VTOL History Backup v3 (Read-Only)VTOLEmptyWeight,UsefulLoad 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 Empty Weight, (lb) Max. Gross Weight, (lb) Manned Aircraft (Lower We is better)

Perspective*on*DARPA*Vertical*Flight*Initiatives*

Dr.$Ashish$BagaiDefense$Advanced$Research$Projects$Agency

Tactical$ Technology$Office

National$Academy$of$EngineeringIrvine,$CA

21$October, 2015

1Distribution*Statement*“A”*(Approved*for*Public*Release,*Distribution*Unlimited)

A*Timeline*of*(US) VTOL*XCPlanes

Distribution*Statement*“A”*(Approved*for*Public*Release,*Distribution*Unlimited) 2

Number*of

Research*Efforts*

Focus*onhighCspeed*VTOL

ElectricPropulsion

“Taxonomy”*of*Vertical*Flight*Aircraft


VTOL*Speed*– Historical*Trends


AW609

F'35B>1,000.kt

VTOL*Hover*and*Cruise*Efficiency

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0

Pow

er L

oadi

ng, G

W/P

Inst

(lb/

hp)

Disk Loading, GW/ADisk (lb/ft2)

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0

Max

. Vel

ocity

, V (k

t)

Disk Loading, GW/ADisk (lb/ft2)

Aircraft$Speed$(kt)

Thrust*/*Disk*Area*(lb/ft2)

Primary* Refs.:*OEM*Specifications,*JAWA*Online,*Operators*ManualsWinchester,*J. , *“Concept*aircraft:*Prototypes,*XCplanes,*and*Experimental*Aircraft,”*Thunder*Bay*Press,*2005EverettCHeath,*J., *“Soviet*Helicopters,*Design,*Development*and*Tactics,”*Jane’s*Information*Group,*1988

Disk$LoadingThrust$/$Disk$Area$(lb/ft2)

Disk$LoadingThrust$/$Disk$Area$(lb/ft2)

Power$Lo

ading

Thrust$/$Power$(lb/hp)

SOA$Trend$Line60%$Efficiency

Vectored$Thrust

FanSinSWing

TiltSWings/Ducts/Prop

Helicopters

FreeSRotor$Ideal$EfficiencyPL$=$κ (2ρ/$DL)1/2

Hovering$flight:$T/W$>$1.0

Compounds

80%$Efficiency

Primary$ Refs.:$ OEM$ Specif ications,$ JAWA$ Online,$ Operators$ManualsWinchester,$ J.,$“Concept$ aircraft:$ Prototypes,$XSplanes,$ and$ Experimental$ Aircraft,”$ Thunder$Bay$ Press,$ 2005EverettSHeath,$ J.,$ “Soviet$ Helicopters,$ Design,$ Development$ and$ Tactics,”$ Jane’s$ Information$Group,$1988

Large$Rotors

Vectored$Thrust

FanSinSWing

Helicopters

Compounds

TiltSWings/Ducts/Prop

Ducted Rotor$Ideal$Contraction$Recovery


VTOL*Trends*in*Cruise*EfficiencyAi

rcra

ft Sp

eed

(kt)

Aerodynamic Efficiency (L/De)

0.0

100.0

600.0

500.0

400.0

300.0

200.0

Typical Jet Transports

TypicalTurbopropTransports

Vectored Thrust

Fan-in-Wing

Compounds

Helicopters

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 141 3 5 7 9 11 13

Primary Refs.:Flight Manuals, OEM Specification DataVarious Conference Proceedings (AHS)

6

Reduced$Drag$for$Improved$Efficiency, AFDD

Distribution*Statement*“A”*(Approved*for*Public*Release,*Distribution*Unlimited)

VTOL*Empty*Weight,*Useful*Load

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000 10,000 100,000

Empt

y W

eigh

t, (lb

)

Max. Gross Weight, (lb)

Manned Aircraft(Lower We is better)

Civil Helicopters

Fixed-wing VTOL Concepts

CompoundConfigurations

Useful load

Payload

Max. gross weight

Main fuel

Crew and equipment

Aircraft empty weight

MilitaryHelicopters

Primary Refs.: OEM Specifications, JAWA Online, Operators ManualsWinchester, J., “Concept aircraft: Prototypes, X-planes, and Experimental Aircraft,” Thunder Bay Press, 2005Everett-Heath, J., “Soviet Helicopters, Design, Development and Tactics,” Jane’s Information Group, 1988


www.darpa.mil


Documents

VTOL History Backup v3 (Read-Only)VTOL*Empty*Weight,*Useful*Load 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 Empty Weight, (lb) Max. Gross Weight, (lb) Manned Aircraft (Lower We is better)

VTOL History Backup v3 (Read-Only)VTOLEmptyWeight,UsefulLoad 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 Empty Weight, (lb) Max. Gross Weight, (lb) Manned Aircraft (Lower We is better)