W1 –Writing Prompt

• Construct a thesis statement and outline• The cultural tensions of the early 1920’s were

not new issues, but unresolved ones from the past century.

• Try the home remedies• Ding darling cartoon• http://

ddr.lib.drake.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/ddarling/id/2868/rec/1

• You cant make a monkey out of me • http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=X1Ek2BDu47g

Warm Up1. Who were famous American authors

of the 1920’s?What were the subjects of their works?

2. Why did prohibition fail?

The Roaring 20s

The 1920’s: ‘The New Era’

• New social mores• New forms of business & social

organization• New consumer oriented

culture• New gov’t approaches to

industrialization & agriculture

Opposing forces of the 20s

City vs. Rural/small townWet vs. Dry

Fundamentalism vs. ScienceAnglo vs. foreign

Young vs. Old

Prohibition• 18th Amendment –prohibited the manufacture, sale &

transport of ‘intoxicating liquors’– Did not define term or outline penalties– Consumption never outlawed– Gov’t projected 300 mil. a year in taxes & fines

• Volstead Act, passed Oct. 1919– Went into effect Jan. 1, 1920– Vetoed by Woodrow Wilson

• New gov’t agencies formed– ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & explosives)– Bureau of Prohibition– Expanded the powers of the Treasury Dept. –expansion of the

Bureau of Revenue (IRS)

Red Scare• Russian Revolution of 1917 -Socialism seen as a real threat• Spring of 1919, series of bombings & threats (Wall Street, federal

officials)• Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General

– “Committed to 100% Americanism”– institutes ‘Palmer Raids’– 6,000 arrested, few prosecuted, 500 non-citizens deported

• Sacco & Vanzetti –convicted of MA armored car murder in 1920, executed in 1927– Circumstantial evidence– Formation of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)– Oliver Wendell Holmes & Louis Brandeis lead Supreme Court in protecting 1st

Amendment rights

Republicans in the White House• 1921 -1933• Isolationist; refusal to join League of Nations• Little gov’t intervention of business• Gov’t as an agent of economic change thru farm subsidies & tax

relief• Democratic Party fragmented (ethnically, religiously, regionally)

Warren G. Harding

• Return to ‘Normalcy’• ‘Ohio Gang’• ‘A friend to everyone’• Tea Pot Dome Scandal

– Albert Fall, Sec. of the Interior– Bribery for oil licenses on

federal land in WY & CA– Rivaled Watergate in scope &

malfeasance• Advocated for racial equality

Calvin Coolidge• ‘Silent Cal’• Puritanical nature• Commerce Secretary Herbert

Hoover promoted ‘associationalism’ to help businesses

• Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928– International that war would

not be used to settle disputes• Treasury Sec. Andrew Mellon

– Paid off WWI debt– Reduced inheritance, income &

corporate taxes by half

Was the 1920s a ‘New Era’ or a return to “Normalcy”?

Food for thought….• “A union cannot strike against the

public safety”• “The man who builds a factory builds a

temple. The man who works there worships”

• “[WWI] has not created differences, but has revealed and emphasized them”

• People don’t buy things to have things, they buy hope…of what merchandise will do for them”

• Consider the quotations; which side of the argument do you agree with? Why?

White SupremacyNativism• Supported by middle class

Progressives• 1921 Emergency

Immigration Act• 1924 Johnson-Reed Act

(National Origins Act)

Ku Klux Klan

• 1915 Leo Frank killing• DW Griffith’s movie Birth of a

Nation –KKK are heroes• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=FXlWwYNCO-8&list=PLNgFBoxEAByjimMCyn3T1K7aOXfhGqCHL&index=2

• Chicago Race Riots of 1919– NAACP encourages “fighting

back’• By 1925 -4 mil. members• Rise is lynchings in the South• ‘Klaverns’ in Chicago, Detroit,

Oregon, Colorado

Fundamentalism• Protestant Christian

sects• Return to the

‘fundamentals of Christianity’ – Trinity– Literal translation of

the Bible• Anti-Darwin• Billy Sunday

AP PARTS

Scopes Trial• 1924 Dayton, TN• John Scopes in violation of TN’s Butler Act teacher

evolution in his Biology class• Clarence Darrow of ACLU reps. Scopes• William Jennings Bryan ‘assists’ TN prosecution• Trial broadcasted nationally by radio• Scopes loses, but Darrow gets Bryan to admit under

oath that the Bible is not literal truth

Technology & Economic Growth• 60% increase in manufacturing output

– Debilitation of European industry in WWI– Automobile & tangential business

• Combustion engines, gasoline, suburban housing– Advent of radio– Transportation: Commercial aircraft & diesel/electric trains– Synthetic materials: nylon, bakelite, asbestos– Early genetic research –plant hybridization

• Consolidation of US Steel & General Motors• Short recession in 1923-24 due to fall in farm prices -35 mil

more acres farmed due to technology b/w 1917 & 1923– Farmers get McNary-Haugen Bill =farm subsidies to promote parity

w/ world market prices

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=farm+prices+1920s&source=images&cd=&docid=mjFX_Od_AD0rjM&tbnid=GOJ9SB9-HexmOM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://theknowledgeproblem.blogspot.com/2010/12/urban-prosperity-rural-chaos-federal.html&ei=IBwhUb6QNoGs8QTbpYB4&psig=AFQjCNGGWI222VZaSHP5SHjqGhlUz65Wiw&ust=1361210728853404

Big Businesses, Part Deux• Union membership will fall –AFL will shut out

minorities, immigrants, women (unskilled labor) side with business

• Modern administrative systems for large corporations and their subsidiaries

• ‘Welfare Capitalism’ – Ford Motor Co.– pensions, shorter work days, paid vacations

Demographic Changes• B/w 1920 – 1929 middle class will increase in size• 1/3 of all Americans live at subsistence or in poverty• 50% of working class see no increase to their wages• Minorities & women loses place in workforce after

WWI ends– ‘Pink collar jobs’ –women work in secretarial & retail– Few female professionals outside of teaching, nursing,

social work– Great Migration African-Americans relegated to garbage

collection, domestic servants, cooks

Modern Life• Changing roles in society• ‘Respectability’ was the Victorian value; replaced by emotional/physical ‘fulfillment’• Changes in Spirituality

– Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick argues against Fundamentalism –be ‘spiritual for modern life’; God & science co-exist

– Many Americans use Sunday for entertainment & commerce, no longer Sabbath day

• Companionate marriages– Marriage the culmination of romantic love– Support husband’s social life– Birth control for middle class families

• Domesticity not tied only to motherhood– Psychologist John B. Watson – Motherhood not instinctive, taught behavior that should rely on ‘expert’ input

• Rise of Youth Culture– Adolescence is no longer a short period of physical change into adulthood– Now extended period of training & preparation for adulthood

New Culture• Growing mass consumption

– Appliances– Cigarettes (men and women)– Cosmetics & grooming; Fashions– Cars for middle & working classes

• Impact: growing suburbs, family vacations, independent youth culture

• Advertising directed to specific demographic groups• Mass circulation magazines• Entertainment

– Radio– Movies, by 1927 ‘talkies’

Artistic Movements• ‘Lost Generation’

– HL Menken– F. Scott Fitzgerald– Sinclair Lewis– Earnest Hemingway

• ‘Harlem Renaissance’– Langston Hughes– Zora Neal Houston

• Jazz– Louis Armstrong– Duke Ellington

• Broadway Musical Theater– Irving Berlin– George & Ira Gershwin– Rodgers & Hart

DBQ Relay• PROMPT: Historians have argued that

the1920’s were an age of extreme contradiction. Many Americans were looking boldly ahead, but just as many were gazing backward, to cherished memories of a fabled national innocence.

• Using the documents and your knowledge of the time period which of these forces had the greatest success?

Welcome!

Please help yourself to a cup of ‘hooch’ and

a jazz age snack

AP PARTS

Essential Question

Was the 1920’s an era of cultural tensions or a period of innovation?