VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3 engine

VTI notat 51A-2005Published 2005

www.vti.se/publications

VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3 engineEmission measurements for VTI and COST 346

Anders Hedbom

Ulf Hammarström (Editor)

Preface VTI has on commission of VINNOVA and the Swedish Road Administration (SRA) participated in COST 346: ”Emissions and fuel consumption from heavy duty vehicles”. In this commission VTI has engaged AVL MTC Motortestcenter AB. The research efforts at AVL MTC have been executed by Anders Hedbom. This report, VTI notat 51A-2005, constitutes a documentation of exhaust emission measurements for one engine, VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3. In the COST 346 project AVL MTC has performed exhaust emission measurements on three engines in total.

Project leader at VTI has been Ulf Hammarström. Contact persons: Carl Naumburg at VINNOVA and Håkan Johansson at SRA. Gunilla Sjöberg, VTI, has performed the final revision of this document.

Linköping, December 2005 Ulf Hammarström

VTI notat 51A-2005

VTI notat 51A-2005

Contents Page 1 Engine and measuring arrangements 1 2 Facilities 13 3 Program 17 4 Results 21

VTI notat 51A-2005

VTI notat 51A-2005

1 Engine and measuring arrangements

VTI notat 51A-2005 1

2 VTI notat 51A-2005

VOLVO D12C 420 EURO3 ENGINE

data

VOLVO D12C 420 ENGINE•• 6 INLINE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE6 INLINE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

•• TURBO, AIR/AIR INTERCOOLERTURBO, AIR/AIR INTERCOOLER

•• ELECTRONIC UNIT INJECTORSELECTRONIC UNIT INJECTORS

•• 4 VALVES PER CYLINDER4 VALVES PER CYLINDER

•• SWEPT VOLUME 12.1 LITRESSWEPT VOLUME 12.1 LITRES

•• EURO3 EURO3 —— EMEM--EC99EC99

•• MAX. POWER 420 hp (309 kW) @ 1800 rpmMAX. POWER 420 hp (309 kW) @ 1800 rpm

•• MAX. TORQUE 2000 Nm @ 1050MAX. TORQUE 2000 Nm @ 1050--1450 rpm1450 rpm

•• COMPRESSION RATIO 18.1:1COMPRESSION RATIO 18.1:1

•• MAX. EXHAUST BRAKE 285 kW @ 2300 rpmMAX. EXHAUST BRAKE 285 kW @ 2300 rpm

VOLVO FM12

•• MODEL YEAR 2001MODEL YEAR 2001•• 6 x 2 RIGID6 x 2 RIGID•• NET VEHICLE WEIGHT 11 800 kgNET VEHICLE WEIGHT 11 800 kg•• GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT 29 600 kgGROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT 29 600 kg

Figure 1 Rental truck Type approval according to 99/96/EC.


Figure 2 Right view from brochure Exhaust manifold Turbo – intercooler.



Figure 3 Left view from brochure Inlet manifold Engine ECU.


Figure 4 Engine in reality.



Figure 5 Front view Intercooler and fan from vehicle Fan locked in fixedposition. Corrections made to net power according to 80/1269/EC.


Figure 6 Exhaust manifold Turbo compressor and turbine.



Figure 7 Connection to torque shaft and brake.


Figure 8 Left view Engine ECU Vehicle ECU.



Figure 9 Vehicle ECU.


Figure 10 Network and units needed for communication between engine and vehicle ECU’s.



Figure 11 Engine actuator – pedal potentiometer from vehicle.


Figure 12 Combustion air intake. Temperature and pressure measurement.



Figure 13 Intake manifold. Temperature and pressure measurement.


Figure 14 Exhaust gas pipe. Temperature and pressure measurement.



Figure 15 Exhaust manifold – turbine. Lambda sensor.


Figure 16 Etas lambda meter.



Figure 17 Indimaster equipment.


Figure 18 Crank angle measurement; 720 marks per revolution; 2,880 pulses per cycle.



Figure 19 Connection to engine ECU brooken. All communication via a connected brake-out box instead.


Figure 20 Break-out box.


2 Facilities




FlameIonizationAnalyzer

HORIBA

HC Diluted

FlameIonizationAnalyzer

HORIBA

HC Direct

HORIBA

NO Direct

NO x

/ CO

Dilu

ted

HC

Dilu

ted

HC Direct

HORIBA

NOx / CO Direct

NOx/CO/CO2O2Direct

NOx/CO/CO2Diluted

CVSControl Unit

Dilution Air On LineDilution Air Bag Diluted Sample Bag

Eng

ine

Exha

ust

Upper Floor

Blower Unit

DilutionAir System

AVLTransputer

Unregulated Emissions Sampling

AVLTransputer ELIN

MEXA-9400D

HORIBA

Analyzer

Ionization

Chemiluminescent

Direct

MEXA-9400D

HORIBA

InfraredAnalyzer

Flame IonizationAnalyzer

ChemiluminescentAnalyzer

Diluted

AVL PUMAEngine Test SystemPUMA 5ISAC 200

Muffler

FuelConditioning

MassFlow Fuel

AVL 415

Mass FlowSensyflow

CombustionAir

Torque shaft

Insulated 5” exhaust pipe

Magnetopneumatic-detection

BackpressureValve

Flow Controller

Pump dehumid Pump dehumid

TRANSIENT HEAVY DUTYENGINE TEST BED

Heated sample lineSample lineWire

Line SelectorLine 1

Line 2

Eng

ine

Exha

ust

Eng

ine

Exha

ust

ELPI PSSRS 330

AVL 439

Infrared

FlameAnalyzer

Analyzer

AVL 670 Indimaster

V&F MS

TRANSIENT HEAVY DUTYENGINE TEST BED

Figure 21Fully transient asynchronous brakeDual analysing systemsFull flow tunnel system



3 Program




programMEASUREMENT PROGRAM

MTC PROGRAMMTC PROGRAM

FULLOAD PERFORMANCEFULLOAD PERFORMANCESTEADY STATE CYCLESSTEADY STATE CYCLES

► ECE R49► ESC► ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS + 5► ARTEMIS SS 15 POINTS + 2

TRANSIENT CYCLESTRANSIENT CYCLES► ETC► ELR► TNO-REAL WORLD CYCLE► TUG-REAL WORLD CYCLE

ALL CYCLES REPEATED 3 TIMESPROGRAM PERFORMED WITH 2 DIFFERENT DIESEL FUELS

ARTEMIS PROGRAMARTEMIS PROGRAM


► ECE R49► ESC► ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS► ARTEMIS SS 15 POINTS

TRANSIENT CYCLESTRANSIENT CYCLES► ETC

► ELR► TNO-REAL WORLD CYCLE► TUG-REAL WORLD CYCLE

ARTEMIS PROGRAMARTEMIS PROGRAM


►► ECE R49ECE R49►► ESCESC►► ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTSARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS►► ARTEMIS SS 15 POINTSARTEMIS SS 15 POINTS

MTC PROGRAMMTC PROGRAM


►► ECE R49ECE R49►► ESCESC►► ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS + 10ARTEMIS SS 29 POINTS + 10►► ARTEMIS SS 15 POINTSARTEMIS SS 15 POINTS

►► ETCETC

►► ELRELR►► TNOTNO--REAL WORLD CYCLEREAL WORLD CYCLE►► TUGTUG--REAL WORLD CYCLEREAL WORLD CYCLE

►► ETCETC►► ELRELRELR►► TNOTNO--REAL WORLD CYCLE REAL WORLD CYCLE (12.5 kW/ton)(12.5 kW/ton)

►► TUGTUGTUG---REAL WORLD CYCLEREAL WORLD CYCLEREAL WORLD CYCLE

ALL CYCLES RUN TWICEPROGRAM PERFORMED WITH SWEDISH EC1 DIESEL FUELUNDERLINED CYCLES ALSO RUN AS SINGLE TESTS WITH REFERENCE FUEL

Figure 22


fuelFUEL KEY PARAMETERS

CEC RF-06-99 EC1Cetan Number 52,3 51,3Cetan Index 51,8Density @ 15°C kg/m³ 834,0 816,9Viscosity @ 40°C cSt 2,945 1,959Calorific Value MJ/kg 43,18 43,14CFPP °C -26 < -35Flash Point °C 83 69Aromatics total %vol 22,0 4,6 Monoaromatics %vol 18,1 4,3 Diaromatics %vol 3,9 0,2 Polyaromatics, tri and higher %vol 0,1 < 0,02Sulphur content mg/kg 50 3Distillation IBP °C 185,9 50 % recovered @ °C 270 235,0 90 % recovered @ °C 269,3 95 % recovered @ °C 345 279,7 FBP °C 349 290,9HFRR µm 403 235

RESULTANALYSIS UNIT

Figure 23 Major differencies: Density, Viscosity, Aromatic content, Sulphur content, Destillation curve.



4 Results




FULLOAD PERFORMANCEVOLVO D12C 420 RF AND EC1 FUEL

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100

engine speed, rpm

torq

ue, N

m; N

Ox

rate

, g/h

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

440

480

pow

er, k

W; m

g/st

torque, Nm

NOx rate, g/h

power, kW

mg/st

Based on measurements 2042Q002+2042Q003

RF FUEL EC1 FUEL

Figure 24 Measurements have been performed with two fuel qualities, EC1 and RF fuel, see figure 23 Mg/st: milligram fuel per engine stroke.


FULLOAD PERFORMANCEVOLVO D12C 420 & SCANIA DC12 01 RF FUEL

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500

engine speed, rpm

torq

ue, N

m; N

Ox

rate

, g/h

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

440

480

pow

er, k

W; m

g/st

torque, Nm NOx rate, g/h power, kW mg/stkW

Based on measurements 2042Q002+2042Q003+5728Q008

Figure 25 Comparison of measured results for VOLVO D12C and SCANIA DC 1201 (without dots). Note the fuel cut-off region for the SCANIA. SCANIA DC 12 01 was the first engine in the Swedish COST 346 measuring campaign.



FULLOAD PERFORMANCEVOLVO D12C 420 RF FUEL

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100

engine speed, rpm

torq

ue, N

m

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

440

pow

er, k

W

Based on measurements 2042Q002

nlo = 50% * Pmax

910 rpm

nhi = 70% * Pmax

1945 rpm

VOLVO HOMOLOGATION: nlo = 950 rpm nhi = 1950 rpm

A = 1200 rpmB = 1450 rpmC = 1700 rpm

A B C

CONTROL AREAESC

Figure 26 Emission control area for the Volvo engine.


FULLOAD PERFORMANCEVOLVO D12C 420 RF FUEL

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100

engine speed, rpm

torq

ue, N

m

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

440

pow

er, k

W

Based on measurements 2042Q002+2042R004

nlo = 50% * Pmax

910 rpm

nhi = 70% * Pmax

1945 rpm

VOLVO HOMOLOGATION: nlo = 950 rpm nhi = 1950 rpm

A = 1200 rpmB = 1450 rpmC = 1700 rpm

A B C

ETC POINT DISTRIBUTION

Figure 27 ETC point distribution in relation to ESC area (A–B–C). Majority of points in ETC around 1,400 rpm.



FULLOAD PERFORMANCETUG FUEL

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500

engine speed, rpm

torq

ue, N

m

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

440

pow

er, k

W

Based on measurements 5728Q008+5728R039

nlo = 50% * Pmax

909 rpm

SCANIA HOMOLOGATION: nlo = 900 rpm

nhi = 2300 rpm A = 1250 rpmB = 1600 rpmC = 1950 rpm

A B C

nhi = 70% * Pmax

2275 rpm

nref = 2230 rpm

ETC POINT DISTRIBUTION

Figure 28 ETC point distribution in relation to the ESC area (A–B–C) for SCANIA DC 1201 engine running on TUG/RF fuel. Majority of points in ETC around 1,550 rpm for the SCANIA engine.


STEADY STATE CYCLE MEASUREMENT POINTSVOLVO D12C 420

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

norm. engine speed, %

pow

er, k

W

fulload performance, VOLVO D12C 420, kW ARTEMIS 29 POINTS ESC CYCLE ECE R49 EXTRA MOTORING AND HIGH IDLE

Based on measurements 2042Q001

Figure 29 Extra motoring and high idle points. With a full load curve consisting of 23 emission measurements there are alltogether 103 points included in the map calculation. Some of the points though overlaping.



500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

0100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

12001200

1200

823

931

1180

1202

120912121161

12541297

12491235

113610561024956

863

772712

683640

580

539

452

000

146195 237 254 251

292

248 246

374

548

309

342

646

352

616

609 747

648676

831

814

9291047

982

1226

1297

68

210

387

622

820

956

81

1204

885

604

288

200

7967

01

10

216196162103

6270

151 236 237

322 316

603

619

511543

792

767

10131185

1158

83

1036

526

814

489

762

312

1222

317

1122

299

792

534

VOLVO D12C420NOx g/h EC1 fuel

Date 2003-05-31Time 18:05:20Anders Hedbom

Series in PC-TRR files Net versi2002 juli-dec 2042Q003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042A002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042M002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042X003.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042B002.AAD 2002 juli-dec 2042S004.AAD

Map calculations based on Artemis SS29 (A-file), Artemis SS15 (B-file), full load (Q-file), ECE R49 (M-file) and ESC (S-file) measurements together with 10 extra points (X-file).

Test id 2042A002.AADTest date 17-DEC-02Test time 19:13:47Operator: K-E.Å/U.S

Figure 30


G_N

OX

[g/h

]

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

SPEED [RPM]600

8001000

12001400

16001800

2000

TORQUE [Nm] 0300600900120015001800

VOLVO D12C420NOx g/h EC1 fuel




Figure 31 (Tendency of a ditch between 1,200–1,700 rpm.)



500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

0 00.50.5

11

1.5 2 2.53 3.5 4

4

4

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

5

5

5.5

5.5

5.5

6

6

6.5

6.5

6.5

7

7

7.5

7.5

8 8.59

9.5

9.5

10

1010

10.5

10.5

10.510.5

11

11

11

11

11.5

11.5

11.5

12

12

12

12.5

12.5

12.5

13

13

13

13.5 13.513.5

14 14

14

14.5 14.514.5

1515

1515.5

15.5 16

16

16.5

16.517

17

17.51818.51919.5

2020.52121.52222.52323

.524

5,3

4,9

4,6

4,4

4,24,34,1

4,54,7

4,64,7

4,64,44,54,5

4,7

5,15,1

5,55,7

5,9

6,3

6,9

-0,0-0,0-0,0

14,89,3 10,4 9,3 9,2

11,8

9,2 8,4

7,7

10,0

4,3

4,4

7,8

4,1

6,6

5,5 5,5

4,24,0

4,6

3,9

4,3

4,3

3,9

4,7

4,7

542,5

10,5

7,6

5,9

5,1

4,5

445,0

4,3

4,2

4,2

4,1

7,5

382,2-33,4

-0,0-0,0

-0,0-0,0

-943,11519,6592,477,5

-11,0-146,9

11,7 10,2 8,6

4,6 4,5

6,7

5,6

3,93,9

3,9

3,6

4,34,4

4,1

4,4

3,9

4,0

4,1

4,3

5,4

4,5

4,6

4,0

4,2

3,7

3,8

VOLVO D12C420NOx g/kWh EC1 fuel





Figure 32


SP_

NO

X [g

/kW

h]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

SPEED [RPM]

600800

100012001400160018002000

TORQUE [Nm]

0300

600900

12001500

1800

VOLVO D12C420NOx g/kWh EC1 fuel




Figure 33



500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

50

100

100150

150150

200

200

250300350

400

450

450

500

500

500

55055060

0

99

96

119

139

156149

148139

136

150180

280318443611

526

464524

446376

355

289

229

322

2338 51 63 72

24

80 94

37

32

113

63

83

78

66

456 211

7877

570

103

263129

134

202

127

9

39

42

77

186

606

9

155

95

88

119

106

910

22

23

106795126

119

23 51 72

101 114

67

424

7075

138

140

381162

166

10

435

73

128

69

217

49

163

72

142

108

122

97

VOLVO D12C420CO g/h EC1 fuel





Figure 34


G_C

O [g

/h]

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

SPEED [RPM]600

8001000

12001400

16001800

2000

TORQUE [Nm] 0300600900120015001800

VOLVO D12C420CO g/h EC1 fuel




Figure 35



500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

00 0

0.5

0.5

0.5 0.5

0.5

1

1

1.5

1.5

2

2

2.5

2.5

3

3

3.53.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

4 4 44

4

4

4.5 4.5

4.5

4.55 5 55

5.5 5.55.5 5.5

6

6

6

6

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

7

77

77.5

7.5 7.5 7.5

88 8

8.58.5 8.59

999.5 9.51010

.5 1111.5

0,64

0,50

0,46

0,51

0,550,520,530,49

0,49

0,550,69

1,131,341,942,85

2,88

3,063,77

3,603,37

3,62

3,39

3,48

-0,06-0,08-0,11

2,331,83 2,25 2,31 2,64

0,99

2,94 3,20

0,76

0,58

1,58

0,81

1,00

0,91

0,71

4,12 1,55

0,500,46

3,17

0,49

1,230,52

0,53

0,78

0,46

71,45

1,96

0,82

0,73

1,16

2,85

51,12

0,55

0,45

0,62

1,68

3,98

44,72-4,85

-0,13-0,08

-0,06-0,05

-464,49608,85186,5019,48

-1,88-18,34

1,77 2,21 2,60

1,44 1,61

0,74

3,80

0,540,54

0,67

0,66

1,630,60

0,59

1,84

0,54

0,63

0,57

1,22

0,84

0,60

1,05

0,51

1,52

0,58

0,69

VOLVO D12C420CO g/kWh EC1 fuel





Figure 36 (Maximum about 4 g/kWh at full load and low speed (SCANIA max 14).)


SP

_CO

[g/k

Wh]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

SPEED [RPM]

600800100012001400160018002000

TORQUE [Nm]

0300

600900

12001500

1800

VOLVO D12C420CO g/kWh EC1 fuel




Figure 37



500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

44

8 8

8

12 12 12

12

12

12

1620

20

24

24

24

28

28

32

32

3640

40

444852

565660

60,2

63,7

61,9

58,6

55,047,044,243,1

38,3

30,724,2

19,215,712,511,4

10,9

10,88,6

11,312,2

13,1

13,0

13,0

10,68,26,3

13,319,9 27,1 35,4 41,2

17,6

45,2 54,2

25,0

21,6

55,2

37,5

22,0

43,7

24,3

16,8 19,1

31,240,1

15,9

46,8

19,730,9

42,1

27,4

39,2

10,4

23,0

27,2

25,1

17,8

14,4

10,1

56,6

48,8

49,7

49,0

54,1

10,19,7

7,08,6

10,613,3

48,341,430,924,9

13,110,0

16,7 30,6 41,0

56,6 60,3

24,4

14,5

30,339,6

33,6

44,9

14,627,3

50,3

9,5

20,4

29,6

31,9

20,8

19,0

22,6

31,0

32,1

43,0

42,4

46,3

41,2

VOLVO D12C420HC g/h EC1 fuel





Figure 38


G_H

C [g

/h]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

SPEED [RPM]600

8001000

12001400

16001800

2000

TORQUE [Nm] 0300600900120015001800

VOLVO D12C420HC g/h EC1 fuel




Figure 39



500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

0.1

0.1

0.2 0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.50.6

0.70.80.9

11.1

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,2

0,20,2

0,20,2

0,1

0,10,1

0,10,10,10,1

0,1

0,10,1

0,10,1

0,1

0,2

0,2

-0,2-0,3-0,4

1,30,9 1,2 1,3 1,5

0,7

1,7 1,8

0,5

0,4

0,8

0,5

0,3

0,5

0,3

0,2 0,1

0,20,2

0,1

0,2

0,1

0,1

0,2

0,1

0,1

83,0

1,1

0,5

0,2

0,1

0,1

55,4

0,2

0,2

0,3

0,7

2,0

48,7-4,8

-0,4-0,3

-0,2-0,2

-211,1320,5112,818,7

-2,3-20,8

1,3 1,3 1,5

0,8 0,8

0,3

0,1

0,20,3

0,2

0,2

0,10,1

0,2

0,1

0,2

0,2

0,2

0,1

0,4

0,1

0,5

0,2

0,6

0,2

0,3

VOLVO D12C420HC g/kWh EC1 fuel





Figure 40


SP_H

C [

g/kW

h]

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

SPEED [RPM]

600800100012001400160018002000TORQUE [Nm]

0400

8001200

1600

VOLVO D12C420HC g/kWh EC1 fuel




Figure 41



500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

00.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.951

0,601

0,712

0,931

0,984

1,0281,0151,012

0,9870,962

0,9430,896

0,8520,8280,7880,730

0,624

0,5190,485

0,4280,386

0,342

0,300

0,234

0,0000,0030,001

0,0570,091 0,122 0,142 0,150

0,101

0,161 0,186

0,173

0,192

0,324

0,298

0,285

0,342

0,319

0,387 0,465

0,5520,604

0,618

0,769

0,7520,856

0,916

0,886

0,957

0,018

0,105

0,200

0,367

0,544

0,725

0,022

1,013

0,773

0,548

0,330

0,197

0,0220,016

-0,002-0,002

0,0000,002

0,1640,1100,0700,044

0,0180,018

0,058 0,121 0,155

0,311 0,328

0,314

0,387

0,4690,511

0,731

0,779

0,8190,940

1,014

0,022

0,834

0,496

0,729

0,433

0,630

0,223

0,943

0,277

1,006

0,312

0,789

0,542

VOLVO D12C420FUEL g/min EC1 fuel





Figure 42


G_F

UEL

[kg/

min

]

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

SPEED [RPM]600

8001000

12001400

16001800

2000

TORQUE [Nm] 0300

600900120015001800

VOLVO D12C420FUEL g/min EC1 fuel




Figure 43



500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED[RPM]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

150155160165170175180185190195200205

205

205

205

210

210

210

210

215

215

220

220

225

225

230

230

235

235

240

240

245

245

245

250

250

250

255

255

255

260

260

265

265

270

270

275

275

280

280

285285

290290

295

295 300300

231

224

217

217

216215216210

207

206205

206209207205

205

206209

207208

210

211

213

-0-6-3

343260 322 314 330

246

357 380

213

211

272

229

206

239

206

210 204

213216

206

220

211209

219

205

206

8723

314

236

207

203

205

7348

217

219

230

280

444

6372-476

94

-0-1

-4298850926153391972

-195-2200

270 313 335

265 277

208

208

217220

213

222

210208

217

211

219

214

215

213

229

207

242

215

264

223

231

VOLVO D12C420FUEL g/kWh EC1 fuel





Figure 44


SP_F

UEL

[g/k

Wh]

160180200220240260280300320340360

SPEED [RPM]

600800100012001400160018002000

TORQUE [Nm]

0300

600900

12001500

1800

VOLVO D12C420FUEL g/kWh EC1 fuel




Figure 45



600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED [RPM]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

0

00

24

6

8

8

8

10

10

12

12

14

14

14

1618

18

18,6

14,9

13,9

13,1

14,713,312,910,1

7,88,2

8,29,610,812,212,1

10,7

10,511

9,17,4

76

4,5

0,90,40,7

11,6 2,1 3 3,8

1

5,8 8,5

2

1,6

21,6

6,2

2,9

10,4

5,5

8,1 7,8

8,49,1

11,3

13,9

11,49,5

14,9

8,4

7,6

0,1

1,4

2,7

6,9

7,7

11,6

-0,5

14,5

13,4

18,1

26,2

17,1

-0,5 0,5

-0,1 -0,4 0,30,2

11,93,40,50,1

-0,5-0,1

0,4 1,7 2,7

17,7 23,4

5,1

7,5

9,112,1

13,4

22,2

13,59,6

16

0,6

15,1

9,3

12

8,9

12,2

2,4

8,8

5,6

13,7

14,5

14,9

18,9

Series in PC-TRR files Net vers2002 juli-decþ2042Q003.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042A002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042M002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042X003.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042B002.AAD2002 juli-decþ2042S004.AAD

VOLVO D12C420PM g/h EC1 fuel




PM measured by TEOM instrument.

Figure 46


G_T

EOM

[g/h

]

-8

0

8

16

24

32

40

48

56

64

72

SPEED [RPM]600

8001000

12001400

16001800

2000

TORQUE [Nm] 0300600900120015001800

VOLVO D12C420PM g/h EC1 fuel





Figure 47



500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED [RPM]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

0 0 0 0

0,05

0,05

0,05

0,05

0,05

0,05

0,10,1

0,1

0,1

0,150,20,250,30,35

0,35 0,40,4

0,450,50,550,60,65

0,7 0,750,8

0,85

0,12

0,08

0,05

0,05

0,050,050,050,04

0,030,03

0,030,040,050,050,06

0,06

0,070,08

0,070,07

0,070,07

0,07

-0,02-0,01-0,04

0,10,07 0,09 0,11 0,14

0,04

0,21 0,29

0,04

0,03

0,3

0,08

0,04

0,12

0,06

0,07 0,06

0,050,05

0,06

0,07

0,050,04

0,06

0,03

0,03

-0,42

0,07

0,05

0,06

0,05

0,05

3,67

0,05

0,06

0,13

0,37

0,64

4,92-0,26

0,01 0,02 -0,01-0

0,790,390,110,03

0,090,07

0,03 0,08 0,1

0,25 0,33

0,06

0,07

0,070,09

0,07

0,11

0,060,04

0,06

-1,87

0,06

0,07

0,06

0,07

0,07

0,04

0,03

0,08

0,05

0,21

0,07

0,13


VOLVO D12C420PM g/kWh EC1 fuel





Figure 48


SP_

TEO

M [g

/kW

h]

-0,10,00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9

SPEED [RPM]

600800

1000120014001600

18002000

TORQUE [Nm]

0300

600900

1200

15001800

VOLVO D12C420PM g/kWh EC1 fuel





Figure 49



600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100SPEED [rpm]

TOR

QU

E [N

m]

-300

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,544,5

55,566,577,5

8 88,5 8,599,51010,5

1111,51212,513

2,4

2,2

1,93

1,86

1,81,791,76

1,741,67

1,61,54

1,461,431,381,31

1,31

1,331,31

1,331,34

1,341,36

1,36

16,4216,4216,42

5,564,57 4,16 4,1 4,15

3,48

4,22 4,23

2,78

2,1

2,98

2,4

1,58

2,62

1,78

1,32 1,46

1,822

1,3

2,04

1,481,69

1,86

1,53

1,69

11,28

4,4

2,61

1,72

1,45

1,31

10,37

1,81

2,03

2,37

3,16

4,43

9,98 12,44

16,42 16,4316,42

16,42

4,995,876,938,4

13,3710,43

5,46 4,16 4,14

2,94 3,04

1,77

1,33

1,912,12

1,75

1,95

1,421,59

1,78

9,9

1,39

2,04

1,75

1,81

1,56

2,73

1,58

2,8

1,77

3,08

1,96

2,28


VOLVO D12C420LAMBDA EC1 fuel




LAMBDA measured by ETAS instrument.

Figure 50


LAM

BDA

[-]

0123456789

10

SPEED [rpm]

600800

10001200

14001600

18002000

TORQUE [Nm]

0300

600900

1200

1500

1800

VOLVO D12C420LAMBDA EC1 fuel




LAMBDA measured by ETAS instrument.

Figure 51



600 900 1200 1500 1800SPEED[ rpm]

TOR

QU

E [ N

m]

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2042FL01.AA2042R005.AA

VOLVO D12C 420SPEED AND TORQUE POINTS

ETC CYCLE

Figure 52 (2042: engine number; FL: Full Load; R:ETC test.)


TNO HD test cycle12.5 kW/ton

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Time [s]

Vehi

cle

spee

d [k

m/h

]

BAG 1 BAG 2 BAG 3

Figure 53



600 900 1200 1500 1800SPEED[ rpm]

TOR

QU

E [

Nm

]

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2042FL01.AA2042C003.AA


TNO CYCLE PART 1

Figure 54


600 900 1200 1500 1800SPEED[ rpm]

TOR

QU

E [ N

m]

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2042FL01.AA2042D003.AA


TNO CYCLE PART 2

Figure 55



600 900 1200 1500 1800SPEED[ rpm]

TO

RQ

UE

[ N

m]

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2042FL01.AA2042E002.AA


TNO CYCLE PART 3

Figure 56


VOLVO D12C 420 ETC AND TNO CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

RFR004

EC1R003+R005

RFTNO (C+D+E)

EC1TNO (C+D+E)

EC1 AVERAGE OF TWO RUNS

HC

AN

PM

, g/k

Wh

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

CO

AN

D N

Ox

g/k

Wh

HC PM TEOM CO NOx

HC-limitEURO3 / ETC

ETC RESULTS TNO CYCLE RESULTS

Figure 57




0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

RFR004

EC1R003+R005

RFTNO (C+D+E)

EC1TNO (C+D+E)


HC

AN

D P

M, g

/kW

h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

CO

AN

D N

Ox

g/k

Wh

HC PM TEOM CO NOx


PM-limitEURO3 / ETC

Figure 58



0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

RFR004

EC1R003+R005

RFTNO (C+D+E)

EC1TNO (C+D+E)


HC

AN

D P

M, g

/kW

h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

CO

AN

D N

O g

/kW

h

HC PM TEOM CO NOx


CO-limitEURO3 / ETC

Figure 59 Comparison between RF and EC1 fuels for transient conditions. For ETC and EC1, double tests.




0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

RFR004

EC1R003+R005

RFTNO (C+D+E)

EC1TNO (C+D+E)


HC

AN

D P

M, g

/kW

h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

CO

AN

D N

Ox,

g/k

Wh

HC PM TEOM CO NOx


NOx-limitEURO3 / ETC

PM-limitEURO3 / ETC

Figure 60



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

RFR004

EC1R003+R005

RFTNO (C+D+E)

EC1TNO (C+D+E)


AVG

. PO

WER

, kW

; FC

, g/k

Wh

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

CO

2, g

/kW

h

avg. power meas.fuel calc.fuel CO2


Figure 61



VOLVO D12C 420 ETC CYCLE CHANGE FROM RF TO EC1 DIESEL FUEL

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

delta %EC1/RF


EMIS

SIO

N IN

CR

EASE

HC PM TEOM CO NOx

COMPARISON BASED ON EMISSIONS IN g/kWh

Figure 62


VOLVO D12C 420 ETC CYCLE CHANGE FROM RF TO EC1 DIESEL FUEL

-10%

-8%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

delta %EC1/RF


INC

REA

SE

avg. power meas.fuel calc.fuel CO2

COMPARISON BASED ON EMISSIONS AND FC IN g/kWh

Figure 63



VOLVO D12C 420 ESC AND ECE R49 CYCLES RF AND EC1 DIESEL FUEL

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

RFS002

EC1S001+S004

RF EC1M001+M002


HC

AN

D P

M, g

/kW

h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

CO

AN

D N

Ox,

g/k

Wh

HC PM TEOM CO NOx

ESC RESULTS R49 CYCLE RESULTS

HC-limitEURO3 / ESC

Figure 64 (S: ESC test; M: R49 test. Double test for EC1 fuel and single test for RF fuel.)



0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

RFS002

EC1S001+S004

RF EC1M001+M002


HC

AN

D P

M, g

/kW

h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

CO

AN

D N

Ox,

g/k

Wh

HC PM TEOM CO NOx


PM-limitEURO3 / ESC

Figure 65




0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

RFS002

EC1S001+S004

RF EC1M001+M002


HC

AN

D P

M, g

/kW

h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

CO

AN

D N

Ox,

g/k

Wh

HC PM TEOM CO NOx


CO-limitEURO3 / ESC

Figure 66



0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

RFS002

EC1S001+S004

RF EC1M001+M002


HC

AN

D P

M, g

/kW

h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

CO

AN

D N

Ox,

g/k

Wh

HC PM TEOM CO NOx

ESC RESULTS R49 CYCLE RESULTSNOx-limitEURO3 / ESC

PM-limitEURO3 / ESC

Figure 67




0

50

100

150

200

250

300

RFS002

EC1S001+S004

RF EC1M001+M002


WEI

GH

TED

PO

WER

, kW

; FC

, g/k

Wh

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

CO

2, g

/kW

h

weighted power meas.fuel calc.fuel CO2


Figure 68 (Calculated fuel based on carbon balance measurements.)


ENGINE SPEED CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001

y = 1,00x - 1,17R2 = 1,00

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

1900

500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

SPEED B001 rpm

SPEE

D B

002

rpm

ENGINE TORQUE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001

y = 0,99x + 9,69R2 = 1,00

-100

400

900

1400

1900

2400

-100 400 900 1400 1900 2400

TORQUE B001 Nm

TOR

QU

E B

002

Nm

NOx RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001

y = 0,97x + 0,54R2 = 1,00

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

NOx B001 g/h

NO

x B

002

g/h

PM RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001

y = 1,03x - 0,36R2 = 0,99

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

PM B001 g/h

PM B

002

g/h

TEOM RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002 vs B001

y = 1,01x - 0,26R2 = 0,97

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

TEOM B001 g/h

TEO

M B

002

g/h

TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B001

y = 1,09x - 1,51R2 = 0,98

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

PM B001 g/h

TEO

M B

001

g/h

TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B001+B002

y = 1,08x - 1,47R2 = 0,98

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

PM B001+B002 g/h

TEO

M B

001+

B00

2 g/

h

TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATIONARTEMIS 15 STEP B002

y = 1,08x - 1,43R2 = 0,97

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

PM B002 g/h

TEO

M B

002

g/h

TEOM vs TEOM vs GRAVIMETRIC PM GRAVIMETRIC PM MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT

STEADY STATE TESTSTEADY STATE TEST

Figure 69 (B001 and B002 are repeated ARTEMIS 15 mode test series. The first two rows of diagrams describes the stability when the same test procedure is repeated, first B001 and then B002. The third row of diagrams compare two measurement methods for PM, TEOM and gravimetric.)



TEOM vs PM RATE CORRELATIONALL TRANSIENT TESTS

y = 1,05x + 0,01R2 = 0,99

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25

PM g/kWh

TEO

M g

/kW

h

Figure 70 Comparement of two measurement methods, TEOM and gravimetric, under transient conditions.


300 325 350 375 400T IME[sec.]

TO

RQ

UE

[Nm

]

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

SPE

ED [

RP

M]

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

LAM

BD

A [ -

]

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

20

0

20

40

60

80

00

20

CO

^ [ p

pm]

-80

0

80

160

240

320

400

480

TORQUESPEEDLAMBDAALPHACO^

VOLVO D12C 420LAMBDA MEASUREMENT ETC CYCLE

Figure 71 (ALPHA: % throttle opening.)



0 300 600 900 1200 1500T IME[sec.]

TO

RQ

UE

[N

m]

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

SP

EED

[R

PM

]

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

LAM

BDA

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

20

0

20

40

60

80

00

20

NO

X [

ppm

]

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

TORQUESPEEDLAMBDAALPHANO X

VOLVO D12C 420NOx MEASUREMENT ESC CYCLE

Figure 72


'INJECTION TIMING'FULL-LOAD PERFORMANCEVOLVO D12C 420 2042Q003

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500seconds

rpm

, Nm

, ppm

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

'inj.

timin

g' °

TORQUE Nm SPEED rpm NOX ppm approx. timing

Injection timing monitored as pump injector voltage

Figure 73



'INJECTION TIMING' ESC TEST

VOLVO D12C 420 2042S001

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

seconds

rpm

, Nm

, ppm

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

'inj.

timin

g' °

TORQUE Nm SPEED RPM NOX approx. timing


Figure 74


'INJECTION TIMING' ETC TEST

VOLVO D12C 420 2042S001

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

seconds

rpm

, Nm

, ppm

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

'inj.

timin

g' °

TORQUE Nm SPEED RPM NOX approx. timing


Figure 75


[email protected]

VTI är ett oberoende och internationellt framstående forskningsinstitut som arbetar med

forskning och utveckling inom transportsektorn. Vi arbetar med samtliga trafikslag och

kärnkompetensen finns inom områdena säkerhet, ekonomi, miljö, trafik- och transportanalys,

beteende och samspel mellan människa-fordon-transportsystem samt inom vägkonstruktion,

drift och underhåll. VTI är världsledande inom ett flertal områden, till exempel simulatorteknik.

VTI har tjänster som sträcker sig från förstudier, oberoende kvalificerade utredningar och

expertutlåtanden till projektledning samt forskning och utveckling. Vår tekniska utrustning består

bland annat av körsimulatorer för väg- och järnvägstrafik, väglaboratorium, däckprovnings-

anläggning, krockbanor och mycket mer. Vi kan även erbjuda ett brett utbud av kurser och

seminarier inom transportområdet.

VTI is an independent, internationally outstanding research institute which is engaged on

research and development in the transport sector. Our work covers all modes, and our core

competence is in the fields of safety, economy, environment, traffic and transport analysis,

behaviour and the man-vehicle-transport system interaction, and in road design, operation

and maintenance. VTI is a world leader in several areas, for instance in simulator technology.

VTI provides services ranging from preliminary studies, highlevel independent investigations

and expert statements to project management, research and development. Our technical

equipment includes driving simulators for road and rail traffic, a road laboratory, a tyre testing

facility, crash tracks and a lot more. We can also offer a broad selection of courses and seminars

in the field of transport.

HUVUDKONTOR/HEAD OFFICE

LINKÖPING BORLÄNGE STOCKHOLM GÖTEBORGPOST/MAIL SE-581 95 LINKÖPING POST/MAIL BOX 760 POST/MAIL BOX 6056 POST/MAIL BOX 8077TEL +46(0)13 20 40 00 SE-781 27 BORLÄNGE SE-171 06 SOLNA SE-402 78 GÖTEBORGwww.vti.se TEL +46 (0)243 446 860 TEL +46 (0)8 555 77 020 TEL +46 (0)31 750 26 00

Documents

VOLVO D12C 420 Euro 3 engine