Wakulla County Wildflower Management Areas 2013-14

Final Report to the Florida Wildflower Foundation

October 2014

Jeffrey G. Norcini OecoHort, LLC

726 Riggins Road, Tallahassee, FL 32308 PH: (850) 491-0910, FAX: (888) 813-0090

OecoHort@comcast.net

Cooperators Wakulla County Public Works

Cleve Fleming, Project Manager; Brent Pell, Project Engineer Florida Native Plant Society, Sarracenia Chapter

David Roddenberry, Kitty Lofton, Jeannie Brodhead St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge

Scott Davis, Gail Fishman

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PREFACE

Funds for this project were provided through sales of Florida’s State Wildflower license plate. The Wildflower license plate supports native wildflower planting, education and research projects statewide.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Wakulla County has been and continues to be one of the leaders in promoting and developing roadside wildflowers. In recognition of their ongoing leadership, the Foundation contracted with OecoHort, LLC to collaborate with Wakulla County Public Works, and in cooperation with the Sarracenia Chapter of the Florida Native Plant Society and St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, to develop and implement site specific management plans that will facilitate the sustainability and spread of the best showy, naturally occurring stands of native wildflowers and grasses on county roads

Spring, summer, and fall surveys were conducted by car on April 19, July 17, and October 9, 2013, respectively, accompanied by walking forays into the sites. Of the 10 potential sites, four were selected based on showiness from spring to fall observed in 2013 as well as their potential to be sustainable and spread: one site each on Lighthouse Road (CR 30) and Spring Creek Highway (CR 365), and two on Smith Creek Road (CR 375).

Management plans were developed and included specifications for buffer areas flanking the ends of the wildflower sites. The rational for including these flanking areas was twofold – to account for species that could move into a wildflower site and detract from the site’s showiness and/or interfere with its sustainability, and second, to facilitate the gradual spread of native wildflowers/grasses into the buffers thereby increasing the size of the wildflower sites.

The management plans were provided to Wakulla County Public Works in November 2013 and implemented in 2014 within the constraints of their budget. Moreover, Wakulla County reduced mowing to ~8-ft wide strips adjacent to the edge of pavement throughout the county, except on Lighthouse Road, which was not mowed due to the high percentage of herbaceous native species in the entire right-of-way (ROW); however, the entire Lighthouse Road ROW was mowed in late July 2014 by St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, a situation that was resolved later that summer.

Displays of native wildflowers and grasses are expected to improve at each of these sites over the next few years. Moreover, the county-wide reduced mowing width has resulted in some showy displays of wildflowers in areas other than the four designated wildflower sites. Of equal importance are the cost savings because it takes less time to mow ROWs, and the public’s apparent acceptance of the reduced mowing width.

This project should help to facilitate ecotourism in Wakulla County, serve as a model for other counties as a process to promote wildflower ecotourism and reduce mowing , and strengthen the Foundation’s panhandle wildflower initiatives.

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INTRODUCTION Wakulla County has been and continues to be one of the leaders in promoting and developing roadside wildflowers as evidenced below:

• First county to adopt a Wildflower Resolution • Well represented on Florida Panhandle Wildflower Alliance • La Florida, Land of Flowers, Community Grant – 2011, 2014 • Worked with FDOT District 3 to reduce mowing on US 98 • Sarracenia Chapter of FNPS is working on a native-plant guide for a 4.8-mile

stretch of the new bike path along Surf Rd through St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge (NWR)

Based on preliminary work conducted to identify county roads with showy stands of native wildflowers and grasses, the four roads with the best potentials sites were:

• Lighthouse Road (CR 30; the entrance road to St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge) • Surf Road (CR 372; between US 319 and US 98) • Spring Creek Highway (CR 365) • Smith Creek Road (CR 375)

Objective

Develop and implement site specific management plans that will facilitate the sustainability and spread of the best showy, naturally occurring stands of native wildflowers and grasses on the county roads mentioned previously. Management plans included specifications for buffer areas flanking the ends of the wildflower sites. Including the buffer areas accounts for species that could move into a wildflower site and detract from the site’s showiness and/or interfere with its sustainability as a showy wildflower site. Moreover, including management specifications for the buffers should facilitate the gradual spread of native wildflowers/grasses into those areas thereby increasing the size of the site.

Impact

• Strengthens Foundation’s panhandle wildflower initiatives • Promotes ecotourism in Wakulla County(including increased visitors to St. Marks

NWR) • Serves as a model for other counties as a process to promote wildflower

ecotourism.

METHODS

Spring, summer, and fall surveys were conducted by car on April 19, July 17, and October 9, 2013, respectively, accompanied by walking forays into the sites. All species observed on these dates are listed in Table 1 (page 13). In addition, the Sarracenia

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Chapter recorded images of wildflower sites along these roads on other dates from spring to fall to more accurately assess the showiness of each site throughout the year.

Specific activities for this project: • Determined wildflower sites for which to develop management plans based on

visits in spring, summer, and fall of 2013 for each of the four roads; in collaboration with Public Works

• Developed management plans for four sites • Brent Pell, Wakulla County Public Works, implemented management plans in

2014 within the constraints of the Public Works Budget • Checked sites in May 2014 • Created Flickr folder (Wakulla Wildflowers) • Will publicize project and Flickr page via Facebook after Final Report accepted

and posted to the Foundation web site

RESULTS

Of the 10 potential sites, four were selected based on showiness from spring to fall observed in 2013 as well as their potential to be sustainable and spread: one each on Lighthouse Road and Spring Creek Highway, and two on Smith Creek Road.

For each of the four sites, including the 100-ft buffers immediately adjacent to each end of the site, specifications were provided in November 2013 to Brent Pell of Wakulla County Public Works. To download a copy of the report, please click here (to open this PDF documents requires Adobe Acrobat 7.0 or later). Showy native species were classified by season in which they were flowering to inform the County about what to look for, and as an aid for developing promotional materials. Additionally, the County was informed of the following:

• The relative abundance of any species can vary substantially from year to year due to a number of factors beyond the County’s control.

• The list of observed species (Table 1, page 13), should not be considered an exhaustive list of all species that occur at a particular site.

• The species observed at each site were “snapshots” of species that were most abundant and/or identifiable (based on vegetative parts and/or flowers) on the dates of the surveys.

• Weeds that commonly occur in the area that were most likely to negatively impact aesthetics or sustainability of the wildflower sites. Moreover it was noted that while these weeds may not have been observed in a particular site, they could easily be introduced into a site by maintenance/construction equipment or vehicles, or emerge from the soil seed bank when the soil is disturbed, such as when mowers scalp the soil or a vehicle leaves the road and creates a wheel rut.

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NOTE: No action was taken to control any specific weed issue as Wakulla County did not have the budget to implement any manual or chemical weed management practices.

In 2014, Wakulla County reduced mowing to ~8-ft wide strips adjacent to the edge of pavement throughout the county, except on Lighthouse Road, which was not mowed due to the high percentage of herbaceous native species in the entire ROW; however, the entire Lighthouse Road. ROW was mowed in late July 2014 by St. Marks NWR. See page 4 and the Appendix for more details.

Brent Pell noted that the reduced mowing width has saved Wakulla County money (no cost savings figures were available) because it takes less time to mow ROWs. Mowing frequency, which can be as often as once per month from March to November, was not reduced. However, Brent pointed out that the reduced mowing width has resulted in some showy displays of wildflowers in areas other than the four designated wildflower sites. He was not aware of any negative comments about the county-wide reduced mowing width, which as he noted and I concurred, could be viewed as a positive since it indicated that the public in general accepted the reduced mowing width.

NOTE: All species mentioned in this report or the Management Specifications are listed in Table 1, page 13.

Sites

Lighthouse Road (CR 30). Lighthouse Road runs from US 98 south to the entrance booth of St. Marks NWR. Starting at the St. Marks NWR booth and proceeding about 3 miles north until the wooded canopy covers the road (just south of US 98), the mowed zone is occupied by a high proportion of native wildflowers and grasses. The best displays are on the west side of the road where the wooded area is further from the road. Of the four potential wildflower sites on Lighthouse Road, the site with the best potential site for showiness /sustainability is located at:

North end: 30.193022, -84.171655; south end: 30.192692, -84.171483 Length: about 130 ft Habitat: ruderal; moist

This site should be showy from April to October based on the diversity of showy wildflowers and grasses observed in spring, summer, and fall 2013, and if the site is not mowed except for the fall cleanup mowing.

Of particular note at this site is the occurrence of a rare, large population of Asclepias lanceolata (Fewflower Milkweed) and the state-listed endangered species, Ruellia noctiflora1 (Nightflowering Wild Petunia) (page 4).

1 Special thanks to Scott Davis, who was the first to report the occurrence of this species on Lighthouse Road.

Asclepias lanceolata

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In July 2013 and 2014, the entire ROW was mowed by St. Marks NWR personnel, despite Lighthouse Road being a county-maintained road, an effort to halt the July 2014 mowing, and the Refuge lacking an MOU with the county to mow the ROW. Wakulla County did not intend to mow the entire ROW until the late fall cleanup mowing. No part of the ROW was mowed prior to July 2014 mowing; the image of Asclepias lanceolata on page 3 shows a portion of the site as it appeared on May 28, 2014. At most, Wakulla County would have only mowed a 6-ft wide strip adjacent to the edge of pavement. Lisa Roberts wrote a letter of complaint to the Refuge for hampering the efforts of Wakulla County and the Foundation (see Appendix, page 17). St. Marks NWR responded and provided assurances that the west side of Lighthouse Road will not be mowed by the Refuge.

A weed species of concern is Cyperus esculentus (Yellow Nutsedge). If the soil were to be disturbed it could spread quickly. In addition, Cyperus esculentus roots exude allelopathic substances that can inhibit germination and growth of other species.

April 19, 2013

July 17, 2013 October 9, 2013

Ruellia noctiflora

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Showy Native Species

Spring: Asclepias lanceolata (very late spring), Cirsium horridulum, Erigeron quercifolius, Helenium pinnatifidum, Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria graminae, Salvia lyrata Summer: Asclepias lanceolata, Coreopsis leavenworthii, Rhynchospora colorata, Rudbeckia mohrii, Ruellia caroliniensis, Ruellia noctiflora Fall: Andropogon glomeratus, Bidens mitis, Coreopsis floridana, Eragrostis spectabilis, Eryngium aquaticum, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Helianthus angustifolius, Hyptis alata, Panicum rigidum, Ruellia caroliniensis, Saccharum giganteum

Other Native Species

Acmella oppositifolia var. repens, Diodia virginiana, Elytraria caroliniensis, Lobelia glandulosa (south buffer zone only), Phyla nodiflora

Other Species

Digitaria sp. (not enough info to ID, and therefore not able to determine whether native)

Species that could Negatively Impact Aesthetics or Sustainability

Site Turfgrasses: Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass), Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass) Other: Cyperus esculentus, Digitaria sp., Pasaplum urvillei (at ROW/woods interface), Baccharis halimifolia (at ROW/woods interface)

North Buffer

Turfgrasses: Eremochloa ophiuroides, Paspalum notatum Other: Cyperus esculentus

South Buffer

Turfgrasses: Eremochloa ophiuroides, Paspalum notatum Other: Cyperus esculentus

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Spring Creek Highway (CR 365). Only one site on this road met the criteria for this project; it is on the east side about 3.8 miles south of US 98 (aka Coastal Highway).

North end: 30.090137, -84.327010; south end: 30.088683, -84.326953 Length: about 530 ft Habitat: ruderal; moist

Mowing from March to November should have been limited to about an 8-ft strip adjacent to the edge of pavement. However, in 2014, the fall cleanup mowing (25-30 ft) occurred in late September, which will substantially reduce the showy displays of fall wildflowers. It is hoped that in the future the fall cleanup mowing will not occur before mid-November.

This site should be showy in April and September/October based on the diversity of showy wildflowers and grasses observed in spring and fall 2013, and if the mowing of the roadside continues as suggested.

Of particular note are the stands of Rosa palustris (Swamp Rose) and Hibiscus aculeatus (Pineland Hibiscus) about 500 ft to the north of the wildflower site and on the west side of the road. Both of these showy native shrubs occur along the woodland edge and beyond the mow zone.

Rosa palustris Hibiscus aculeatus

April 19, 2013 October 9, 2013

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Note: While this section of Spring Creek Highway was widened by about 2 ft in 2014, overall aesthetics should not be affected as the showy wildflowers are still beyond the 8-ft mowed strip.

Two weed species of concern are Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Ragweed) and Eupatorium capillifolium (Dogfennel). While both species occur sporadically, both can easily spread and more than a few will significantly detract from the aesthetics of this site.

Showy Native Species

Spring: Cirsium horridulum, Erigeron quercifolius, Helenium pinnatifidum, Salvia lyrata, Scutellaria integrifolia, Spiranthes sp. Summer: Chamaecrista fasciculata, Centrosema virginianum, Erigeron quercifolius, Lachnanthes caroliana, Ludwigia maritima, Pluchea rosea, Rhexia mariana (occurrence of all was too limited to have a substantial aesthetic impact) Fall: Andropogon virginicus, Agalinis sp., Bidens alba, Bidens mitis, Chamaecrista fasciculata, Helianthus angustifolius, Lobelia glandulosa, Saccharum giganteum, Solidago fistulosa, Solidago sempervirens, Symphyotrichum dumosum Andropogon glomeratus – north buffer only; Carphephorus odoratissimus, Eupatorium mohrii – south buffer only Other Native Species

Diodia virginiana, Elephantopus sp., Gaura angustifolia, Polygala lutea, Polygala nana, Melanthera nivea, Oxalis corniculata

Species that could Negatively Impact Aesthetics or Sustainability

Site Turfgrasses: Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass), Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass) Other: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Desmodium incanum (A potential concern if an herbicide containing imazapic is used as imazapic could increase the spread of this mat forming species), Eupatorium capillifolium, Rubus cuneifolius

North Buffer

Turfgrasses: Eremochloa ophiuroides, Paspalum notatum Other: Desmodium incanum (see above)

South Buffer

Turfgrasses: Eremochloa ophiuroides, Paspalum notatum Other: Richardia sp.

May 28, 2014

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Smith Creek Highway (CR 375). The ~12-mile segment from the south end of Site 1 (see below) north to Smith Creek (30.167183, -84.655476) has many areas that resemble SR 65 in showiness, although none of this segment seems as diverse with respect to native species. Much of this segment lies within the western edge of the Apalachicola National Forest (ANF), although not Site 1. While some native species occur in the mow zone, most occur in the moist swales and the drier back slopes to the wooded edge.

Of the four potential sites, the two showiest ones were selected: Site 1 on the south end of the 12-mile segment and Site 4 further north. However, much of this 12-mile segment has the potential to rival SR 65 in showiness and diversity given the predominance of native species and that most of the 12-mile segment lies within the ANF. It was recommended that from mid-February to late November Wakulla County should consider only regularly mowing a 6- to 9-ft strip, where possible, for this entire 12-mile segment, followed by a full ROW mowing in late November. As of September 26, 2014, the fall cleanup mowing had not occurred on this 12-mile segment.

Coreopsis floridana (Florida Tickseed) were locally abundant in moist areas along this 12-mile segment based on a random sampling by David Roddenberry in 2013 and Jeff Norcini in September 2014*; however, it’s quite possible that Coreopsis gladiata (Golden Tickseed) also occurs since it typically is more common in the panhandle than C. floridana.

Site 1. Mowing from March to at least late September 2014 has been limited to about an 8-ft strip adjacent to the edge of pavement.

North end: 30.090045, -84.536475; south end: 30.089436, -84.528070 Length: about 0.5 miles Habitat: ruderal on front slope, transitioning to a remnant native plant community from the moist ditch to the backslope; backslope to wooded edge appears to be a remnant native plant community comprised mainly of native flatwoods and bog species.

This site should be showy from April through October based on the diversity of showy wildflowers and grasses observed from spring to fall 2013, and if mowing is limited to the 6- to 9-ft strip from March to at least mid-November.

*NOTE: Much of this site was not nearly as showy on September 26, 2014 compared to early October 2013. The showiest displays of wildflowers may have occurred earlier as Coreopsis floridana was flowering a few weeks earlier than normal.

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April 19, 2013

July 17, 2013

October 9, 2013

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Showy Native Species

Spring: Aletris lutea, Coreopsis leavenworthii, Drosera tracyi, Erigeron quercifolius, Eriocaulon compressum, Helenium pinnatifidum, Kalmia hirsuta, Lobelia paludosa, Salvia lyrata, Sarracenia psittacina, Sisyrinchium angustifolium Summer: Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus, Eriocaulon decangulare, Eurybia eryngiifolia, Sabatia decandra, Stokesia laevis; Xyris sp.; South end, east side – Kalmia hirsuta, Rhexia nuttallii Fall: Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus, Bigelowia nudata, Carphephorus paniculatus, Chamaecrista fasciculata, Conoclinium coelestinum, Coreopsis floridana, Eupatorium mohrii, Euthamia caroliniana, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Hyptis alata, Lobelia glandulosa, Oxypolis ternata, Pityopsis graminifolia, Pluchea rosea, Solidago sp. (prob. S. odora), Tridens flavus

Other Native Species

Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum or Panicum hemitomum, Dichanthelium sp., Dichondra carolinensis (north buffer only), Elephantopus sp., Eustachys sp. (north buffer only); Phyla nodiflora, Viola lanceolata

Other Species

Hydrocotyle sp. and Ludwigia sp. – not enough info to determine species, and hence nativity

Non-Native Species

Medicago sp. (M. lupulina and/or M. polymorpha)

Species that could Negatively Impact Aesthetics or Sustainability

Site Turfgrasses: Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass) Other: Hyptis mutabilis, Richardia sp. (R. scabra and/or R. brasiliensis)

North Buffer

Turfgrasses: Paspalum notatum Other: Desmodium incanum (A potential concern if an herbicide containing imazapic is used as imazapic could increase the spread of this mat forming species), Eupatorium capillifolium, Hyptis mutabilis, Paspalum urvillei

South Buffer

Turfgrasses: Paspalum notatum Other: Desmodium incanum (see above)

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September 26, 2014

Site 2. Mowing from March to at least late September 2014 has been limited to about an 8-ft strip adjacent to the edge of pavement, although the west side ROW has been substantially disturbed by large vehicles and/or machinery as shown in the image to the right. The impact of this disturbance on native vegetation and weeds will not be known for several months; however, it is hoped that the soil seed bank has a high enough percentage of native vegetation propagules (seeds, rhizomes, and tubers) to minimize any detrimental impacts, especially from Cyperus esculentus (Yellow Nutsedge). Cyperus esculentus can spread quickly, and it exudes allelopathic substances from the roots that can inhibit germination and growth of other species.

North end: 30.119108, -84.638917; south end: 30.117833, -84.638407 Length: about 500 ft Habitat: Ruderal near edge of pavement; transitioning to a remnant native plant community from the moist swale to the backslope; backslope to wooded edge appears to be a remnant native plant community comprised mainly of native flatwoods and bog species

This site should be showiest in April/May and September/October based on the diversity of showy wildflowers and grasses observed from spring to fall 2013, and if mowing is limited to the 6- to 9-ft strip from March to at least mid-November. Summer wildflower displays should improve.

April 19, 2013 May 5, 2013

Courtesy Jeannie Brodhead

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Showy Native Species

Spring: Aletris lutea, Drosera tracyi, Drosera sp., Erigeron quercifolius, Eriocaulon compressum, Helenium pinnatifidum, Sagittaria graminae, Salvia lyrata, Sarracenia psittacina, Sisyrinchium angustifolium Summer: Amianthium muscaetoxicum, Eriocaulon decangulare, Hypericum cistifolium, Kalmia hirsuta, Rhexia lutea, Sabatia grandiflora, Xyris sp. Fall: Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus, Bidens mitis, Bigelowia nudata, Carphephorus paniculatus, Coreopsis floridana, Coreopsis linifolia, Eragrostis elliottii, Eragrostis spectabilis, Eriocaulon sp., Eryngium aquaticum, Eupatorium mohrii, Helianthus angustifolius, Liatris spicata, Lobelia glandulosa, Ludwigia suffruticosa, Oxypolis ternata, Pleea tenuifolia, Pluchea rosea, Sabatia brevifolia, Zigadenus glaberrimus

Other Native Species

Anthaenantia rufa, Buchnera americana, Dichanthelium sp., Dichondra carolinensis (north buffer only), Diodia virginiana, Mercadonia acuminata, Polygala nana, Syngonanthus flavidulus, Viola lanceolata; many Cyperaceae (sedge family)

Species that could Negatively Impact Aesthetics or Sustainability

Site Turfgrasses: Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass), Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass) Other: Cyperus esculentus

North Buffer

Turfgrasses: Eremochloa ophiuroides, Paspalum notatum Other: Cyperus esculentus

South Buffer

Turfgrasses: Eremochloa ophiuroides, Paspalum notatum Other: Cyperus esculentus

July 17, 2013 October 9, 2013

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Table 1. Scientific and common names of species mentioned in this report and/or the Management Plans. Type: WF = Wildflower; GC = Non-showy Groundcover; GR = Grass; SG=Sedge; SH=Shrub; SHH=Showy Shrub; V = Vine; WD = Weed (in the context of this project)

Scientific name Type Common name

Acmella oppositifolia var. repens WF Oppositeleaf Spotflower

Agalinis sp. WF False Foxglove

Aletris lutea WF Yellow Colicroot

Ambrosia artemisiifolia WD Common Ragweed

Amianthium muscaetoxicum GR Flypoison

Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum GR Maidencane

Andropogon glomeratus GR Bushy Bluestem

Andropogon virginicus GR Broomsedge Bluestem

Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus GR Chalky Bluestem

Anthaenantia rufa GR Purple Silkyscale

Asclepias lanceolata WF Fewflower Milkweed

Baccharis halimifolia SH Groundsel Tree

Bidens alba WF Spanish Needles

Bidens mitis WF Smallfruit Beggarticks

Bigelowia nudata WF Pineland rayless Goldenrod

Buchnera americana WF American Bluehearts

Carphephorus odoratissimus WF Vanilla Leaf

Carphephorus paniculatus WF Hairy Chaffhead

Centrosema virginianum V Spurred Butterflypea

Chamaecrista fasciculata WF Partridge-pea

Chaptalia tomentosa WF Wooly Sunbonnets

Cirsium horridulum WF Purple Thistle

Conoclinium coelestinum WF Wild Ageratum

Coreopsis floridana WF Florida Tickseed

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Coreopsis gladiata WF Coastalplain Tickseed

Coreopsis leavenworthii WF Leavenworth’s Tickseed

Coreopsis linifolia WF Texas Tickseed

Cyperus esculentus WD Yellow Nutsedge

Desmodium incanum WD Zarzabacoa Comun

Dichanthelium sp. GR Witchgrass

Dichondra carolinensis GC Carolina Ponysfoot

Digitaria sp. GR Crabgrass

Diodia virginiana WF Virginia Buttonweed

Drosera sp. WF Sundew

Drosera tracyi WF Tracy’s Sundew

Elephantopus sp. WF Elephantsfoot

Elytraria caroliniensis WF Carolina Scalystem

Eragrostis elliottii GR Elliott’s Lovegrass

Eragrostis spectabilis GR Purple Lovegrass

Erigeron quercifolius WF Oakleaf Fleabane

Eriocaulon compressum WF Flattened Pipewort

Eriocaulon decangulare WF Tenangle Pipewort

Eryngium aquaticum WF Rattlesnakemaster

Eupatorium capillifolium WD Dogfennel

Eupatorium mohrii WF Mohr’s Thoroughwort

Eupatorium perfoliatum WF Common Boneset

Eurybia eryngiifolia WF Thistleleaf Aster

Eustachys sp. GR Fingergrass

Euthamia caroliniana WF Slender Goldentop

Gaura angustifolia WF Southern Beeblossom

Helenium pinnatifidum WF Southeastern Sneezeweed

Helianthus angustifolius WF Swamp Sunflower

Heterotheca subaxillaris WF Camphorweed

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Hibiscus aculeatus SHH Comfortroot

Hydrocotyle sp. GC Pennywort

Hypericum cistifolium SHH Roundpod St. Johnswort

Hypoxis sp. WF Stargrass

Hyptis alata WF Clustered Bushmint

Hyptis mutabilis WD Tropical Bushmint

Kalmia hirsuta SHH Wicky; Hairy Laurel

Lachnanthes caroliniana WF Carolina Redroot

Liatris spicata WF Dense Blazingstar

Lobelia glandulosa WF Glade Lobelia

Lobelia paludosa WF White Lobelia

Ludwigia maritima WF Seaside Primrosewillow

Ludwigia suffruticosa WF Shrubby Primrosewillow

Mecardonia acuminata WF Axilflower

Medicago lupulina WD Black Medic

Medicago polymorpha WD Burr Clover

Melanthera nivea SHH Snow Squarestem

Oxalis corniculata WF Woodsorrel

Oxypolis ternata WF Piedmont Cowbane

Panicum hemitomum GR Maidencane

Panicum rigidum GR Redtop Panicum

Phyla nodiflora WF Fogfruit

Pityopsis graminifolia WF Grassleaf Goldenaster

Pleea tenuifolia WF Rush Featherling

Pluchea rosea WF Rosy Camphorweed

Polygala lutea WF Orange Milkwort

Polygala nana WF Candyroot

Pontederia cordata WF Pickerel Weed

Rhexia lutea WF Yellow Meadowbeauty

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Rhexia mariana WF Pale Meadowbeauty

Rhexia nuttallii WF Nuttall’s Meadowbeauty

Rhynchospora colorata SG Starrush Whitetop

Richardia brasiliensis WD Tropical Mexican Clover

Richardia scabra WD Rough Mexican Clover

Rosa palustris SHH Swamp Rose

Rubus cunefolius WD Sand Blackberry

Rudbeckia mohrii WF Mohr’s Coneflower

Ruellia caroliniensis WF Wild Petunia

Ruellia noctiflora WF Nightflowering Wild Petunia

Sabatia brevifolia WF Shortleaf Rosegentian

Sabatia decandra WF Bartram’s Rosegentian

Sabatia grandiflora WF Largeflower Rosegentain

Saccharum giganteum WF Sugarcane Plumegrass

Sagittaria graminea WF Grassleaf Duckpotato

Salvia lyrata WF Lyreleaf Sage

Sarracenia psittacina WF Parrot Pitcherplant

Scutellaria integrifolia WF Helmet Skullcap

Sisyrinchium angustifolium WF Narrowleaf Blue-Eyed Grass

Solidago fistulosa WF Pinebarren Goldenrod

Solidago odora WF Sweet Goldenrod

Solidago sempervirens WF Seaside Goldenrod

Spiranthes sp. WF Ladiestresses

Stokesia laevis; WF Stoke’s Aster

Symphyotrichum dumosum WF Rice Button Aster

Syngonanthus flavidulus WF Yellow Hatpins

Tridens flavus GR Purpletop

Viola lanceolata WF Bog White Violet

Zigadenus glaberrimus WF Sandbog Deathcamas

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APPENDIX

LIGHTHOUSE ROAD MOWING

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Lighthouse Road, September 26, 2014