Vt 43 Sample

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

1/40

inyar engwar

Departments

ISSN-

Feature

Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayersin Quenya

J.R.R. Tolkien

Part One:

.taremma (Pater Noster)

.Aia Mara (Ave Maria)

.Alcar i Ataren (Gloria Patri)

Editors Musings E.L.F. News Resources

Number January

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

2/40

Page Vinyar Tengwar Number January

Enyalien

is issue of Vinyar Tengwar is lovingly dedicated

to the memory of my parentsLois Jane Wynne (-) andRichard Dale Wynne (-)

Rest well, Mom and Dad. Patrick Wynne

Editors MusingsIn this issue I am very pleased to publish the rst part (of two) of a pre-

sentation and analysis of ve hitherto unpublished Quenya texts by J.R.R.Tolkien, being his translations of ve Catholic prayers: the Pater Noster, theAve Maria, the Gloria Patri, the Sub Tuum Praesidium, and the Litany ofLoreto. e rst three of these are presented in this issue, and the last twowill be presented in the next issue. All ve texts have been co-edited by Pat-rick Wynne, Arden R. Smith, and myself. As always, we are deeply indebtedto Christopher Tolkien and the Tolkien Estate for providing copies of thesetexts for publication, and for their unstinting generosity and encouragementin support of our work. We are also grateful to John Garth for his carefulproong and many helpful comments, all of which have improved our pre-sentation.

It is interesting, instructive, and a bit sobering to compare Tolkiens trans-lations of the Pater Noster with that made by Patrick Wynne and myself andpublished in VT(before we were aware even of the existence of Tolkiens

version, of course), and to consider the near-hits and the many misses of ourown eort.

Finally, I would like to extend my sympathies to all those aected, directly

or indirectly, by the horrifying events of September , aer which we are allin need of some words of joy.me etelehta ulcullo. Carl F. Hostetter

Vinyar Tengwar is produced by the editor on an Apple PowerBook G, using anEpson U scanner, Microso Word v. X, and Adobe InDesign ..

VT is set in the Adobe Minion Pro OpenType font family, and also uses theGraeca, IPAKiel, TransCyrillic, and TransRoman PostScript fonts

available from Linguists Soware, Inc. (http://www.linguistsoware.com/).VT is printed on an HP LaserJet DTN.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

3/40

January Vinyar Tengwar Number Page

Announcing

Parma Eldalamberon 13

e Alphabet of Rmil &Early Noldorin Fragmentsby J. R. R. TOLKIEN

Parma Eldalamberon e Book of Elven-tongues is a journal of the ElvishLinguistic Fellowship. is issue has two sections containing newly pub-lished writings by J. R. R. Tolkien: e Alphabet of Rmil edited by ArdenR. Smith; and Early Noldorin Fragments edited by Christopher Gilson, BillWelden, Carl F. Hostetter, and Patrick Wynne. Both of these have been pre-pared with the guidance of Christopher Tolkien and with the permission ofthe Tolkien Estate.

e Rmilian Sarati are the earliest of the Elvish writing systems devisedby Tolkien, ultimately envisioned as the historical precursor to the Fano-rian Tengwar, the Elvish script seen in e Lord of the Rings. e Alphabetof Rmil is an edition of Tolkiens Rmilian writings, with examples of thescript reproduced in facsimile, including charts of the sounds represented by

the letters, and both Elvish and English texts written in Rmilian. Transcrip-tions of these texts and detailed commentary on the chronology of the docu-ments and evolution of the conception of the writing system are included inthis edition.

Early Noldorin Fragments is a collection of Tolkiens word-lists and gram-matical description of the Noldorin language from the s. ese trace theevolution of the language from its beginnings as the Goldogrin of the Gnom-ish Lexicon to its conception as the Exilic Noldorin that would appear in e

Etymologies. ese writings reveal the emergence of signicant conceptualdetails, such as the use of vowel mutation to mark Noldorin plural nouns,or the place of Old Noldorin in the internal history of the language. Detailedannotations and commentary on these conceptual developments in the doc-uments are included in this edition.

PARMA ELDALAMBERON no. is a -page journal, in / x inchformat, with cover illustrations by Adam Victor Christensen. Individual

copies are available for ., which includes shipping anywhere in theworld. e journal will be mailed in a padded envelope and sent by prioritymail within the U.S. or via airmail to all other locations. Payment must be inU.S. funds, check or money-order payable to:

Christopher Gilson, Miller Ave., Ste. , Cupertino, CA , USA

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

4/40


taremma V,Aia Mara III, andAlcar i Ataren (at right)

taremma VI andAia Mara IV

Copyright e Tolkien Trust

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

5/40


Words of JoyFive Catholic Prayers in Quenya

(Part One)by J.R.R. Tolkien

Edited by Patrick Wynne, Arden R. Smith, and Carl F. HostetterJ.R.R. Tolkiens texts e Tolkien Trust

Introduction

Among Tolkiens linguistic papers are two related, though now separated, setsof Quenya translations of ve Catholic prayers: the Pater Noster (taremma)in versions (hereinaer At. IVI), and the Ave Maria (Aia Mara) in four

versions (AM IIV); and the Gloria Patri, the Sub Tuum Praesidium, andthe Litany of Loreto, each in only a single version, with the translations ofthe Gloria Patriand Litany le unnished. Tolkien gives these texts withouttitle or translation, either in English or Latin. e rst set of Quenya texts,together with related notes, occupies three sides of two sheets of paper. erst sheet (with the texts appearing on the verso) has At. I and AM I written

rapidly and roughly with much emendation in ballpoint pen, followed by At.II, again in ballpoint though later emended with a wide-nibbed pen, whichwas also used to add some grammatical notes at the bottom of the pagepertaining to these emendations. e second sheet has At. III, AM II, theSub Tuum, the Litany, and At. IV on the recto, with more grammaticalnotes squeezed into the top and bottom margins, all written with the samenib pen employed in the emendation of At. II. e verso of this secondsheet is lled with charts of various prepositions inected with enclitic

pronouns in two numbers (singular and plural) and three persons, againwritten in nib pen.e second set of Quenya translations, located in a separate le, is written

on the fronts of two of Tolkiens personalized Merton College postcards, eachheaded with the printed line: F P J. R. R. TOLKIEN, MC, O. e rst card has At. V and AM III written with a nibpen in a careful and calligraphic hand, with a single neat emendation in inkand a few other changes and alternative forms added lightly in pencil. e

card also bears the partial translation of the Gloria Patri, written in nib penin a more loose and stylized hand in the right-hand margin at right-anglesto At. V and AM III, and partially overlapping the ends of the lines of thesetwo prayers. e second postcard bears At. VI and AM IV, incorporatingnearly all of the changes made to At. V and AM III. At. VI and AM IV arefair copies, written very carefully (and without further emendation) witha nib pen in a type of simplied blackletter with archaic letter-forms forlower-case rand s. ese archaic forms for rand s(lacking in At. V and AM

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

6/40


III) are also used in the Gloria Patri, which suggests that the Gloria Patriwaswritten aer At. VI and AM IV rather than before.

It would appear that while the texts in the rst group (At. IIV, AM

III, theSub Tuum

, and the Litany) were all written within a short time ofeach other, a signicant period of time must have passed before Tolkienundertook the composition of the second group (At. VVI, AM IIIIV, andthe Gloria Patri). is break in the development of these texts is indicatedby the fact that the two groups were placed in dierent les, and by therelatively large number of changes in vocabulary between At. IV and V, andbetween AM II and III. Note, for example, in At. IV and V: turindielya vs.aranielya(line ), mendelyavs. indmelya(line ), rohtammarvs. caremmar(line ), avatyarilta vs. apsenet (line ), and mittanya vs. tulya (line ); andin AM II and III: erulissenen vs. Eruanno (line ), olesse vs. carelye (line), manna vs. aistana (lines and ), etc. It is even possible that Tolkienwrote At. V and AM III without consulting At. IIV or AM III. If thisis the case, then the fair manuscript of At. V may have been preceded byother dra materials, now lost.

A number of clues for dating these manuscripts may be noted:

e use of ballpoint pen in At. I, AM I, and At. IIa. Christopher Tolkien

notes that this is a sign of late composition; see IX:, X: n.,and X:. e dates of adjacent manuscripts. e manuscripts of At. IIV were

placed, along with a variety of other texts and notes, in a separatecardboard folder within its box-le. ree of the other texts in thiscardboard folder bear specic dates: Dec. , Sept. , and Oct.. e le in which the postcards of At. VVI were placed containsdocuments of a later vintage; those that can be dated with certainty

range from c. to . e use of emme, me, -mma throughout these texts as pl. exclusive we(we, but not you; ours, but not yours). Contrast the use of -mma asinclusive our (yours and mine) in Eleni silir lmesse omentiemmane stars shine on the hour of our meeting (VI:) dating to late (see VI:, last paragraph). -mme is still the pl. exclusive in Quendiand Eldar (); cf. avamme, vamme we wont (XI:). But in therestructuring of the pronominal system that preceded the publication of

the Revised Edition of e Lord of the Rings()and resulted also inthe shi of -lm-to -lv-as the marker of the pl. inclusivethe endingsin -mm-became purely dual.

Consistent use of cinstead of k in spelling Quenya words, the conventionemployed in e Lord of the Rings.

A statement from (see the analysis of the taremma, line s.v. aire)that aina had become obsolete save in Ainur; this may indicate that atleast the texts preceding the postcard versions date from before .

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

7/40


e change of masta(At. IIV) to massa(At. VVI); cf. the use of massainmassnieLady, breadgiver in Of Lembas(composed sometime between and ; XII:).

e use ofa

the World that Is, the material Universe in At. V and VI.is name rst emerged around , in the emendations to text D oftheAinulindal(X:, ).

e use of Eruman in At. V and VI for Heaven as the abode of Godbeyond the connes of a (see the analysis of the taremma, line s.v.menelle). is suggests that At. V and VI postdate the revision of theQuenta Silmarillion, in which the name for the narrow land between themountains and the sea north of Taniquetil was emended from Erumanto Araman (X:), thus making Eruman available for use in its newapplication to Erus dwelling place.

e use of Merton College postcards for writing At. VVI, AM IIIIV,and the Gloria Patri. Tolkien was elected Merton Professor of EnglishLanguage and Literature in and retired in .

Taken together, these clues indicate that the Quenya translations presentedhere were probably written sometime in the s.

It should be noted that Tolkien was apparently not concerned with

marking long vowels consistently, especially in the earliest dras of thesetexts, which for the most part were written very roughly and with muchexperimentation. erefore, the lack of a long vowel in one form or versionof a word where it would be expected etymologically, and where it is markedlong in one or more of the other versions of the text, is not necessarilyto be considered as signicant, and so is not necessarily treated as suchin our analyses.

Finally, we may note something of the personal signicance of these

prayers to Tolkien, apart from their obvious significance to a devoutRoman Catholic. In a letter to Christopher (then serving in the R.A.F.and on the point of being posted to South Africa) dated January ,Tolkien recommends to his son: If you dont do so already, make a habitof the praises. I use them much (in Latin): the Gloria Patri, the Gloria inExcelsis, the Laudate Dominum; the Laudate Pueri Dominum (of which I amspecially fond), one of the Sunday psalms; and the Magnicat; also the Litanyof Loretto* (with the prayer Sub tuum prsidium). If you have these by heart

you never need for words of joy. (L:)* Lorettois an alternate spelling of Loreto; both spellings are well-attested.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

8/40


.taremma (Pater Noster)

e six Quenya translations of the Lords Prayer (At. IVI) were each

written as single, continuous paragraphs; for ease of comparative analysis thetraditional lineation has been introduced for each in this edition, along withmarginal line numbers. Tolkien provided no English gloss for these texts, andgiven the wide familiarity of the Lords Prayer, editorial addition of parallelEnglish glosses for each version has not been deemed necessary, thoughthe English (King James), Latin (Vulgate), and original Greek versions areprovided in the historical notes following the analysis of forms.

Each version of the taremma is presented in its nal emended form,followed by a list of all changes made to that version. e text of At. II hasrequired a more elaborate mode of presentation, due to the fact that it bearstwo distinct layers of emendation. At. II was originally written entirely inballpoint pen, with a small number of changes made at the time of writingusing the same pen. is text as emended in ballpoint is given here as At. IIa.Tolkien later returned to this ballpoint text and emended it more extensivelyusing a distinctive wide-nibbed pen (evidently the same pen used aerwardto write At. IIIIV, AM II, the Sub Tuum and Litany of Loreto). is laterrevision is given here as At. IIb, followed by a list of all changes made in

nib pen. While emending At. IIb, Tolkien also jotted a number of concisenotes below the text (in the same nib pen), primarily addressing grammaticalpoints on imperative constructions that arose in the course of emendation.ese notes are presented at the appropriate points in the analysis offorms that follows the texts. ere are also etymological notes writtenon the verso of the postcard containing At. V, pertaining to new formsappearing in At. V and VI, and these are also cited at the appropriatepoints in the analysis.

taremma I

ataremma menelzea na na aire esselya. n tle turinastalya na carina mendelya ier menelle ar tr cemenze.

A antale men hyze ilyarea mastammaar avatyara mello lucassemmar ier emme avatyarir ta va menya lucandor ar a mittanya me terpellienna one na etrna me ulcallo.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

9/40


Emendations:

Line : menellea > menelessea > mi menel > menellea > menelzea. Two

other forms,menello

andmenelda

, were written to the right and allowedto stand, apparently as alternatives; below these the words ma menellewere struck out.

Line : na esselya aire > na aire esselya. na in this line is preceded by arejected, and apparently incomplete, form airel; Tolkien may have begun towrite **airelyain error for esselya.

Line : na turinastalya tle > n tle turinastalya. e macron of nin the emended line is certain, though all other occurrences of na asan independent form in the various versions have a short vowel. Bothoccurrences of turinastalya in the workings for this line have a horizontalmark over the u, which is most likely the crossbar of the preceding t,thoughit could also be a macron. Cp. trinastalya in At. II (a & b) and trindielyainAt. III, but turindielyain At. IV.

Line : is line originally began kemende ar y,withye(with short vowel)written again aery. e last word in this line was emended from kemenze> cemenze. e diacritic in tr is uncertain; it might also be a macron orthe crossbar of the preceding t.

Line : anta > antale, with le added above and to the right. amen >men. siare> hyre> hyze.

Line : avatyaremme > avatyarirat > avatyarir ta. lucandollommar >menya lucandollor (the nal -a in menya is clear; the nal consonant inlucandollormight also be -n) > va menya lucandor.

Line : na> a. men> me.ferti> terfantie> terpellienna(note thatfertiand terfantieare unnished forms).

Line : anat> one. olcallo> ulcallo.

taremmaIIa

A Ataremma i menelzea na aire esselya, na tule trinastalya. na carina mendelya ier menelze tier cemenze.

Alye anta men hyze ilyzea mastamma ar avatyara mello i luciemmar ier emme avatyarir ta va menya lucindor alye mittanya me terpellienna ono na etrna me va ulco. san na

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

10/40


Emendations (made in ballpoint pen):

Line : i mennelzea(probably a slip) > imenelzea.

Line :ar ter

>tier

.Line : e nal -ain menyais again clear.lucandoll> lucindoll> lucindor(the rst two forms are unnished).

Line : a> alye.Line : ulcallo> va ulco.

taremmaIIb

Ai Ataremma i meneldea

esselya na aire, tula trinastalya. cara mendelya ya(n) menelde ar san cemende. Alye anta men siare ilyrea mastamma ar vatyara mello i luciemmar yan emme avatyarilta va menya lucindor

alalye mittanya me insangarenna ono etarna me va ro. nsan

Emendations (made in nib pen):

Line :A(At. IIa) >Ai. menelzea(At. IIa) > meneldea.Line : esselya added in nib pen before na, with original esselya in

ballpoint aer aireallowed to stand.Line : na tule(At. IIa) > tula.

Line : na carina(At. IIa) > caran> cara.Line : ier(At. IIa) >ya(n).menelze(At. IIa) > menelde. tier(At. IIa) > arsan. cemenze(At. IIa) > cemende.

Line : hyze(At. IIa) > hyre> siare. ilyzea(At. IIa) > ilyrea.Line : avatyara(At. IIa) > vatyara.Line : ier(At. IIa) >yan. Original avatyarirta in ballpoint was allowed to

stand, with taradded in nib pen above the nal -r(indicating avatyaritar);tarwas then struck out and replaced with -lta(indicating avatyarilta).

Line : alye(At. IIa) > alalye. insangarennawas added in nib pen aboveterpellienna, with the original form in ballpoint allowed to stand.Line : na etrna (At. IIa) > etarna. aly etrna was written below

etarna, then struck out. va ulco(At. IIa) > var-ra> var-ro> va ro.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

11/40


taremmaIII

Ataremma meneldea,

esselya na aire,

trindielya tuluva, cara mendelya san cemende ya menelde na. Alye anta men siare ilyarea mastamma, ar vatyara mello menye rohtar yan emme avatyarilta rocindillomman. lalye mittanya me insangarenna

ono va ro aly eterna me.Emendations:

Line : i meneldea> meneldea.Line : aira> aire.Line : mendelya cara> cara mendelya.Line : cemendel(probably a slip) > cemende.Line : menye luhtar> menye rohtar. A form luhtammarwas written above

the phrase menye luhtar as an alternative (this was of course done beforethe change of luhtar> rohtar).Line : lucindillomman> rocindillomman.Line : ono [> on] etrna me varo > ono va ro alye [> aly]

eterna me.

taremmaIV

Ataremma meneldea, esselya na aire, turindielya tuluva, cara mendelya san cemende ya menelde na. Alye anta men siar ilyarea mastamma ar vatyara mello rohtammar yan emme avatyarilta menya rohtaliello.

lalye mittanya me insangarenna ono va ro aly eterna me.Emendations:

Line : e ending -ssewas written above the -ndeof cemende, apparentlyto indicate an alternative form cemesse.

Line : mastammar(probably a slip) > mastamma.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

12/40

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

13/40


Analysis of Forms

Note: Bold headwords are from At. I, with later forms discussed under their

earlier counterparts. All words cited are Quenya unless otherwise noted.Line :

AtaremmaOur Father:Ataremma(At. IIV) is composed of atarfather(V: s.v. ATA-) and -mma pl. exclusive our (cf. avamme, vamme wewont (exclusive), XI:). e long vowel of taremma (At. VVI) doesnot appear in the Quenya word for father anywhere but here. It is perhapsthe result of aective lengthening, distinguishing *tar God the Fatherfrom atar father; cf. the lengthened consonant in hypocoristic atto. emost likely possibility, however, is that the long vowel is a contraction ofthe interjection a! with the initial vowel of atar; cf. the use of a and ai asinterjections or vocative particles in At. II.

menelzea na who art in heaven: In At. IV Tolkien renders in heavenwith various forms derived from menel rmament, high heaven, the regionof the stars (R:). menello, an alternative form in At. I, is probably a genitiveof heaven (cp. Altariello, gen. of Altriel, R:) though interpretation as anablative from heaven (cp. Rmellofrom the East, abl. of rmen, R:) is also

possible. e other alternative form in At. , menelda, is clearly an adjective;its ending -daprobably has the same etymology as -dain elda, EldarPeopleof the Stars (S:), < CE adjs. *eld, elen connected or concerned with thestars < *ELE (XI:). Tolkien ultimately settled on the idea of glossing inheaven in line with an adjective derived from a locative form; this becomesevident in comparing the adjectives in line with the corresponding locativesin line . us At. IIa has adj. menelzea< loc. menelze; and At. IIbV have adj.meneldea< loc. menelde. In At. I the form rst written was adj. menellea na aire esselya (At. IIIa) >esselya na aire(At. IIbIV) > na aire esselya(At. VVI).

Line :

n tle come: e subjunctive/imperative of the verb tul- come (V:s.v. TUL-) is variously expressed. na tle (At. I deletion), n tle (At.I), and na tule (At. IIa) make use of the be verb and the aorist stem in -e,but with vowel lengthening in the earlier versions. tula (At. IIb) includesthe imperative particle (XI:) and an -a sux (cf. imperative a laitapraise, LR:), whereas tuluva(At. IIIIV) makes use of the future stem.na tuluva(At. VVI) reverts to the use of na; cf. nai hiruvalye Valimar may itbe that thou wilt nd ValimarinGaladriels Lament (R:). For the use

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

15/40


of preceding naas a subjunctive/imperative particle, see line s.v. na.turinastalya thy kingdom (At. I): turinasta kingdom, -lya thy. e

form trinastalya occurs in At. II. Neither turinasta nor trinasta appears

elsewhere, but they are clearly derivatives of TUR- power, control, mastery,victory (V:), whence turin I wield, control, govern. *turina-, *trina- inthese forms are perhaps past or passive participles, governed, derived fromthis verb (see line s.v. carina). e ending -stain turinastais probably thesame sux -sta -land seen in the the names of the ve promontories ofNmenor, Forostar Northlands, Andustar Westlands, etc. (UT:), whichis evidently derived from SAT- space, place, sc. a limited area naturally orarticially dened (VT:, n.). e literal sense of turinastamaytherefore be governed region.

trindielya (At. III) and turindielya (At. IV) contain turindie, trindiekingdom. e rst element here is probably *turindo king, masc. agentiveform of tur-wield, control, govern (as melindo lover from mel-love, V:).Compare also trin (n) in QL s.v. TURU (PE:-), originally glossed asking with the meaning changed to kingdom. e ending -ie is probablythe abstract noun sux -ie, seen in mornidarkness (R:), ltieopenness(VT:), etc. e form araniekingdom in aranielya(At. VVI) appears tohave this same structure: aranking (XI:) + abstract -ie.

Line :

na be (At. IIIa, VVI): As in line (q.v.), nais used in preceding positionin this line as a subjunctive/imperative. (At. IIbIV) is the imperativeparticle, as in line .

carina done (At. IIIa, V): KAR- make, do (V:) with -ina, the suxof the general passive participle, as Tolkien calls it in a description of theQuenya verbal system, probably from the s, where he gives the example

karina made; cf. rkina, past participle of rak- break (MC:). e sux-ima, like -ina frequently used in the formation of adjectives (e.g. melimaloveable, fair, V: s.v. MEL-), appears in carima (At. V revision). On theformation of the subjunctive/imperative forms cara (At. IIbIV) and care(At. VI), see the discussion of tula, tule/tlein line s.v. n tle. ese formslack the passive element; cara mendelya appears to mean do thy will ratherthan [may] thy will be done. caran (At. IIb deletion) is probably only a slip,since -nwould indicate the rst person singular.

mendelyathy will (At. IIV): mendewill (unattested elsewhere), -lyathy.mende will is probably derived from men- move, proceed (in a directionintended by a person), which appears in etymological notes associated withthe sanwe-kenta (c. ) along with derivative mentasend, cause to go(in a desired direction) (VT:). Note that Tolkiens glosses here emphasize

volition: to move in an intended direction, to send in a desired direction.is same sense of will in connection with this root occurs again in anunpublished text from the late s, which gives men- have as object,

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

16/40


(in)tend, proceed, make for, go towards.indmelya (At. VVI) contains indme, which appears with the gloss

settled character, also used of the will of Eru in etymological notes on

Quenya vocabulary from , where it is derived fromin-i-d

mind, innerthought; cf. indo resolve, will (VT:).

Line :

ier as (At. IIIa): is does not appear to be attested in any of Tolkiensother writings. ya(n) (At. IIbIV) has the same meaning, and it is certainlyto be connected with the relative stem YA- (V:), seen inyassenwhich-in(pl.) (R:) andyarto whom (MC:). e deletedye andymay alsobe derived from the same stem. ieris therefore probably also derived from adeictic stem, specically I- (V:), whence i, used both as a denite articleand as a relative pronoun.

menelle in heaven: menelle (At. I), menelze (At. IIa), and menelde (At.IIbV) are all locative case forms of menelheaven, each exhibiting a dierentphonetic result of contact between the nal consonant of menel and thelocative sux -(s)se: *menel-se > menelle, menelze, menelde. Compare thelocative forms of cemen earth in this same line: *kemen-se > cemesse,cemenze, cemende (see s.v. cemenze below). e adj. menelessea (At. I

deletion) appears to be derived from loc. menelesse, in which the locativesux is preceded by an epenthetic or stem vowel; the coexistence of suchforms side-by-side with directly suxed forms such as menelze, menelde isdemonstrated by an unpublished declension of tl, c. , which gives thelocative forms as talasseand talse.

Erumande, presumably a locative form of Eruman (cp. loc. cemende onearth in At. IIbVI), appears in At. V as a pencilled marginal alternative tomenelde, and as the primary form in At. VI. For Tolkiens dissatisfaction with

menel as a translation of heaven in its Christian sense, see the analysis ofline s.v. menelzea na. Erumanas used here evidently consists of EruGod+ man, the same element seen in Aman Blessed, free from evil (S:) andManwBlessed Being (L:), with the name intended as *the Blessednessof Eru or *the Blessed Dwelling of Eru. is is the only known occurrenceof an Elvish name for the dwelling-place of Eru beyond E, referred to intheAinulindalas the places of the dwelling of Ilvatar and the TimelessHalls (S:, ). e form Eruman, however, dates back to the very beginning

of Tolkiens mythology, though with a dierent meaning and application. Inthe Lost Talesthe name was originally given to the region south of Taniquetiland meant beyond the abode of the Mnir (I:, ). e name was laterapplied to the land in the East of East where Men awoke (later Hildrien,IV:, ) and to the dark and empty region between the mountainsand the sea north of Taniquetil (IV:, ). In the revision of theQuenta Silmarillion, the name for the narrow land north of Taniquetil wasemended to Araman(X:), a change that le Erumanavailable for use in

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

17/40


its subsequent incarnation as the name of Erus abode. It is interesting to notethat despite changes in application and etymology, Tolkien seems always tohave felt that the name Erumanwas appropriate for some distant, mysterious

place beyond the regions normally inhabited by Elves and Men. Moreover,Eruman is persistently associated with key locations in the journey of thesouls of Men aer death. In the Lost Tales, Eruman(also Habbanan,Arvalin)is a kind of purgatory for dead Men, where they wander in the dusk andwait in patience till the Great End (I:). In At. VVI it is Gods home, theplace where the souls of Men will ultimately be reunited with their maker; cf.Tolkiens commentary on theAthrabeth Finrod ah Andreth, which states thatthe Elves believed that thefarof dead Men also went to Mandos erethey waited until they were surrendered to Eru. (X:).2

trso: tr (At. I), ter (At. IIa deletion), and tier (At. IIa) relate to ier inthe same way that san (At. IIbIV) relates to ya(n). e forms in t-wouldthen derive from TA- that (V:) and san from the demonstrative stem S-(V:). In At. I, IIa (deletion), and IIb, these are used in conjunction with arand. e construction ier ar ter/ ya(n) ar sanappears to have a literalmeaning of as so also. e use of relative and demonstrative stems in thisconstruction is remarkably similar to that found in the Esperanto translation,kiel en la ielo, tiel anka sur la tero, in which ki- is the interrogative and

relative stem and ti-the demonstrative.3sv (At. V) as appears to be a combination of SI- this, here, now

(V:) and ve as, like (R:). tambe (At. V alternative, VI) couldsimilarly be derived from TA- that, specically from *tan (cf. anaphorictana that) + ve.

cemenze on earth: kemende (At. I deletion), kemenze (At. I deletion),cemenze (At. IIIa), cemende (At. IIbVI), and cemesse (At. IV alternative)are locative forms of kemen the Earth as an apparent at oor under

menel (X:). -nde, -nze, -sse show varying concepts of the result ofcontact between the nal consonant of kemenand the locative sux -(s)se.Tolkien showed equal uncertainty over the locative form of menel (seeabove s.v. menelle).

Line :

A: A (At. I) is an imperative particle; see line s.v. n tle. Alye (At.IIaIV) combines it with the pronoun (e)lye thou; also see below s.v. men.

Tolkiens notes below At. IIb state that imper. takes

with enclitic pronom.form: alye, followed by a statement that was probably meant to read Subject[follows] inected verb.4 is might refer to the contrast in word orderbetween imper. alye anta give in line of At. IIb, with enclitic pronominalsubject preceding the verb, and tula trinastalya thy kingdom come inline of At. IIb, in which the subject trinastalyafollows the verb inectedfor the imperative.

antale give (At. I): is consists of anta give (V: s.v ANA-) +

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

18/40


the pronominal sux -le thou. All other versions have anta give (At. Ideletion, IIaVI).

men(to) us (At. IIV): me us + dative ending -n.men(At. VVI) andamen

(At. I deletion) include the imperative particle

,a

as a prex.hyzethis day: siare (At. I deletion, IIb, III), siar (At. IV), sra(At. VVI),hyre (At. I deletion, IIb deletion), hyze(At. IIIa). e rst element in siar,siare, srais clearly SI- this, here, now (V:). e hy-in hyre, hyzemay beof the same origin, assuming development of si-> sy-> hy-(development ofinitial syto hyis normal in Quenya; see LR:, entry for Y). Also comparehya this by us < root HYA- of the same meaning in QL (PE:). esecond element -ar, -are, -re, -ze in these forms is clearly connected withze> resunlight (LR:), derived in unpublished etymological notes(c. ) from AS- warmth; also compare are day< AR- (V:). eending of sra (At. VVI) is less clear etymologically. ough the word isused adverbially, the second element may be an adjectival sux like that seenin raeternal (V: s.v. GEY-). On the other hand, as-warmth perhaps hada reversed form *sa-(comparable to or-/ro-rise and an-/na-towards), with*s-sthis-day > sra; cf. SAHA, SAHYA be hot in QL (PE:).

ilyarea daily (At. I, IIbIV): Also ilyzea (At. IIa) and ilaura (At.VVI). ilyarea and ilyzea contain ilya all, the whole (R:; V: s.v. IL-),

compounded with an adjectival derivative of are, ze day (see above s.v.hyze). ilaura(At. VVI) is derived from the unsuxed stem il- all ratherthan ilya, and from aurday (S:) rather than are, ze.

mastammaour bread (At. IIV): mastabread (V: s.v. MBAS-), -mma pl. excl. our. massamma (At. VVI) contains the form massa, seen inmassnie Lady, breadgiver in Of Lembas (composed sometime between and ; XII:).

Line :arand (At. IVI).avatyara forgive (At. IIIa): ava- < AWA- away, forth; out (V:; cf.

XI:, ), tyar- cause (< KYAR- cause, do, whence also agentivetyaro doer, actor, agent; V: s.v. KAR-, V: s.v. KYAR-). e literalmeaning of this compound thus appears to be to do away with. Derivationof ava- in this form from AB-, *ABA refuse (see below) is also possiblephonologically, though less likely from a semantic standpoint. e long

vowel of vatyara (At. IIbIV) is due to coalescence of the imperativeparticle with the initial vowel.apsene(At. VVI), according to the etymological notes on the verso of At.

V, is from sen- let loose, free, let go; ab(a)sene- > apsene- remit, release,forgive. e element sen- is unattested elsewhere with this meaning. erst element ab(a)- is not explained in these notes; it looks like a prexedform of AB- refuse, deny (V:; cf. *ABA refuse, XI:, ). eoriginal meaning of this root in the Etymologieswas go away, depart, with an

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

19/40


additional entry giving AB- retreat, move back, refuse. It must be this earlieror alternative sense of go away, move back that is present in ab(a)sene-; cp.the equivalent Greek and Latin verbs used in this line of the Lords Prayer,ajfivhmi

let go, send away anddimitto

send away, send forth, let go.mello (from) us (At. IIV): me us, -llo (abl.). men (At. VVI) is thedative form with a prexed imperative particle, as in line .

lucassemmar our debts, our trespasses (At. I): lucasse debt, trespass(unattested elsewhere), -mma pl. excl. our, -rplural sux. e meaning oflucassewould seem to rule out derivation from LUK- magic, enchantment(V:), but the root would most likely have the form *luk- nonetheless(*duk-is also phonologically possible, with initial *d-> l-as usual in Quenya,but no such root is recorded). An etymological note from c. gives lukhaul, drag, whence Q. lunka wain, though this also seems unconnected insense. A more likely possibility is that luc- in lucasse is somehow related toulca evil (At. I, line ; also in henulkaevileyed IX:, n.). Both mightderive from a stem *(u)luk-, not attested but possible as an extended formof ULU()- in QL (whence ulca bad, wicked, wrong, PE:). Interestingly,QL also gives the root ULUKU- (ibid.) with derivative ulkuwolf (Gn. ulug).ere is no explicit statement in QL that this is an extension of ULU()-,though the fact that the gloss of Gn. ulugwolf in GL (PE:) was emended

to dragon hints at the possibility (both being notoriously wicked creatures inTolkiens works). Cp. also LUG- in the Etymologies(V:), with derivativesmeaning hideous, horrible. e second element in lucasse is evidently thesame abstract sux -sse seen in nouns such as valassedivinity and handasseintelligence (V: s.v. BAL-, V: s.v. KHAN-). i luciemmar (At. II)includes the denite article i and replaces lucassewith lucie,the latter withabstract noun sux -ie (see the analysis of line s.v. turinastalya). luhtar(At. III deletion) and luhtammar (At. III alternative, At. IV deletion) derive

from the same stem *luk- + the sux -ta seen in many nouns, e.g. nahtaa bite (< NAK- bite, V:), alta radiance, glittering reection (< ALshine by reection, XII:).

rohtar (At. III) and rohtammar (At. IV) replace *luk- with *rok-. is ispossibly to be equated with (o)rok, a base denoting anything that caused fearand/or horror (X:); cf. RUK- demon (V:), *RUKU (XI:).

e phrase menye luhtar, emended to menye rohtar (At. III), makes useof an independent possessive pronoun menya, pl. menye our ( pl. excl.)

instead of the possessive sux -mma seen in luhtammar, rohtammar. Withmenya our compare ninya my in indo-ninya my heart in Friels song(V:); both appear to be based on the dative forms: men (to) me (see line s.v. men), ninfor me (R:).

caremmar (At. VVI) exhibits a form car (or possibly care) trespass,unattested elsewhere but transparently *bad deed, < not, un-, in- (usuallywith bad sense) (V: s.v. UGU-) and kar deed (V: s.v. KAR-); cf.German Untat and Qenya ulkarmamisdeed (in QL s.v. ULU(), PE:).

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

20/40


Line :ier as: ier (At. IIIa), yan (At. IIbIV), sv (elision of sve, At. VVI)

as: see line .emme

we (At. IVI): pl. excl. (emphatic). Also compare the emphaticnominative pronouns inyeI too (V:) and elyeeven thou (R:).avatyarir forgive (At. IIIa): aorist plural of avatyara forgive; see line

. e unmarked plural in -ir is used because the person of the subject ismarked by emme. avatyarirat (At. I deletion) adds a pronominal ending(cf. ta below) representing the direct object them, those. avatyaritar (At.IIb deletion) switches the positions of the plural sux and the objectpronoun ta, whereas avatyarilta (At. IIbIV) has pl. -l instead of -rbeforethe pronominal ending5compare the similar structure of krielto theymade (V:), with pl. -l + pronominal ending -to (which in this instancemarks the subject rather than object). avatyaremme(At. I deletion) includesthe pl. excl. sux, marking the subject we. apsenet (At. VVI) is apsene(as in line ) with the pronominal ending -t, serving the same functionas -at, -taabove.

tathem, those (At. IIIa): An unpublished discussion of Common Eldarinpronominal stems (c. s) gives the pl. stem ta, regarded as impersonalin the sense that it refers only to abstracts or to things (such as inanimates)

not by the Eldar regarded as persons. is description ts the usage of tahere, which refers back to pl. lucassemmar our trespasses (abstract nounlucasse trespass) in the previous line: ier emme avatyarir ta as we forgivethem [the trespasses] va menya lucandor from our trespassers. Cp. tathat, it (V: s.v TA-). is same discussion gives the correspondingpersonal pl. stem (i.e. that which refers to persons rather than to abstractsor inanimates) as te; cp. te them (= Frodo and Samwise) in A laita tePraise them! (LR:).

va(At. IIIb) from: is is derived from AWA- away, forth, out (V:).Where va does not appear in At. IIV (including deletions), the ablativecase is used instead.

menya(At. IIIb, IV) our. See line s.v. lucassemmar.lucandor debtors, those who trespass (At. I): lucandorand lucindor (At.

IIab) are composed of the base *luk- (perhaps to do evil; see line ),the masc. agentive sux -ndo seen in melindo lover (V: s.v. MEL-),and plural -r. lucandollor (-n?) (At. I deletion) is an ablative plural form.

lucandollommar (At. I deletion) and lucindillomman (At. III deletion) areablative plurals with -mma pl. excl. our; these forms also show Tolkiensuncertainty whether to use -ror -nas the plural sux in such a construction.rocindillomman (At. III) replaces *luk-with *rok-, and rucindillomman (At.IV deletion) replaces *rok-with *ruk-; see line .is root *ruk-can perhapsbe associated with *RUKU, an element referring to the dark shapes sentby Melkor to Kuivinen and to the terror these shapes inspired (XI:),and rkina confused, shattered, disordered (MC:), both of which have

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

21/40


strong negative connotations.ruhtaliello (At. IV deletion) and rohtaliello (At. IV) take a dierent

approach from the agentives in -ndodiscussed above. Here rohtalie, ruhtalie

appear to be compounds, the rst element of which is a nounrohta

,ruhta

trespass. rohta appears with this meaning in At. IIIIV; ruhta is a variantsubstituting *ruk- for *rok- (cp. the verb ruhta- terrify < *RUKU, XI:n.). e second element is lie people (V: s.v. LI-), as in Eldalie theElven-folk (XI:). us rohtalie, ruhtalie are literally trespass-people= people who trespass, those who trespass. ese collective nouns aregrammatically singular, hence use of the ablative singular -lloin the inectedforms instead of pl. -llon, -llor.

e version of line in At. VVI, sv emme apsenet tien i carer emmen,diers substantially in syntax from the versions in At. IIV. With avatyar-forgive in At. IIV, the person whose transgressions are being forgiven isplaced in the ablative (using either the case ending -llo or the prepositionva), asyan emme avatyarilta rocindillommanas we forgive those [trespasses]from our trespassers (At. III). On the other hand, apsene- remit, release,forgive in At. VVI places the person in the dative: sv emme apsenet tienaswe forgive those [trespasses] for them (cf. also men apsene caremmar, lit.for us forgive our trespasses, in line ). e dative tienpoints to a nominative

form tie they, unattested but perhaps a demonstrative equivalent of liepeople, folk (V:). e remainder of this line in At. VVI, i carer emmen,is lit. who do ill to us. carer here seems to be an aorist plural of car-trespass, though carir might be expected instead (the latter form doesseem to be indicated in an emendation to At. V, though the change wasnot carried over into At. VI), while emmen is the dative of emphatic emmewe. e wording of the King James Version, as we forgive our debtors,is thus more closely reected in At. IIV, whereas the construction in

At. VVI is reminiscent of the Roman Catholic as we forgive those whotrespass against us.Note on the order of inexional elements: Forms in this line containing

both a possessive pronominal sux and case ending employ the orderNoun + Case + Pronoun: lucando-llo-mma-r, lucindi-llo-mma-n, rocindi-llo-mma-n, rucindi-llo-mma-n(of these, only rocindillommanwas not rejected).is order also occurs in the Sub Tuum: sangie-sse-mma-n in our necessities.Elsewhere in these texts the order of Noun + Pronoun + Case is used:

ortrie-lya-nna to thy patronage (Sub Tuum; cp. tielyanna upon your path,UT:, n.); carva-ly-o, mna-ly-o of thy womb (AM IIIIV);frie-mm-o,erie-mm-oof our death (AM III).

Line :

arand (At. I).ado not (At. I, IIa deletion): not, a imperative particle; see above. na

(At. I deletion) includes na be rather than the imperative particle. alye(At.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

22/40


IIa) is awith a suxed (e)lye thou. alalye(At. IIb) andlalye(At. IIIIV)replace awith the negative imperative ala. Tolkiens notes below At. IIb citeneg. imper. ala and neg. no la. (see also V: s.v. LA-). e long vowel

oflalye

shows that the negative imperative can have the same variationin length as the imperative particle .lame (At. VVI) has the sux -me,indicating the direct object us rather than the understood subject thou:lame tulyado not lead us.

mittanyalead (into) (At. IIV): e initial element in this verb is clearlyrelated to mitta- enter (intr.) and mitta in, into, inwards (QL s.v. M(),PE:), the latter form occurring much later in Mittalmar Inlands, thecentral region of Nmenor (UT:). e ending -anya has less obviousconnections, save that -ya must be the same causative verbal sux seenin tulya lead in At. VVI, lit. *cause to come < TUL- come, approach,move towards (point of speaker) (V:); also cf. metya- put an end to(V: s.v. MET-). It is possible that -anya represents a causative form ofthe same stem an- seen in anta- give (V: s.v. ANA- to, towards), withmittanya literally meaning *cause to give into; cp. the English expressiongive into temptation.

meus (At. IIV): men(At. I deletion) is in the dative case. In At. VVI meis suxed to the negative imperative la; see above s.v. a.

terpellienna into temptation (At. IIIa): terpellie temptation, -nna(allative). e word terpellie is not attested elsewhere, but it appears to becomposed of ter through (UT: n.), pel- go round, encircle (S:; cf.PEL(ES)-, V:), and the abstract noun sux -ie. e base pel- refers toan encircling boundary or barrier in such names as Ephel Dath, Pelennor,and Pelri, as well as in pella beyond (the borders of) (R:), so the literalmeaning of terpellie would appear to be (going) through a barrier, describingtemptation as an impulse to push through the boundaries dening moral

behavior. is ts with the Greek peirasmov" temptation, which is derivedfrom the Indo-European root per lead over or through.6 If the secondelement ofterfantie(At. I deletion) is connected withfana- veil (R:), thenthis form could also refer to passing through such a gurative barrier. Alate unpublished discussion of the root phan- cover, screen, veil gives the

verbfanta-veil, cloak, mantle.insangarenna (At. IIbIV), allative of the otherwise unattested insangare

temptation, appears to consist of in(id)- mind (UT:) and an abstract

noun *sangare oppression closely akin to sanga crowd, throng, press ( Q. ahtie / sahtie pressure or force (to dosomething against ones will or conscience).

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

23/40


sahtienna (At. V revision) and sahtenna (At. VI, probably a slip forsahtienna) seem to derive from addition of the prex not, un-, in-(usually with bad sense) to the noun sahtiecited above (< thag-). However,

the notes on the verso of At. V attributesahtie

to a dierent stem: saka-

draw, pull;/sahtainduce: sahtieinducement to do wrong.

Line :

onebut: anatbut (At. I deletion) may be related to n, nnbut, on thecontrary, on the other hand and a-nantaand yet, but yet (V: s.v. NDAN-back, whence also prex nan-backwards). one (At. I), ono and its elidedform on (At. IIIII), and ono (At. IV) must be cognates of n but, whichappears in a Quenya sentence in notes on the word re heart, inner mindfrom : ore nin karitas n namin alasailaI feel moved to do so but judgeit unwise (VT:). ese forms are probably related to the early Q. prep. naer (only of time) and adv. nothen, next (of time), both found in QL underthe root N- ahead, in front; aer, of time; tomorrow (PE:). Also cp. theprex n-, which appears to mean next, in the alternative month-names forthe calendar of the New Era given in XII:; e.g. Ertuil(April) *One-Spring(month), Ntuil(May) *Next-Spring (month).

mal but (At. VVI) seems unlikely to derive from any of the known roots

with the form mal-: MALA()crush, squeeze, pulp, MALA()yellow (both inQL, PE:), and MBAL- (whence malle street) in the Etymologies (V:).Alternatively, mal could consist of elements ma- + -l, the latter perhaps beingthe short form -lof ablative -llosometimes encountered in noun declensionsfrom the s, e.g. abl. kiryal, kiryallo. e rst element might be mhand, with mal perhaps meaning lit. away from one hand, i.e. on theother hand, on the contrary. Another possible source is the neuter personalpronoun ma something, a thing (VT: n.), in which case mal might

mean away from the thing (just mentioned), introducing a contrastiveor adversative clause.na (imperative): is is used to mark the subjunctive/imperative in At.

IIIa, but the imperative particle , ais used in the other versions. us aly(i.e. alye, At. IIb deletion, IIIIV), m(i.e. me, At. V), and me (At. VI).

etrna deliver (At. IIIa):Also eterna (At. IIIIV). e rst element isthe prex et-forth, out (V: s.v. ET-), also in the form ete-with mataina(vocalic extension; see XI: n.). e second element is given in the notes

below At. IIb as rnafree (unattested elsewhere). Compare the etymology ofdeliver, from Latin defrom, out of + liberareset free, liberate. etarna (At.IIb) and etrna (At. III deletion) include the imperative particle, insertedbetween the prex and the root. etelehta(At. VVI) replaces rnawith lehtaloose, slacken (V: s.v. LEK-), also as adj. free. released (VT:).

meus (At. IIV).ulcallo from evil: olcallo (At. I deletion), ulcallo (At. I, IIa deletion),

ulcullo(At. VVI) are ablative case forms of olca, ulca,and ulcorespectively.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

24/40


ulco appears as the object of the preposition va rather than in the ablativecase in At. IIa. ese are connected with Qenya ulca bad, wicked, wronggiven in QL s.v. ULU()(PE:), ulkadark, gloomy, sinister < *klgloom,

gloomy (cited in a text from the s),ulka

evil inhenulka

evileyed (IX:, n.), and olca bad, wicked < *okl < oko- evil, bad (in etymologicalnotes from c. ); cf. LUG- hideous, horrible (V:).

ra(At. IIb deletion) may be equated with ranasty < UG dislike (in thelate essay on negation cited in VT:); cf. the negative stem UGU-, whencemea evil (V:). ro (At. IIbIV) appears to be the noun associatedwith the adjective ra, and only appears following va from (see line )rather than in the ablative. Prexed var- in the compound var-ra (At. IIbdeletion) shows addition of the ending -r (< -d < -da) indicating motionto or towards a point, as in the adverb or, which like va is also derivedfrom *AWA away (XI:).

Note on Amen: e conrmatory response amen (Heb. mn truly,certainly, may it be so) does not occur following the Lords Prayer as itappears in the Bible, and a Quenya equivalent is lacking in At. I, III, andIV. san na (At. IIa) and nsan (At. IIb) are clearly intended as may it beso, consisting of san so (see line s.v. tr) and na be (see line ). nsi(At. V), nsie (At. VI) substitute sie for san. e word sie thus appears

in rough etymological notes from c. , and is derived from SI- this,here, now (V:).

Historical notes:

e Lords Prayer familiar from Matthew : also occurs in a shorterform in Luke :. e version in Luke is thought likely to be closer tothe original, with that in Matthew being a later elaboration. e concludingdoxology For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory, for ever.

Amen, common in Protestant liturgical usage, is lacking in important earlyGreek manuscripts and is not used in the Catholic Church; hence it does notappear in Tolkiens Quenya translations.

ere follow the texts of the Lords Prayer in Greek, Latin, and English:

KATA MAQQAION :

Pavter hJmw`n oJejn toi" oujranoi": aJgiasqhvtw to;o[nomavsou: ejlqevtw hJbasileiva sou: genhqhvtw to;qevlhmavsou, wJ" ejn oujranw`/kai;ejpi;gh": to;n a[rton hJmw`n to;n ejpiouvsion do;" hJmi`n shvmeron: kai;a[fe" hJmi`n ta;ojfeilhvmata hJmw`n, wJ" kai;hJmei" ajfhvkamen toi" ojfeilevtai" hJmwn: kai;mh;eijsenevgkh" hJma" ei;" peirasmovn, ajlla;rJusai hJma" ajpo;touponhrou.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

25/40


Matthew : (Vulgate)

Pater noster qui es in caelis, sancticetur nomen tuum.

Adveniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua sicut in caelo et in terra. Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie.

Et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem sed libera nos a malo.

Matthew : (King James version)

Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. y kingdom come. y will be done in earth, as it isin heaven. Give us this day our daily bread.

And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.

Editorial notes totaremma

. Also compare the following excerpt from the entry for Heavenin the onlineversion of The Catholic Encyclopedia (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/):

eologians, therefore, generally hold that the heaven of the blessed is aspecial place with denite limits. Naturally, this place is held to exist, notwithin the earth, but, in accordance with the expressions of Scripture, withoutand beyond its limits.

. We are indebted to John Garth for pointing out this connection betweenthe use of Eruman in the Lost Tales and in At. VVI, as well as for notingthe importance of the change of Eruman > Araman in the revision ofthe Quenta Silmarillion.

. La Sankta Biblio: Malnova kaj Nova Testamentoj Tradukitaj el la OriginalajLingvoj. Londono: Brita kaj Alilanda Biblia Societo. Edinburgo: Nacia BibliaSocieto de Skotlando, n.d.

. Tolkien rst wrote Subject follows verb, then struck out follows andwrote inected above. If Subject inected verb was the reading intended,its sense remains cryptic. It seems more likely that Subject [follows] inected

verb was what Tolkien meant.. As noted in the Introduction (q.v.), the verso of the manuscript page bearing

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

26/40


At. IIIIV, AM II, the Sub Tuum, and the Litany of Loreto contains charts ofvarious prepositions inected with enclitic pronouns. is verso also has anumber of scattered forms in which Tolkien seems to be working out the detailsof adding pronominal objects to the aorist stem cari- make (which occurs inthe plural in i karir quettar mainenthose who form words with voices, XI:).ese include the pair carita, carilta, evidently singular and plural verbs, withcarilta analogous to avatyarilta in At. IIbIV. Below carilta is written carires,evidently pl. carir + -es, a form of the sg. pronoun se also seen in the chartsof inected prepositions on the same page. A singular equivalent caris appearsbelow carita, but this was struck out. Also note that by the late s -ita hadbeen reimagined as the aorist particular innitive ending, with karitameaningto do; see VT: n. , and VT:.

. Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch (Bern:Francke, ), I:, especially s.v. E. per- versuchen, probieren,riskieren, Gefahr.

.Aia Mara(Ave Maria)

In the same manuscript pages on which Tolkien worked out the taremma,he concurrently developed a Quenya translation of the Ave Maria. isdevelopment spanned four versions of decreasing complexity of revision.e rst version was written (very roughly and with much experimentation)

in ballpoint pen; the other three with a nib pen.All four versions of the Aia Mara are given below, incorporatingall of Tolkiens emendations, which are detailed for each version. Each

version was written as a continuous paragraph, but for ease of analysis andcross-reference a standard (and traditional) lineation has been imposed.Tolkien provided no English translation, but one is given, together with thestandard Latin text and relevant Gospel passages, in the historical notesat the end of this analysis.

Aia Mara I Aiya Mara quanta erulissenen;

na hru olesse elye na manna mi nnaron ar manna i yva carvalyo Ysus. Aire Mara, Eruamille,

alye arca atarme naicor

si ar lumesse i friemmo menya.

Emendations:

Line : Deleted false start [?a] M. liss > erulissenen quanta > quantaerulissenen.

Line : le se > lese > olesse. na was originally written above le se, thencircled and marked for insertion before hru.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

27/40


Line : manna na> elye na manna. A lengthy complex of rejected formsprecedes the arrival at nnaron: ness > ns > [?ni]quessen > [?ni]quissen >qemissen> ninaliss> ninassen> nnaron. miland e[?m]were also considered

and then rejected as alternatives tomi

.Line : qe > carvalyo helv> carvalyo Ysus.Line : arca alye> alye arca.p > atarmen t> atarmen> atarme. ulcarindor

> naikandor > naicandor > me naicandor > me naicor. naicandor was notdeleted aer naicor was written above it. mebefore naicandor / naicorwaswritten in the le margin and is apparently an inadvertent repetition of thepronoun already expressed in atarme.

Line : Rejected before i friemmo: urtulmurt. Tolkien then wrote menyaabove urt, before striking it through as well.

Aia Mara II

Aia Mara, erulissenen quanta;i Hru olesse,manna nalye mi nnaronar manna i yva carvalyo Ysus.

Aina Mara Eruamillealye arca meterme i naiquears ar lmesse eriemmo.

Emendations:

Line : Deleted false start Aia. Deleted aer Mara: Eruamille. quantaerulissenen > erulissenen quanta.

Line : elye na [?m] manna> manna nalye.

Line : are> ar.Line :Aire Mar>Aina Mar>Aini Maria>Aina Mara.Line : atarme> meterme. i naici nar> i naiquear.Line : are> ar.

Aia MaraIII

Aia Mara quanta Eruanno,i Hru carelye;

aistana elye mika nsi,ar aistana i yv mnalyo Ysus.

Air Mara Eruo ontaril hyame r men carindors ar lmess y ruvamme. nsi

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

28/40


Emendations:

Line : Tolkien struck out car- of carelye in pencil and wrote a

replacement, possiblyas

orar

, in the margin.Line : aistan > aistana. mitta > mika. A word in parentheses, possiblymihta or mikta, is penciled in the right margin. is is joined by a line totwo pencilled words in the lower right corner of the card, reading mitka(deleted) and mica.

Line : hr> r.

Aia MaraIV

Aia Mara quanta Eruanno i Hru aselye aistana elye imca nsi ar aistana i yave mnalyo Ysus : Aire Mara Eruo ontaril

hyame rmen carindors ar lmesse ya ruvamme : nsie :

Analysis of Forms

Note:Bold headwords indicate readings of the nal text. Analysis of previousforms and relevant emendations are grouped under their correspondingheadword. All Elvish forms cited are Quenya unless otherwise noted.

Line :

Aia Hail!: e prayer opens with the words of the angel Gabriel toMary at the Annunciation (Luke :), who greets Mary with Hail!

(Latin Ave). Aiya in the rst version and Aia in all subsequent versionsare apparently simply variants of the same word. Cf. Aiya Earendil HailEarendil! (LR:).

Mara Mary: e Latin name ts nicely within Quenya phonologicalconstraints.

quantafull. e Etymologieslists this adjective (there spelt qanta) underthe base KWAT- (V:). Cf. also quanta sarme full writing (VT:),penquanta full to the brim, with mouth full (VT:), and (exhibiting the

plural form) quante tengwi full signs (VT:); the Common Eldarin stemsfor the number-word , kwaya, kway-am(VT:.), apparently referringto the full set of ngers; and the stems *KWA referring to completion,*KWAN, and the verb stem *KWATA, whence quat-ll (XI:). is verbalcognate of the adjective has long been familiar from Galadriels Lament, inthe future-tense form enquantuvawill rell (LR:).

Eruannoof grace is the genitive form of *Eruannagrace = Erue One,God + anna gi (cf. V: s.v. ANA-), so literally of the gi of Eru. In

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

29/40


Catholic theology, grace is dened as Gods gi of undeserved forgiveness.erulissenen(AM III) = Eru+ lissegrace, sweetness + -nen instrumental sg.ending, so literally with the grace/sweetness of Eru. For the connection of

grace and sweetness, cf. the QL root LISI, said to have the root meaning,sweetness, whence lis(list-) grace, blessing and listea, listevoitefull of grace(PE:); and lissesweet (LR:, R:).

Line :

i Hru the Lord. Cf. XII:; the base KHER- rule, govern, possesswhence Q. heru master (V:); and the QL root HERE rule, have powerwhence Q. herulord (PE:).

aselye with thee = as- with + elye thou, you (see line ). To fullyunderstand this form, we must rst examine the etymology of its precedents,olesse (AM III) and carelye (AM III): On the verso of the sheet on whichthe texts of At. III and IV, AM II, the Sub Tuum, and the Litany were written,Tolkien provides the following chart of a preposition - with inectedwith enclitic pronouns. Neither the meaning of the preposition nor thecoordinates of the chart are provided by Tolkien, but the latter are easilydeduced from the pronominal endings and the structure of the chart, andthe former from its use in this prayer and by noting the related prex -

(usually reduced to o- when unstressed), used in words describing themeeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groupsthought of as units (XI:):1

[Singular] [Plural][st] onye) ni me[nd] olye) le le[rd] se te

[rd] sa(s) ta(t)[rd] tar tari

We see from this chart that olesse with you can be explained as thepreposition - with (in reduced form in unstressed environment) +(shortened) sg. ending -le you + locative sg. ending -sse in, at.2 esubsequent forms carelyeand aselyeare presumably to be explained similarlyas variant prepositions (as-, car-) expressing accompaniment, with the (full)

sg. ending lye, but without the locative ending.On the same page of preposition charts Tolkien wrote a sequence ofthree forms: canye, calye, ca-. is (apparent) prepositional element ca-mayunderlie car-, perhaps via an allative extension or ending in -r(cf. tarthither= ta that + allative -r towards, V: s.v. TA-; and the derivation ofthe adverb ar < *aw by addition of the ending d (prehistoric da)indicating motion to or towards a point, XI:). A list of prepositionsand a related discussion in a small bundle of papers apparently dating

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

30/40


from the mid-s (one of the sheets is dated Nov. ) gives the formsca, cata, cana behind, at back of place; though whether this is the senseintended here is debatable.

In some very late notes (c. ), Tolkien gives a Common Eldarin formasand and its Sindarin reex ah, realized as abefore consonants; cf. Daur aBerhaelFrodo and Samwise (LR:, L:) and the titleAthrabeth Finrod ahAndrethe Debate of Finrod and Andreth (X:). In the current Quenyaexample, as- with may be a prepositional reex of C.E. as and related tothe Quenya conjunction arand.

e preceding versions le se and lese give separately and then combinethe independent forms le you and se at, in (the root of the latter is alsogiven in the aforementioned list of prepositions as s at; cf. the locativeending sse).

Note on the lack of the copula: As in Latin, Quenya frequently omits thecopula (i.e., forms of the verb to be when linking a subject with a predicatecomplement): hence, in this prayer, i Hru aselyethe Lord [is] with thee (line), aistana elyeblessed [art] thou (line ), and aistana i yave mnalyoblessed[is] the fruit of thy womb (line ).

Line :

aistanablessed is possibly the past participle of an otherwise unattestedverb *aista- bless; but cf. the discussion of aista holy in line of theGloria Patri. With the adjective manna blessed (AM III) cf. the baseMAN- [a] holy spirit and the name Manw Blessed Being of the Lordof the Valar (L:).

elye thou ( sg.). Cf. emphatic elye (even) thou in the last line ofGaladriels Lament (LR:, R:). na(AM I) is the verb is; nalyeyou are(AM II) is the same verb with the sg. ending lyethou, you; cf. hiruva-lye

thou shalt nd (LR:, R:).imcaamong. See the analysis of the taremma, line s.v. mittanya. elist of prepositions mentioned in the discussion of aselyeabove gives the rootmiwhence imi, miin, mitta-insert and mina into; other entries includemitta- between and miki among. is miki is plainly an extension of miin, and given its inherently partitive nature (sc., indicating a relationshipof a part with a whole), the ending -ki is perhaps to be explained aspartitive, similar to the ending -ikoseen in the Entu, Ensi, EntaDeclension

(VT:), and to the ending -ika of the Bodleian Declension(VT:). imca may then be similarly explained as derived fromimi with a partitive ending ikasuch an ending is explicitly labeled aspartitive (plural) in a chart of Quenya noun declensions dating from theLeeds period (i.e., c. )while mika (AM III) is a similar partitiveform of mi. e rejected form mil (AM I) may be a similar, ablative form ofmi (cf. mal in At. VVI, line ). Cf. the base MI-inside, whence Q. miin,within (V:), and min the in Galadriels Lament (LR:, R:).

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

31/40


nsiwomen = ns-woman + -ipl. sux. Cf. the base NDIS- whence Q.nisse, niswoman (V:), pl. nissi(mentioned under the base NIS-, V:);also nis woman, pl. nissi (X:). nnaron (AM III) is apparently an

extensionn-na

woman of the related base N

- woman (V:) with plural-r+ pl. partitive/derivative genitive ending on(on which see V: s.v. G-,XI:, ). e partitive/derivative genitive is apparently employedhere in conjunction with miin to convey the sense of being selected fromwithin a group: i.e., mi nnaron (from) among women, with the whole linethereby indicating you are selected from among all women as being blessed.e complex of rejected forms preceding the arrival at nnaron in AM Ishows Tolkien experimenting with dierent forms of the word for woman([?ni]que-, [?ni]qui-, qemi-; cf. the QL root QIMI whence qin (qim-)woman, female. Oen as sux -qin, PE:), with the use of the partitiveplural -li (XI:), and with the use of the locative plural ending ssen (cf.mahalmassen upon the thrones, UT:, n.).

Line :

ar and. are (AM II) is an alternate form of the conjunction that occursoccasionally in Tolkiens later writings.

aistanablessed. See line .i yave, also yava (AM II), yve (AM III) the fruit, are all derivativesof the base YAB- fruit (V:). Cf. the QL root YAVA whence Q. yva

fruit, produce (PE:).mnalyo of thy womb = mna womb + -lyo of thy (the genitive form

of lyathy, your, itself the possessive form of -lyethou, you). e apparentstem m- (cf. nna- woman < N- woman in line of AM III) mayrefer to the womb by allusion to the travail involved in childbirth: theEtymologies (V:) gives M- with no gloss, with derivatives Q. mlslave,

thrall and mta- labour, toil. Among some etymological notes, apparentlycontemporary with and now located within the same bundle of papers asthese Catholic prayers (excluding the Merton College postcard versions,which are located in a dierent le), is found the following entry: mlslave.Said to be m-l < m labour, be aicted; Q. moia- < mj; but ?bettermol. Similarly, the apparent stem car-of carvalyo(AM I) may refer to thewomb as the site of creation of a new life and of ensoulment, with carva-being the (living) thing that makes (cp. kelvar living things that move,

XI:, < KEL- go, run, V:); cf. the base KAR- make, build, construct(V:), and Oienkarm Eruoe Ones perpetual production (X:). eform qe (AM I) may be an abortive start at deriving a word for womb

via synecdoche on a stem qe- *woman; see the similar, rejected formsin line of AM I.

Ysus Jesus. As with Mara, this Latin name ts nicely within Quenyaphonological constraints. helv (AM I) is apparently the beginning of anincomplete word translating the nameJesus, which itself is a Latinized form

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

32/40


of the Hebrew name Yehsha help of Jehovah. Q. helv- initially suggestsderivation from a root in *gel-or *khel- (*hel-), but the attested bases GEL-sky (V:) and KHEL- freeze (V:) seem inapplicable. It is also possible

to derive a stemhel-

from bases in KHIL- (*HIL) orG

IL- (note thederivation in Etymologies of Melko < *Mailik *Greedy One < MIL-IK-via a-inxion, V:). No such base GIL- is attested, but the base KHIL-follow (V:) might apply to Christ as the Son of God; cf. the stem -chilheir, the Sindarin reex of this base, in the patronymic EluchilHeir of Elu(ingol) of Dior (XI:); and the QL root HIL whence hil, hilde child,hilu, hilmoson (PE:).

Line :

Aire holy. See the analysis of the taremma, line s.v. aire. Theetymological note of cited in that discussion states that aina (AM II;also there in the deleted, apparently feminine form aini) is obsolete, exceptin Ainur; but its occurrence in AM II and in the Quenya translations ofthe Sub Tuumand the Litany strongly suggests that Tolkien had either notyet written that note, or had reconsidered it. Cf. the base AYAN- whence*ayan-holy, Q.Ainuholy one, f.Aini(V:). In the c. essay Quendiand Eldar, Tolkien explainsAinuas a borrowing from Valarin ayanz, from

which was derived the adjective ainaholy (XI:).Eruo of God = Eruthe One, God + -ogenitive sg. ending. In Quenya, a

noun in the genitive case normally precedes the noun it modies, as here;cf. Calaciryo mri Kalakiryas jewels and aldaron rmar trees wings inthe version of Galadriels Lament given in a clearer and more normalstyle (R:).

ontaril mother = onta- to bear + -r agentive ending + -il feminineending. e Etymologies s.v. ONO- beget lists onta- beget, create, whence

the agentive ontaro begetter, parent with feminine form ontare (V:).Eruamille (AM III) Mother of God has as its second element amille,evidently a longer form of amil mother (V: s.v. AM- mother); cp.Itarill, longer form of Itaril(XII:).

Line :

is an imperative particle; cf. XI:, and the numerous examplesin the taremma. alye *do thou is the same particle with enclitic sg.

pronominal ending -lyethou, you; see the discussion of aselyein line .hyame pray, aorist singular verb (cf. Tolkiens statement regarding thegeneral (aorist) innitive, VT: n.). Such a form could arise froman aorist verbal root in *syami-. ough no such root is attested, it can beobserved that the prexion of s- to roots and bases is a not uncommonderivational technique in the Eldarin tongues (as in Indo-European): cf. thestem rot, s-rot delve underground, excavate, tunnel, whence both Q. rottoasmall grot or tunnel and Q. hrta dwelling underground, articial cave or

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

33/40


rockhewn hall (XII: n.). Noting this, it possible that hyame derivesfrom a root in *yam- via s-prexion. e QL gives the root YAMA callwhence yaminshout, call, name (PE:), with an appropriate sense: note

that the Latin verborare

pray is connected by some etymologies (e.g., CarlDarling Buck in his Selected Indo-European Synonyms, entry ..) withGreek and Russian words meaning say, shout, cry out. Note also the nounyaime wailing (MC:). e verb arca pray (AM I) apparently derivesfrom the base RAK- stretch out, reach (whence also rankoarm; V:) withboth prexion and suppression of the sundma (rak- > *a-rk-), the literalsense being to reach out in supplication (either literally with the arms, orguratively with words or in thought).

rmen for us = rfor + menus (see the analysis of thetaremma, line s.v. men). e contemporary list of prepositions mentioned in the discussionof aselye above gives the root ara along side (in apparent contrast withanother root, adaagainst, opposed to, opposite). Noting that the sense of rfor here in the intercessionary plea hyame rmenpray for us! is on behalfof, and further noting that English behalfis derived from Old English behealfby the side, it seems very likely that r is derived from the root araalongside. e form as rst written, hr, may be derived via s-prexion from *sra-;see the discussion of hyameabove.

atarme, atarmen (AM I) and meterme (AM II) all seem to be similarlyderived from a prepositional element, ata- and mete- respectively, plus anallative ending -rto, towards (cf. tarthither < TA- demonstrative stem that,V:), prexed to the pronoun -me(n) us (see above). e same contem-porary list of prepositions gives the root ata-, atta across, over, lying fromside to side; if this is the intended sense of ata- in atarme(n), it is perhapsa reference to the intercessionary nature of prayer, especially Marian prayer.Finally, mete-may derive from the base MET- end (V:) and together with

the allative ending metermay have the literal sense of towards the end, or,less literally, for the purpose of, on behalf of. At the bottom of the page onwhich AM II is written, Tolkien has written aly arca atarni and alya arcaatarni (with alya most likely a slip for alye), in both cases with atarni sub-sequently deleted and in the rst case with the word meterni substituted;though untranslated, it is plain that all of these notes are experiments withtranslating the plea pray for me!

carindor sinners = - negative prex mis- + cari- aorist stem make,

do (cf. hyameabove) + -ndoagentive sux + -r plural sux, and so moreliterally those who do misdeeds. See the discussion of caremmar ourtrespasses and i carer who do ill in the analysis of the taremma, line s.v. lucassemmar and line s.v. lucandor. For the plural agentive sux-ndo-rsee the discussion of lucandor / lucindor(ibid.). lcarindor(AM I) isa similar formation using the prex ul-denoting evil: cf. henulkaevileyed(IX:, n.), and the base LUG- whence Q. ulundomonster. e pluralagentive forms naicandor / naicor sinners (AM I) imply a verb *naika-,

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

34/40


doubtless derived from the base NYAK- pain (V:) cf. the QL rootNAYA hurt, grieve (PE:)expressing the Catholic concept of sin asthat which harms the soul and grieves God. e phrase i naici nar(AM II)

translating sinners appears literally to mean who are sinners or who aresinful, with iwho the relative pronoun (cf. i Eru ithe One who, UT:, n.), naici sinners (probably the plural form of *naice, either a nounsinner or an adjective sinful), and nar the plural copula are (present pl.form of n to be). i naiquear (AM II) of the same meaning and similarconstruction, less ambiguously employs an adjectival form, sg. *naiqueasinful (suggesting derivation from a variant noun form *naique sin),used substantively as a plural noun, with the copula, as oen in thesetexts, le unexpressed.

Line :

s, also si(AM I) now. Cf. s, sinnow (V: s.v. SI-this, here, now).arand. are(AM II). See line .lmesse at the hour = lmehour + -sselocative sg. ending. Cf. lmenna

upon the hour (LR:, XI:). e same list of prepositions cited in thediscussion of aselye(line ) has an entry sat. .

ya, also y (AM III) in/at which, is the bare stem of the relative

pronoun that appears inected with the locative plural ending as yassenin which in Galadriels Lament (LR:, R:). ough uninected, yahere seems to have the same locative meaning. Some precedence for thelocative use of a bare stem is found in Goldogrin, in which the uninectedinessive/nominative case is occasionally used by itself as a locative, e.g. insuch expressions as barat home (PE:). See the discussion ofya(n) in theanalysis of thetaremma, line s.vv. ier and tier.

ruvamme we will die = r- die, fade (MC:) + -uva future tense

sux + -mme pl. exclusive we (i.e., indicating I and some others, butnot you; cf. avamme we wont, rst plural exclusive, XI:). e formsfriemmo (AM I) and eriemmo (AM II) show a more English-like meansof translating of our death, employing the genitive form -mmo of our ofthe possessive form -mma(our) of -mme, attached instead to the noun stemfrie- dying, death. is noun stem is itself the gerundial/innitival form ofthe verbr-(cf. en-yalie-re-calling, UT:, n.). e initial element ef-of eriemmoof our death is most likely an assimilated form of the prex et-

forth, out (V: s.v. ET-), emphasizing the nature of the death of mortalsas a passing out of this world. urtulm and urt, deleted by Tolkien beforei friemmo in AM I, are apparently preliminary eorts; the former at leastprobably to be completed as *urtulmoof our death, (though the underlyingending -lme, presumably at this time still pl. inclusive as it is in omentielmoof our meeting in the rst edition of e Lord of the Rings, seems notentirely appropriate here). Cf. N./S. gurth death (VI:, UT:, n.),which could be cognate with a Quenya form *urtu < *gur-; but if so, this

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

35/40


would be a variant concept, since elsewhere one sees Q. nuru < GUR-(V:), as in nuruhuineDeath-shadow (V:, ; IX:).

i and menyain AM I, though not deleted, are probably transitory thoughts

in experimentation with translating of our death. At rst glance,menya

appears to be the same pl. exclusive possessive pronoun menyaof our thatoccurs in thetaremma, lines and . But the ending -mmoof friemmoofour death already expresses this possessive meaning; so if menya is indeedthe possessive pronoun, it is seemingly redundant. ere is however anotherpossible explanation of menya: the same entry sat in the aforementionedlist of prepositions also gives menas an alternative gloss. e gloss menwassubsequently struck through,3but if Tolkien had the same concept of menat in mind here, it may be that menya is to be analyzed as a prepositionmen-at + the relative stemyawhich. If so, it would appear that Tolkien was

vacillating within AM I, as across the following versions, between expressingat the hour of our death with a relative construction, i.e., something like:*lmesse menya fruvamme in the hour at which we will die; and with agenitival construction, e.g., *lmesse friemmoat the hour of our death. eappearance of ibefore friemmois, if interpreted as the article the, likewiseseemingly redundant; but noting that ialso serves as a relative pronoun (cf.i Eru ithe One who, UT:, n.), it may also be explained as part of an

incomplete relative translation of the hour of our death.nsieAmen, it is thus = nit is + -siethus. See the Note on Amenin the

analysis of the taremma, line s.v. ulcallo.

Historical notes:

e rst half of the Ave Mariais based upon two verses from the Gospel ofLuke, : and :. e second half is traced, in variant forms, to the thcentury. e prayer achieved its current form in the thcentury.

Ave Maria, gratia plena,Dominus tecum;benedicta tu in mulieribus,et benedictus fructus ventris tui, Jesus.

Sancta Maria, Mater Dei,ora pro nobis peccatoribus,nunc et in hora mortis nostrae. Amen.

Hail Mary, full of grace,the Lord is with thee!Blessed art thou amongst women,and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus.Holy Mary, Mother of God,pray for us sinners,now and at the hour of our death. Amen.

Luke :Greek: Cai're, kecaritwmevnh, oJ kuvrio" meta; sou', Be rejoicing (one) having been highly favored the Lord with you

Vulgate: Haue gratia plena, Dominus tecum: benedicta tu in mulieribus. Hail of grace full Lord with you blessed you among women.

KJV: Hail, thou that arthighly favoured, the Lord is with thee: blessed artthouamong women.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

36/40


Luke :Greek: Eujloghmevnh su; ejn gunaixivn, (One) having been highly favored you among women

kai;eujloghmevno" oJ karpo;" th'" koiliva" sou. and (one) having been highly favored the fruit of the cavity of you

Vulgate:Benedicta tu inter mulieres, et benedictus fructus uentris tui Blessed you among women and blessed fruit of womb your

KJV: Blessed artthou among women, and blessed isthe fruit of thy womb.

Editorial notes to theAia Mara:

. An original alternative formonte

to the pl.te

was supplied and thendeleted. Tolkien also vacillated between ontarand tarifor the pl. form, beforesettling on tari, with an apparently poetic form (r) written beneath. ischart only gives the pl. exclusive form me, but charts for other prepositions onthe same page also incorporate the inclusive form, which is marked by -ngwe: e.g.etemme, etengwe(cf. etout); mimme, mingwe(cf. miin). Cp. -nguoin the Telerinform of the Elvish greeting, l sla lmena vomentienguoa star shines upon thehour of the meeting of our ways (XI:), and the Quenya independent dativepronoun *ngwin for us (VT:, ). Also noteworthy is the identity in this

chart of the sg. and pl. forms, whereas the other charts feature a distinct formof the pl.: e.g., sg. etel(ye), mil(ye); pl. etelle, mille. e two numbers of thend person are apparently identical only in their shortened forms, while thelengthened forms show the contrast lyesg., -llepl.

. Note that Sindarin prepositions, like those of Quenya, are also conju-gablecf. animfor myself (LR:) and ammenfor us (LR:, VI: n.),both containing an- to, foras too are those of Welsh. And like Quenyaprepositions, Finnish prepositions, postpositions, and adverbs are at leastpartially declinable.

. And replaced with j; men- being subsequently reassigned as a gloss forwith (instr[umental]).

.Alcar i Ataren (Gloria Patri)

In the right-hand margin of the same postcard on which Tolkien wrotethe h version of taremma and the third version of the Aia Mara, andoriented orthogonally to those texts and the card, he began a translation ofthe Gloria Patri. Like the other texts on the card, it was written with a nib

pen. Its end is partially obscured by the ends of the lines of the taremmaand theAia Marathat it was written over.

Alcar i ataren ar i yondon ar i airefeantambe enge i et

Glory [be] to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit,as it was [in] the [beginning]

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

37/40


Emendation:faire aistan> airefean.

Analysis of Forms:

Alcar

glory. eEtymologies

s.v. AKLA-R- givesalkar

oralkare

radiance,brilliance and alkarinqa radiant, glorious (V:). Cf. the Sindarin cognateaglarglory, radiance (LR:, R:).

i atarento the Father. ataren= atarfather + -e-stem vowel + -ndativeending. With this dative ending cf. Tolkiens explanation of enyalien inCirions Oath, UT: n.. See the analysis of the taremma, line s.v.Ataremma. Cf. also the QL entry Atar (-d) a more solemn word = father.Usually [refers] to the st Person of Blessed Trinity (PE:).

i yondonto the Son =yondoson + -ndative ending. e Etymologiess.v.Y-, YON- son gives Q. yondoof (presumably) the same meaning (V:).Cf. also the QL entry ION (form of Yon.) mystic name of God. nd Personof Blessed Trinity (PE:).

i airefeanto the Holy Spirit = aireholy +feaspirit + -ndative ending.For aireholy see the analysis of the taremma, line s.v. aire. e Glossaryto the c. Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth (published in Morgoths Ring)lists both faspirit: the particular spirit belonging to and housed in anyone hraof the Incarnates andfairespirit (in general) (X:). We are told

in another, contemporary text, where the two forms are cited as apparentlyinterchangeable, that the ancient signicance of both was radiance (X:),and both are derived from a stem *phay- (the latter apparently via theabstract sux re), itself to be identied with the Etymologies base PHAY-radiate, send out rays of light, whence Q. faire radiance (V:). AndTolkiens notes to the latest (s?) version of Oilima Markirya listfaire phantom; disembodied spirit, when seen as a pale shape (MC:).(Note that both English fantasy and phantasm derive ultimately from an

Indo-European root *bha-meaning to shine.)e QL has no such suitable root in *FAY-, but the rd Person of theBlessed Trinity is referred to, as S Fire, especially in temples, etc. A mysticname identied with Holy Ghost (PE: s.v. SAHA be hot). A similarassociation of the Holy Spirit with re is apparent throughout Tolkiensmythology; note for example the use of e Flame Imperishable as anepithet for the Holy Spirit in the commentary on the Athrabeth (X:).e association also occurs in Catholic theology, e.g. the Pentecostal Flame

(cf. Acts :).With the phrasefaire aistanto the Holy Spirit, where the second word isan attributive adjective aistaholy bearing the dative inection, cf. Tolkiensexplanation of Elendil Vorondo of Elendil the Faithful in Cirions Oaththat adjectives used as a title or frequently used attribute of a name areplaced aer the name, and as is usual in Quenya in the case of two declinablenames in apposition only the last is declined (UT:, n.). Cf. also thediscussion of aistanablessed in line of AM III.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

38/40


e forms aireand aista, both used here to mean holy, are evidenced inand joined by a complex of related but contrastive etymologies spanningdecades of Tolkiens conceptual evolution of his languages. e QL has

the entry AYA honour, revere, whenceaire

saint (f.) andaista

honour,reverence (PE:); while in the Etymologieswe nd airesea derived fromAYAR-, AIR- sea (V:), and aistato dread from GYAS- fear (V:). Allthese forms and concepts might seem hopelessly disparate and unrelated; butthat Tolkien in fact related them formally and semantically is indicated byan extensive note to the very late (c. ) text e Shibboleth of Fanor, inwhich is given a Common Eldarin stem GAYA awe, dread, whence not onlyTelerin and Sindarin words for terror, great fear and names for the Great Sea(e.g., Belegaer), but also the Quenya forms yaawe, profound reverence andsense of ones own littleness in the presence of things or persons majestic andpowerful, airaholy, and airsanctity (XII: n.).

tambe as. See the discussion of this word in the analysis of thetaremma,line s.v. tr.

enge it was = sg. pa.t. of a be, exist (cf. X:). e (present-tense)verb ahad prehistorically the form *ea, as is shown by a statement in theexcluded portion of Appendix D to the essay Quendi and Eldar, in whichTolkien says: e former presence of intervocalic , later lost in Quenya,

could be detected by consideration of the relations between taindicatesand tenge indicated, tengwe sign, and comparison with a exists besideengwething (VT:). e past-tense form engearose from earlier *ee,a past-tense stem derived from *eaby the common past-tense derivationaltechnique of inxion of the homorganic nasal (i.e., n, , or m, depending onthe quality of the following consonant) and substitution of the past-tensestem vowel -efor present-tense -a(as, for example, in ante< *wa-n-t, thepast tense form of auta-go away < *AWA, XI:).

ithe.et is perhaps the start of a Quenya word translating Latin principio,English beginning, that would presumably have had a locative ending (-sse)translating in. Cf. the base ET- forth, out whence Q. prex et-(V:).

Historical note:

e nal form of the Gloria Patri(also called the Doxologia Minor) becamexed in the thcentury. Together with the Pater Nosterand theAve Maria, its

recital completes each decade of the Rosary.Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto. Sicut erat in principio, etnunc, et semper, et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.

Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit. Asit was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world withoutend. Amen.

8/12/2019 Vt 43 Sample

39/40


Resourcese following are just some of the resources available for the study ofTolkiens invented languages. For a more complete list, visit the Resources for

Tolkienian Linguistics web page at the URL listed below.

PrimersAn Introduction to Elvish, edited by Jim Allan. (Somerset: Brans Head Books,

. ISBN ---). A venerable but still indispensable primer ofTolkienian linguistics. ItE is available for . (. for US orders;prices include postage) from the bookseller orntons of Oxford, BroadStreet, Oxford OX AR, England. Tel. -, fax -,

e-mail [email protected] Quenya, by Nancy Martsch. Second edition. Quenya for beginners!

Twenty-two lessons, plus QuenyaEnglish / EnglishQuenya vocabulary. plus postage: USA st class , book rate .; Canada airmail ,surface .; Europe airmail , surface .. Make checks payable toNancy Martsch, P.O. Box , Sherman Oaks, CA , USA.

Dictionaries and Concordances

A Working Concordance, A Working English Lexicon, A Working ReverseDictionary (with or without meanings), A Working Reverse Index, AWorking Reverse Glossary. A Working Tolkien Glossary (in volumes), AComprehensive Index of Proper Names and Places, available in printed formand on disk (DOS format) from Paul Nolan Hyde, J

Documents

Vt 43 Sample