W d S i biliWaste management and Sustainability Transition

W d S i biliWaste management and Sustainability Transition - Outlooks in Japan

Keishiro Hara, Ph.D.Osaka University, Sustainability Design Center

(h @ d k j )([email protected])

July 12, 2010

Special Seminar, University of Tsukuba

Today’s lecture

1. A brief overview of evolution of waste management and promotion of Sound Material cycle society inand promotion of Sound Material-cycle society in Japan

2. Biomass wastes utilization towards a new perspective for waste management and low carbon society – a case of sewage sludge

Socio-economic conditions in JapanJapan Population: 1945-2000

120,000

140,000

thousGDP per Capita: US$ in 2000

25000

30000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

,

10000

15000

20000

25000

0

20,000

,

1945 1951 1957 1963 1969 1975 1981 1987 1993 1999

Toyko Area Osaka Area Nagoya Area Other Areas

0

5000

10000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Toyko Area Osaka Area Nagoya Area Other Areas

Energy Consumption per GDPEnergy COnsumption and CO2 Emission

d li

6

8

10

Pm

il$

10 000

15,000

20,000

J

1200

1250

1300

ons

Oil ShockOil Shock

decoupling started

2

4

6

PJ

/G

DP

0

5,000

10,000PJ

1050

1100

1150 Mil

t

3

0

1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002

0

1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002

1050

Energy consumption CO2 emissions

©RISS, Osaka University

Chronological Trend of Municipal Waste Generation In Japan

Municipal Waste Trends in Japanp p

50

60

ion

) 1 200

1,300

ta.d

ay

30

40

50

te G

enera

tM

illio

n T

on)

1,000

1,100

1,200

e p

er

capit

(g/cap.d

)

10

20

68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04

Was

t (M

800

900

Was

te

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

YearTotal Waste Generation Waste per capitaTotal Waste Generation Waste per capita

Data Source: Ministry of Environment, Japan

Economic Status and Waste Generation in Asian Nations and Japan

Recent Ave: 1130g /person/dayRecent Ave: 1130g /person/day

- House:740g

-Office:390gg

(Source: Hanaki, 2004 )

Evolution of Environmental Policies & waste management in Japang p

End of WWII to mid 1950’s

Mid 50’s to late 70’s

Early 80’s to mid 90’s

Lifestyle change (from

mid 90’s to -Challenge of security

Public sanitation due to urban migration

Problems/drivers

Increase of both domestic and industrial wastes

Lifestyle change (from uniform to diverse demand): increase in waste variety

and resilience, QOL, global issues (climate change, trans-boundary movements)

The Public Policy Waste Management

Waste Management

Fundamental law for establishing a

Cleansing Law (1954)

responseManagement and Public Cleansing Law (1970)

Management Law revision (1991-1997)

gsound material-cycling society (2000)

Features “reactive”improving public health by sanitary disposing of waste

“receptive”Waste classification, business responsibility

“constructive”Promotion of recycling (EOL products), enforcement of

“Proactive”Promote sustainable lifestyle, improve QOL, decoupling, going

System

disposing of waste and cleaning the environment

responsibility, standards for disposal

actions to protect health

green (production, consumption)

End-of-pipeProcess Product

System

Note: lower figure based on IHDP-IT

Reliance on Incinerators and Dioxin problemsType and number of incinerators

2000

2500

rato

rs

500

1000

1500um

ber o

f inc

iner

Types of Incineration facilities had changed

0

500

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004

Year

Nu facilities had changed.

Fixed batch Computed batch Semi Continuous Continuous

Dioxin emission trends1500

7500Q/y

ear)

5000

1500

1100690 555

3000

4500

6000

emis

sion

(g-T

E

Dioxin emission has 5000

1550 1350 1019 81271 64 62370

265 74 69 73

690 555 533

0

1500

19971998

19992000

20012002

20032004

2005

Dio

xin

e

reduced drastically.

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5Year

Domestic waste incineration Industrial waste incineration

Data source: Ministry of Environment of Japan http://www.env.go.jp/doc/toukei/contents/index.html

Promotion of Sound Material-cycle Society

Exploitation of finite natural resources and Exploitation of finite natural resources and depletion of the resources G i i t l l d i t d ith Growing environmental loads associated with the resource consumptions

Lack in the final disposal sites (Japan)

Promotion of Sound Material Cycle society became essential.

8

y y

Framework of the Implementation PlanSound Material-cycle Society (SMS)

The Basic Environment Law

The Basic Environment Plan

Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society

Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Societyg y y

W t Di l d P bli Cl i L Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilities

Proper disposal of waste Promotion of recycling

Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law of Resources

Law for the Promotion of

Law for the Recycling ofLaw for the Law forConstruction

Laws for promoting specific waste recycling Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling Containers and

Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles

Law for the Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances

Law for Promotion of Recycling and Related Activities for

Construction MaterialRecycling Law

Containers and Packaging

Appliances Activities for Treatment of Cyclical Food Resources

Local action planLaw Concerning the Promotion of Procurement of Eco-Friendly Goods and Services by the State and

Other EntitiesEstablishing Council on Promoting Zero-waste City in Tokyo Metropolitan Area and Kyoto-Osaka-Kove Area

Local action plan- Plan for Establishing Environmentally Sound Material-Cycle Society in local governments - Promoting Eco-town Project

Local council

3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)

“Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound MaterialSound Material--Cycle Society”Cycle Society”3R policy3R policy1) Reduce: Capping resource uses and waste generation 2) Reuse2) Reuse3) Recycle

P d ti C ti W tResourcesReduce Treatment

(I i ti )

Reduce

Production Consumption Wastes Resources (Incineration)

DisposalReuse

Recycling treatment Recycle

Additi l

10Based on Hanaki, 2004

Additional energy is required.

Three macro indicators

Production Resource

productivityoutput (GDP)

Final disposal amount

Resource input

Recycling ratio

Society Based on Hanaki, 2004

R GDP (S i )

11

Resource Productivity

GDP (Service)DMI

=

DMI: Direct Material Input

Analysis of Material Flow in Japan

(Unit：million tons)

N t dditi t t k（1 107）

Products（70）

AccumulatedNet addition to stock（1,107）Resources

（718） Natural resourcesand the like input ［Direct Material

Imports（788）

Accumulated volume as material

capital, which gradually decays.

Domestic resources（1,124）

Exports（132）

［Direct Material Input］

（1,912）Energy consumption（420）

F d ti （127）

Total material input

g y y

Final disposal

Reduction（241）Generation of waste and the like

Food consumption（127）input（2,130）

Returned to nature(84）

disposal（56）（600）

(84）

Amount of cyclical use [reuse+recycle] （218）

About 10 % of the total material inputs recycled around the year 2000

Ministry of the Environment: Fundamental Plan for Establishing A Sound Material-Cycle Society,<http://www.env.go.jp/en/rep/waste/plan_sound.pdf>

About 10 % of the total material inputs recycled around the year 2000

Resource GDP (Service)

Macro Indicators to Measure the Material-cycle Society

Resource productivity trends

Resource Productivity

GDP (Service)DMI

=(A): (B): Recycling Rate

Recycling trends

33.6

31.628.9

39

27.6

28.1

15 020.025.030.035.040.0

Res

ourc

euc

tivity

(100

00Ye

ns/T

on)

11.312.7

14

10.2

9.7

10.0

6 08.0

10.012.014.016.0

cycl

ing

(%)

10.015.0

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Year

prod

Y

0.02.04.06.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Year

Rec

Resource productivity

(C): Final Disposal Amount

Recycling

Fundamental Law for Final disposal trends

5753

50

4040

50

60

mill

ion

Tons

)

Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society was revised in 2008, “biomass utilization

t ” i l d d35

28

0

10

20

30

40

Fina

l dis

posa

l (m rate” was included as a

monitoring indicator.

Year

Final disposal


Upstream-Downstream Integration: Downstream Approach

R

Resources saving technology, Eco-design in manufacturing,

Zero emission initiatives inIntegrated (sustainable) waste management: combination of Resource use

efficiency,Environmental

stress

Zero-emission initiatives in production stage, dematerialization

management: combination of waste streams, technology

treatment and recovery options to achieve environmental benefit, stress

minimization

Sustainable

economic optimization

Resource i l ti

Production

circulating Society Green

Production/S i

ReuseRecycling

ServiceSystem

System

Labeling, green procurement,Labeling, green procurement, services-oriented business,

PSS system, lifestyle changeSustainable waste

managementSustainable

Consumption

A summary and discussion – part 1

Historically, three main characteristics of J t t b dJapanese wastes managements are observed:

1) Reliance on incineration as a means to reduce waste volumevolume,

2) Material recycling with ambitious recycling targets for specific wastes,wastes,

3) An integral resource management approach that stresses not only energy and material recovery but also an increase in resource productivity.

A comprehensive sets of indicator systems with effective monitoring systems shall be further g yneeded to shift the society towards sustainability

2 Bi t tili ti t d2. Biomass wastes utilization towards a new perspective for waste management and low

b i t f l dcarbon society – a case of sewage sludge

Trends in wastes incineration (by type of

Basic guidelines to transform wastes into energy resources

Trends in wastes incineration (by type ofincinerator)

250,000

day) Until recently, wastes have been

50,000

100,000150,000

200,000

ount

(ton

s/d y,

primarily incinerated, without fully taking advantage of the recovery

potential (energy, industrial use, etc).0

1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004

Year

Am

Fixed batch Computed batch Semi continuous Continuous

Heating value for domestic wastes (MJ/Kg)

It is important to change current 10

15

20

alu

e (

MJ

/K

g)

It is important to change current patterns in waste treatment to obtain the maximum benefits

(environmental, economical and0

5

10

domestic waste (wet base) domestic waste (dry base)

Heati

ng

Va


(environmental, economical and social) of wastes



Generation and Utilization of biomass in Japan, 2005

i lbiomass annual output state of utilization

10^4 tanimal manure

food waste

use non‐use x 10^4 ton

waste paper

Black liquor

ill id lsawmill residuals

wooden construction waste

forestland residuals

sewage sludge

non‐eatable organicsg

Source: MAFF

Utilization of sewage sludge 2,227,000DStons(2005)

Recycling rate of sewage sludge (%)Dry)

Farm land

dge (%

)

( 1000 t ,

ConstructionMaterial(Cement)

Others

wage slud

neratio

n ( (Cement)

ConstructionMaterial

rate of sew

slud

ge ge Material

(others)

Recycling r

sewage s

Landfill

R

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Utilization of sewage sludge as energy resources covers only 7% of total.

Energy conversion technologies of biomass

aerobic decomposition （compost）microbial process

Bio chemical

alcohol fermentation ethanol

Waste

methane fermentation methane

Wastebiomass combustion heat、power

Thermo gasification

pyrolysis coal, oil

gaschemical

gasification

liquefaction

gas

oilphysicochemicalp yyellow-colored technologies are related to sewage sludge.

Dr. Yoshida. N (2009)

Backgrounds of sewage sludge management in Tokyoy

• The volume of raw sewage sludge has been Increasing steadily.

• Tokyo has historically suffered from limited capacity of final disposal site.

• No agricultural use, composting use

Sewage management system has been designedSewage management system has been designed to reduce the sludge volume eventually disposed in final disposal sitesfinal disposal sites

For reducing the amount of final disposal

I i ti h b f ilit t d• Incineration has been facilitated.

Sl d li (B i k A t Sl RDF)• Sludge recycling (Brick, Aggregate, Slag, RDF) has been tested.

• Utilization of ash in cement industry as raw material for cement (since 1998)material for cement (since 1998)

Sludge recycling products at Nanbu plant

Brick Aggregate

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Slag

新河岸

Sludge transportation systems in the Tokyo 23 Wards

小台小台小台小台小台小台小台小台小台中川

小菅小菅小菅小菅小菅小菅小菅小菅小菅島島島

Location of WWTPand sludge transportations

小菅小菅小菅小菅小菅小菅小菅小菅小菅　三河島三河島三河島三河島三河島三河島三河島三河島三河島　

中野中野中野中野中野中野中野中野中野　

(1999)

落合落合落合落合落合落合落合落合落合メサライト（船橋）

砂町　WWTP

Sludge treatment plants 東プラ

有明有明有明有明有明有明有明　

Sludge treatment plants

Pipe

Truck

葛西

東プラ

Ship

中部ミキシングプラント

芝浦Cement industry

南部プラント(Nanbu plant)

森ヶ崎森ヶ崎森ヶ崎森ヶ崎森ヶ崎森ヶ崎森ヶ崎森ヶ崎森ヶ崎　

第一セメント（川崎） Recycling facility

Summarized sludge management system in the Tokyo 23 Wards area

12 WWTP

Thickening

12 WWTP (Raw sludge discharge)

Thickening

Anaerobic digestion

Transportation (Truck, ship, Pipe)

Nanbu recycling plantEnergy recovery

Dewatering RDF, Slag

Nanbu recycling plantrecovery

Incineration (Ash)Brick, Aggregate

Mixingg

Final disposal

Cement industry, etc

Usage for construction, etc

Comparative energy consumption in each recycling processy g p

75

60

75

mpt

io

30

45er

gy c

onsu

mJ/y

ear)

15

mpa

rativ

e e

n(1

02 MJ

0RDF Slag Brick Aggregate Incineration

Recycling process

Com

Source: Hara, K and Mino, T. (2008). Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Recycling Options and Treatment Processes in Tokyo, Waste Management, Vol 28 (12), pp. 2645-2652

Energy consumption

3000

n

1500

2000

2500

nsum

ptio

nJ/

year

)

OthersRecyclingIncineration

Total energy consumption shows a tendency to decrease

500

1000

Ener

gy c

on(1

06 M

J

DewateringDigestionThickening

Note: ”Others” is the sum of mixing, transportation and final disposal process

tendency to decrease.

0

1995 1997 1999 2001Year

E g process.

80

ume

40

60

slud

ge v

olu

m3 /y

ear)

0

20

Trea

ted

s

(106

Raw sludge volume has been increasing.

1995 1997 1999 2001Year

Energy consumption in recycling process

3000

n

1500

2000

2500

nsum

ptio

nJ/

year

)

OthersRecyclingIncineration

This reduction can be mainly explained by reduction in recycling

0

500

1000

Ener

gy c

on(1

06 M

J

DewateringDigestionThickening

reduction in recycling and digestion process.

0

1995 1997 1999 2001Year

E

300350

tion

AggregateRDF

150200250

y co

nsum

pt6 M

J/ye

ar)

SlagBrick

RDF hi h

050

100

Ener

gy (106RDF process which

constituted the largest part in 1995 and 1997, was scrapped

1995 1997 1999 2001Year

after 1997.

Amount of final disposal

200 000

250,000

300,000l (t

/ye

ar)

100,000

150,000

200,000

nal di

sposa

l

Ash to cement industry

Special cement

Sludge cake

0

50,000

100,000

mou

nt

of fin

Ash

Due to the increase of incineration ratio, the amount of final disposal decreased

-50,0001995 1997 1999 2001am

significantly.Utilization of ash in cement industry was started in 1998started in 1998.

New perspective in sewage sludge management in Tokyo (Japan)y ( p )

Shift to more energy efficient material use suchShift to more energy efficient material use, such as cement production.

Re-evaluation of sewage as an energy source (i h d i ) i h f l b l(i.e. methane production), in the era of global warming.

Integrated management with other wastes such g gas household wastes

Carbonization in Tobu sewage plant

dewatered

dry distilled gas

chimney99,000t/y

dewatered sludge drier Carbonization

furnace exhaust gas

100t/d×3

town combustion

furnace

g

gas hot air

carbon

treatment

8 700t/y

coal-firedt ti

8,700t/y

power stationCarbonized sludge is used as a

substitute of coal for power generation.

Methane fermentation In Kobe sewage plant

Flow of bio gas utilization Digestion tankFlow of bio gas utilization Digestion tank

An advanced purification technologyAn advanced purification technology increases the concentration of

methane up to 98% and use this ifi d f i it bpurified gas for running city buses.

Purification of methane gas City bus running with methane gasDr. Yoshida. N (2009)

Pioneering case of integrating various environmental facilities to co-utilize local biomass resources –Kuzu City, Ishikawa -

Sewage work water treatmenttreatment

Garbage

thrural community

sewerage

methane gas

methane f t ti

community digestion tank sludge, night soil

fermentation

conpost

Innovative transformation of biomass for renewable energy/chemical multiple production Bio-oil equivalent

to heavy oilTimber wastes

Clean gas

to heavy oilVarious uses from products in biomass gasification

Gas turbine

Gas engine

Impurity removal

Yield Gas in high temperature：

Animal wastes

HydrogenTransform into CO and H2 Separation

Hydrogen and Carbon-oxideAgricultural wastes

burning

Materials

ReactorMethanolLiquid bio-

f l

Agricultural waste

burninggasification

Di-methyl Etherfuel

syntheticsConstruction /demolition

steam

Without O2

Boiler Steam

Fluidized Industrial wastes

air

Non-combustible residues

Without O2sand bed

A summary and discussion – part 2

Utili ti f bi i b d l iUtilization of biomass in urban and rural areas is an essential policy direction to develop a

t i bl i t ( ith d t i l lsustainable society (with sound-materials cycle society and low-carbon society, combined.)

Institutional designs for integrated approaches g g ppare indispensable in promoting biomass utilization.

Documents

W d S i biliWaste management and Sustainability Transition