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BodySizeLectureNotes

1) LargestlandmammalthateverlivedIndricotherium(Perissodactyla)a. LiveinAsiaduringLateOligoceneandEarlyMiocene

2) Maximumbodysizeincreasesasafunctionofincreasinglandmass(Burnessetal.2001)3) Thelargestmammal(bluewhale)eatssomeofthesmallestpreykrill(seacrustaceans)4)

Energeticscontrainspatternsofgrowth:Hollywoodneedsallometry5) Isometricgrowth(b=1),Postiveallometry(b>1),Negativeallometry(b1partner,maletestesmassisabovetheslopeline,andviceversa.

15)FractaltheoryGeoffreyWest,physicistatSanteFeInstitutea. Afractalisafragmentedgeometricshapethatcanbesplitintosmallerparts,eachofwhich

isareduced-sizecopyofthewhole,apropertycalledself-similarity.

b. Westshowsthatinfrastructurepatternsofcitiestendtofolloweconomiesofscalesimilartobiologicalones

16)FrequencydistributionofbodysizeamongNorthAmericanlandmammalsa. Rightskeweddistribution,modetendingtowardsmallspecies(50-100g)

b. Bodysizeleftofthemodearelimitedbyrateofenergyacquisition(slope=0.75)c. Bodysizerightofthemodearelimitedbyconversionofenergyintooffspring(slope=-.025)

17)Smallsizedanimalswithrapidmetabolismeatalotshrewa. Shrewsmustconsumer200-300%oftheirbodyweightperday(eatevery2-3hrsordie)b. Theycannothibernate(cantstorenecessaryfat),andproducealitterof5-7youngsevery

22-25daysduringthesummer

18)Largeranimalscanspendproportionatelylessenergyonreproduction19)Populationdensitydeclineswithincreasingbodysize20)Increasingareaofgeographicrangecorrespondstoincreasingbodymass(amongNAlandmammals)21)Metabolictheoryofbiodiversitydependsontemperature

a. Intrinsicrateofpopulationincrease(rmax),decreaseswithbodymassb. Variationthatremainsaftertheeffectofbodysizehasbeenremovedisexplainedbytemp.

22)Marinetemperaturecontrolsbodysizeinostracodes23)BodysizeofmooseinSwedenincreaseswithlatitude,consistentwithBergmannsrule24)Bergmannsruleandadaptationtotemperatureinbushy-tailedwoodrats(bodymassincreaseswith

lowertemperature)

25)Evolutionofbodysizeinpopulationsofthefruitfly,Drosophilasubobscure inNAisconsistentwithBergmannsRule(wingsizeincreaseswithincreasinglatitude)

26)Clutchsizeasafunctionoflattitudeinowls(clutchsizeincreaseswithincreasinglatitude)27)Astunadecline,sardinesincrease28)Insularformsofmammalsoftenexhibitdivergentmorphologicaltrends

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a. dwarfinginGiantDeerMegacerosduringthePleistoceneb. Solenodon(giantinsularshrews)andrelatedinsectivoresofCaribb.mightreach1kgmass.c. dwarfinginelephantsElaphusduringthePleistocene

29)Theislandruleandbodysizea. Gigantism:ecologicalreleasefromlargecompetitorsandpredators,intensifiedintraspecific

competition,immigrantselection

b.Dwarfism:ecologicalreleasefrompredators,intensifiedintraspecificcompetition,resourcelimitationandspecializationforinsularniches

i. TomedrwarfingontheislandcontinentofAustralia30)IsHomofloresiensis aninsularHomo?