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W12/12/12; F12/9/11; H-F12/2-3/10; M12/8/08. Civil War Intro ( Ch. 15.1 & 15.2 ; pp. 406-420). I. Objectives. S. – independence protect slavery states ’ rights N . – return to Union (later ~1862-63 – end slavery, but still not full emancipation ) ( stop spread of slavery) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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W12/12/12; F12/9/11; H-F12/2-3/10; M12/8/08
Civil War Intro(Ch. 15.1 & 15.2; pp. 406-420)
I. Objectives
• S. – independence– protect slavery– states’ rights
• N. – return to Union– (later ~1862-63 – end slavery, but still not full
emancipation)– (stop spread of slavery)
• Power of central government?– would continue to be issue for both sides
A. Advantages & DisadvantagesConfederacy Union
A. Advantages & Disadvantages
Confederacy Union
A. Advantages & Disadvantages (#5)
Confederacy Union
II. Raising Troops (#1)A. Volunteers • vast majority for both sides – 80% of S; 92% of N
B. Draft• Confederacy - 1862– Conscription Act (only 20%)– 20 slaves exemption
II. Raising Troops (#1) (cont.)
B. Draft (cont.)
• Union - 1863• Enrollment Act– Substitute/commutation (or buy out)– Loopholes – both sides – buy out/substitute– Why? Each side needs money
• “rich man’s war, but poor man’s fight”
II. Raising Troops (#1) (cont.)B. Draft (cont.)• NYC Draft Riots – 1863– 5 days, hundreds killed – Veterans from Gettysburg called in– racial & class tensions exposed
Map of NYC Draft Riots
III. Financing War (#2)A. Overview• federal spending prior to war– new concept – only ~2% of GNP prior to war– rose to ~15% of GNP during war
• Q: How to pay for war?– war bonds and taxes (1st direct taxes in 30 years)– print more money (inflation!)
III. Financing War (#2) (cont.)
B. South• 1st war bond ($15M) – Aug. 1861– need specie– use up most of S. specie after war bond
• taxes– largely ineffective & inconsistent (only 5% of revenue in S)– location to tax collectors
• paper money– printed more & more money– became worth less (cost $1 in 1861, cost $46 in 1864)– incredible inflation (9,000%)
III. Financing War (#2) (cont.)
C. North• war bond ($150M)– Jay Cooke
• not enough specie (hoarding, overseas) • Salmon P. Chase – Treasury Sec.• Legal Tender Act (1862)– issued $150M in “greenbacks”– Inflation,
• but not as bad as S. (about 80%)
• Taxes– income tax, liquor tax– mix of direct & indirect taxes– much more effective than S. (about 21% of revenue)
IV. Political Leadership (#3)• Lincoln vs. DavisA. South• Jefferson Davis (Pres. - MS)– fought w/ Alexander Stephens (VP – GA)– Davis: need strong central gov’t to win war– Stephens (and others): states’rights
• lots of conflict, tension• one political party – – internal strife – similar to “Era of Good Feelings”
IV. Political Leadership (#3) (cont.)
B. North– Abraham Lincoln (Pres. – IL)• Compromise
– political party strife • Dems vs. Reps
– multiple beliefs • debate strengthened party loyalties• diverse opinion on cabinet – radicals and conservatives
V. Border States (#4)
• issue of slavery?– Lincoln avoids – Why?– keep Border States in Union– DE, MD, KY, MO (later WV)
• POPB, yeomen– touchy subject throughout war, esp. w/
emancipation
VI. StrategiesA. North• Anaconda Strategy– blockade (US Navy) & rivers– Confed. Navy? – build from scratch– MS River – David Farragut (New Orleans)– TN River – U.S. Grant
• VA – McClelland – “slows” • turnover in leadership – – Scott, McClelland, Burnside, Hooker, etc.
VI. Strategies (cont.)
B. South• defensive war• 2 fronts: – VA (most of fighting)– MS/TN rivers