umarani Pappuswamy and Valentin Goussev )

Verbal Categories

547

55 071A The Prohibitive Johan van der Auwera and Ludo Lejeune (with Valentin Goussev )

Verbal Categories

495

56 072A Imperative-Hortative Systems Johan van der Auwera , Nina Dobrushina and Valentin Goussev

Verbal Categories

375

57 073A The Optative Nina Dobrushina , Johan van der Auwera and Valentin Goussev

Verbal Categories

319

58 074A Situational Possibility Johan van der Auwera and Andreas Ammann

Verbal Categories

234

15

59 075A Epistemic Possibility Johan van der Auwera and Andreas Ammann

Verbal Categories

240

60 076A Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking

Johan van der Auwera and Andreas Ammann

Verbal Categories

207

61 077A Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality Ferdinand de Haan Verbal Categories

418

62 078A Coding of Evidentiality Ferdinand de Haan Verbal Categories

418

63 079A Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect

Ljuba N. Veselinova Verbal Categories

193

64 079B Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives

Ljuba N. Veselinova Verbal Categories

193

65 080A Verbal Number and Suppletion Ljuba N. Veselinova Verbal Categories

193

66 081A Order of Subject, Object and Verb Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1377 67 081B Languages with two Dominant Orders

of Subject, Object, and Verb Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 67

68 082A Order of Subject and Verb Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1498 69 083A Order of Object and Verb Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1519 70 084A Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb Matthew S. Dryer (with

Orin D. Gensler ) Word Order 500

71 085A Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1185 72 086A Order of Genitive and Noun Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1248 73 087A Order of Adjective and Noun Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1366 74 088A Order of Demonstrative and Noun Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1223 75 089A Order of Numeral and Noun Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1154 76 090A Order of Relative Clause and Noun Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 825 77 090B Prenominal relative clauses Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 191 78 090C Postnominal relative clauses Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 621 79 090D Internally-headed relative clauses Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 63 80 091A Order of Degree Word and Adjective Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 481 81 092A Position of Polar Question Particles Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 883 82 093A Position of Interrogative Phrases in

Content Questions Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 901

83 094A Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause

Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 660

84 098A Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases

Bernard Comrie Simple Clauses

190

85 099A Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

Bernard Comrie Simple Clauses

172

86 100A Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Anna Siewierska Simple Clauses

380

87 101A Expression of Pronominal Subjects Matthew S. Dryer Simple Clauses

711

88 102A Verbal Person Marking Anna Siewierska Simple Clauses

378

89 103A Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking

Anna Siewierska Simple Clauses

380

90 104A Order of Person Markers on the Verb Anna Siewierska Simple Clauses

379

91 105A Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb ‘Give’

Martin Haspelmath Simple Clauses

378

92 106A Reciprocal Constructions Elena Maslova and Vladimir P. Nedjalkov

Simple Clauses

175

93 107A Passive Constructions Anna Siewierska Simple Clauses

373

94 108A Antipassive Constructions Maria Polinsky Simple Clauses

194

95 108B Productivity of the Antipassive Construction

Maria Polinsky Simple Clauses

186

96 109A Applicative Constructions Maria Polinsky Simple Clauses

183

97 109B Other Roles of Applied Objects Maria Polinsky Simple Clauses

183

98 110A Periphrastic Causative Constructions Jae Jung Song Simple Clauses

118

99 111A Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions

Jae Jung Song Simple Clauses

310

100 112A Negative Morphemes Matthew S. Dryer Simple Clauses

1159

101 113A Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation

Matti Miestamo Simple Clauses

297

16

102 114A Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation

Matti Miestamo Simple Clauses

297

103 115A Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation

Martin Haspelmath Simple Clauses

206

104 116A Polar Questions Matthew S. Dryer Simple Clauses

954

105 117A Predicative Possession Leon Stassen Simple Clauses

240

106 118A Predicative Adjectives Leon Stassen Simple Clauses

386

107 119A Nominal and Locational Predication Leon Stassen Simple Clauses

386

108 120A Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals Leon Stassen Simple Clauses

386

109 121A Comparative Constructions Leon Stassen Simple Clauses

167

110 122A Relativization on Subjects Bernard Comrie and Tania Kuteva

Complex Sentences

166

111 123A Relativization on Obliques Bernard Comrie and Tania Kuteva

Complex Sentences

112

112 124A ‘Want’ Complement Subjects Martin Haspelmath Complex Sentences

283

113 125A Purpose Clauses Sonia Cristofaro Complex Sentences

170

114 126A ‘When’ Clauses Sonia Cristofaro Complex Sentences

174

115 127A Reason Clauses Sonia Cristofaro Complex Sentences

169

116 128A Utterance Complement Clauses Sonia Cristofaro Complex Sentences

143

117 143A Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb


118 143B Obligatory Double Negation Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 120 119 143C Optional Double Negation Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 81 120 143E Preverbal Negative Morphemes Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1326 121 143F Postverbal Negative Morphemes Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1326 122 143G Minor morphological means of

signaling negation Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1326

123 144A Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb


124 144B Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb


125 144D The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages


126 144F Obligatory Double Negation in SVO languages


127 144H NegSVO Order Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 421 128 144I SNegVO Order Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 422 129 144J SVNegO Order Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 447 130 144K SVONeg Order Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 447 131 144L The Position of Negative Morphemes

in SOV Languages Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 572

132 144M Multiple Negative Constructions in SOV Languages


133 144P NegSOV Order Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 408 134 144Q SNegOV Order Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 408 135 144R SONegV Order Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 411 136 144S SOVNeg Order Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 489 137 144T The Position of Negative Morphemes

in Verb-Initial Languages Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 152

138 144V Verb-Initial with Preverbal Negative Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 152 139 144W Verb-Initial with Negative that is

Immediately Postverbal or between Subject and Object


140 144X Verb-Initial with Clause-Final Negative


141 039B Inclusive/Exclusive Forms in Pama-Nyungan


71 0

142 090E Correlative relative clauses Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 23 0 143 090F Adjoined relative clauses Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 10 0 144 090G Double-headed relative clauses Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 5 0

17

145 136A M-T Pronouns Johanna Nichols and David A. Peterson

Lexicon 230 0

146 136B M in First Person Singular Johanna Nichols and David A. Peterson

Lexicon 230 0

147 137A N-M Pronouns Johanna Nichols and David A. Peterson

Lexicon 230 0

148 137B M in Second Person Singular Johanna Nichols and David A. Peterson

Lexicon 230 0

149 139A Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages Ulrike Zeshan Sign Languages

35 0

150 140A Question Particles in Sign Languages Ulrike Zeshan Sign Languages

38 0

151 141A Writing Systems Bernard Comrie Other 6 0 152 142A Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks David Gil Other 143 0 153 143D Optional Triple Negation Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 6 0 154 144C Languages with different word order

in negative clauses Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 28 0

155 144E Multiple Negative Constructions in SVO Languages

Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 48 0

156 144G Optional Double Negation in SVO languages


157 144N Obligatory Double Negation in SOV languages


158 144O Optional Double Negation in SOV languages


159 144U Double negation in verb-initial languages


160 144Y The Position of Negative Morphemes in Object-Initial Languages


161 001A Consonant Inventories Ian Maddieson Phonology 563 p 162 002A Vowel Quality Inventories Ian Maddieson Phonology 564 p 163 003A Consonant-Vowel Ratio Ian Maddieson Phonology 564 p 164 004A Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives Ian Maddieson Phonology 567 p 165 005A Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Ian Maddieson Phonology 567 p 166 006A Uvular Consonants Ian Maddieson Phonology 567 p 167 007A Glottalized Consonants Ian Maddieson Phonology 567 p 168 008A Lateral Consonants Ian Maddieson Phonology 567 p 169 009A The Velar Nasal Gregory D.S. Anderson Phonology 469 p 170 010A Vowel Nasalization John Hajek Phonology 244 p 171 010B Nasal Vowels in West Africa John Hajek Phonology 40 p 172 011A Front Rounded Vowels Ian Maddieson Phonology 562 p 173 012A Syllable Structure Ian Maddieson Phonology 486 p 174 013A Tone Ian Maddieson Phonology 527 p 175 014A Fixed Stress Locations Rob Goedemans and

Harry van der Hulst Phonology 502 p

176 015A Weight-Sensitive Stress Rob Goedemans and Harry van der Hulst

Phonology 500 p

177 016A Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems

Rob Goedemans and Harry van der Hulst

Phonology 500 p

178 017A Rhythm Types Rob Goedemans and Harry van der Hulst

Phonology 323 p

179 018A Absence of Common Consonants Ian Maddieson Phonology 567 p 180 019A Presence of Uncommon Consonants Ian Maddieson Phonology 567 p 181 095A Relationship between the Order of

Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

Matthew S. Dryer Word Order 1142 r

182 096A Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun


183 097A Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun


184 129A Hand and Arm Cecil H. Brown Lexicon 617 x 185 130A Finger and Hand Cecil H. Brown Lexicon 593 x 186 130B Cultural Categories of Languages

with Identity of ‘Finger’ and ‘Hand’ Cecil H. Brown Lexicon 72 x

187 131A Numeral Bases Bernard Comrie Lexicon 196 x 188 132A Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour

Categories Paul Kay and Luisa Maffi

Lexicon 119 x

189 133A Number of Basic Colour Categories Paul Kay and Luisa Maffi

Lexicon 119 x

190 134A Green and Blue Paul Kay and Luisa Maffi

Lexicon 120 x

18

191 135A Red and Yellow Paul Kay and Luisa Maffi

Lexicon 120 x

192 138A Tea Östen Dahl Lexicon 230 x

Documents

WALS data points on Balochi, Kalderash, Kedang, Kharia ... · PDF file! 1 WALS data points on Balochi, Kalderash, Kedang, Kharia, Kurmanji, Kurux, Lithuanian Romani, Malay, Yiddish,