Volunteering in Shanghai Songxing Su Shanghai Population & Development Research Center Tit-wing Lo Chau-kiu Cheung City University of Hong Kong 1

Volunteering in ShanghaiVolunteering in Shanghai

Songxing SuSongxing SuShanghai Population & Development Research CenterShanghai Population & Development Research Center

Tit-wing LoTit-wing LoChau-kiu CheungChau-kiu Cheung

City University of Hong KongCity University of Hong Kong

11

Volunteering commitment and Volunteering commitment and performanceperformance

Incompetent (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)Incompetent (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)Ideological (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)Ideological (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)

Short-lived (Cress and McPherson Short-lived (Cress and McPherson 1997)1997)

Competing commitment (Cress and Competing commitment (Cress and McPherson 1997)McPherson 1997)

Resource-dependence (Okun 1994; Resource-dependence (Okun 1994; Wheeler et al. 1998)Wheeler et al. 1998)Dependence on experience, learning Dependence on experience, learning

(Edwards et al. 2001)(Edwards et al. 2001)22

Analytic frameworkAnalytic framework

33

Volunteering competence

Volunteering performance

Volunteering endurance.Commitment,

Qualified commitment

Volunteering experience:

Empowerment,Social capitalBackgrounds

Commitment ×

Performance

Theories applied beforeTheories applied before ResourceResource (Hodghinson (Hodghinson

2003; Jones 2006; Tang 2003; Jones 2006; Tang 2006; Wilson and Musick 2006; Wilson and Musick 1999a)1999a) Human, social, cultural Human, social, cultural

capital (Oesterle et al. 2004; capital (Oesterle et al. 2004; Wilson and Musick 1997)Wilson and Musick 1997)

EmpowermentEmpowerment ConsistencyConsistency: Value, belief, : Value, belief,

motivation (Thoits and motivation (Thoits and Hewitt 2001; Wilson 2000)Hewitt 2001; Wilson 2000) Motive, functional (Clary et Motive, functional (Clary et

al. 1998)al. 1998) Dominant statusDominant status, ,

functionalist (Cnaan and functionalist (Cnaan and Cascio 1999; Oesterle et al. Cascio 1999; Oesterle et al. 2004; Reed and Selbee 2004; Reed and Selbee 2000)2000) Socioeconomic statusSocioeconomic status

ExchangeExchange (Midlarsky and (Midlarsky and Kahana 1994; Wilson and Kahana 1994; Wilson and Musick 1999a; Wilson Musick 1999a; Wilson 2000)2000) RecognitionRecognition

PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic (Midlarsky (Midlarsky and Kahana 1994)and Kahana 1994) Low self-esteemLow self-esteem

Sequential specificity Sequential specificity (Smith 1980)(Smith 1980) Volunteering history Volunteering history

moderating effectsmoderating effects

44

Theories specifically applied Theories specifically applied herehere

Fitness/affinity (Chiricos et al. 1997; Fitness/affinity (Chiricos et al. 1997; Dawkins 2006)Dawkins 2006) Role × EmpowermentRole × Empowerment Conservatism × HabitConservatism × Habit

Need fulfillment, diminishing marginal Need fulfillment, diminishing marginal return (Liu 2000; Ozcan et al. 1997)return (Liu 2000; Ozcan et al. 1997) Motive/need × EmpowermentMotive/need × Empowerment

Completion, saturationCompletion, saturation Performance × DurationPerformance × Duration

Social learning, reward and frustrationSocial learning, reward and frustration Work with trauma × IncompetenceWork with trauma × Incompetence

55

Number of volunteersNumber of volunteers

66

Volunteering for different causes Volunteering for different causes (%)(%)

77

Age (years) and female (%)Age (years) and female (%)

88

Employment status Employment status (%)(%)

99

Profession (%)Profession (%)

1010

Monthly income Monthly income (( ￥￥ ))

1111

Household member (number)Household member (number)

1212

Acquiescence and large scoring Acquiescence and large scoring tendencies (0-100)tendencies (0-100)

1313

Volunteering motives (0-100)Volunteering motives (0-100)

1414

Self-concepts (0-100)Self-concepts (0-100)

1515

Volunteering experiences (0-Volunteering experiences (0-100)100)

1616

Empowerment experience in Empowerment experience in volunteering (0-100)volunteering (0-100)

1717

Social capital (0-100)Social capital (0-100)

1818

Volunteering commitment (0-Volunteering commitment (0-100)100)

1919

Volunteering time (years)Volunteering time (years)

2020

Predicting volunteering Predicting volunteering enduranceendurance

Regression analysis based on Cox’s Regression analysis based on Cox’s proportional hazard model for proportional hazard model for censored datacensored dataBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 2: Volunteering experiences and Block 2: Volunteering experiences and

self-conceptsself-conceptsBlock 3: InteractionsBlock 3: Interactions

2121

Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on volunteering characteristics on volunteering

enduranceendurance

2222

Resource / Constraint

Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on volunteering experiences on volunteering

enduranceendurance

2323


Consistency

Standardized effects of empowerment Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on volunteering and social capital on volunteering

enduranceendurance

2424


Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteer performance and competence on volunteer performance and competence on

volunteering endurancevolunteering endurance

2525

Need fulfillment

Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteer commitment before on volunteering volunteer commitment before on volunteering

enduranceendurance

2626

Affinity

Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving empowerment on volunteering enduranceempowerment on volunteering endurance

2727

Need fulfillment: No need

Affinity contradiction

Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering location on volunteering endurancevolunteering location on volunteering endurance

2828

Incompetence

Affinity

Completion

Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering duration on volunteering endurancevolunteering duration on volunteering endurance

2929

Sequential specificity

Predicting volunteering Predicting volunteering commitmentcommitment

Regression analysisRegression analysisBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 2: Volunteering experiences and Block 2: Volunteering experiences and


3030


commitmentcommitment

3131

Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on volunteering experiences on volunteering


3232


Standardized effects of empowerment Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on volunteering and social capital on volunteering


3333


Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering experience on volunteering volunteering experience on volunteering


3434

Need fulfillment

Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering location on volunteering commitmentvolunteering location on volunteering commitment

3535

Affinity

Affinity

Predicting volunteering Predicting volunteering performanceperformance



3636


performanceperformance

3737


Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experience on volunteering experience on volunteering

performanceperformance

3838


Consistency

Standardized effects of interactions on Standardized effects of interactions on volunteering performancevolunteering performance

3939

Need fulfillment

Affinity: recognition, reward amplification

Predicting qualified volunteering Predicting qualified volunteering commitmentcommitment



4040

Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on qualified volunteering characteristics on qualified volunteering


4141


Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on qualified volunteering experiences on qualified volunteering


4242


Standardized effects of empowerment and Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on qualified volunteering social capital on qualified volunteering


4343


Standardized effects of interactions on Standardized effects of interactions on qualified volunteering commitmentqualified volunteering commitment

4444

Need fulfillment

Affinity

Predicting volunteering Predicting volunteering competencecompetence



4545

Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on volunteering competencecharacteristics on volunteering competence

4646


Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on volunteering competenceexperiences on volunteering competence

4747

Learning from frustration

Standardized effects of empowerment and Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on volunteering competencesocial capital on volunteering competence

4848


Standardized effects of interactions on Standardized effects of interactions on volunteering competencevolunteering competence

4949

Need fulfillment

Affinity

Olympic vs. local Olympic vs. local volunteeringvolunteering

Volunteering endurance, Volunteering endurance, volunteering performancevolunteering performance

National significance, normNational significance, normRewarding, exchangeRewarding, exchangeSupport, empowerment, resourcesSupport, empowerment, resources

5050

Factors related to Factors related to volunteeringvolunteering

Resources, capital, empowerment, Resources, capital, empowerment, dominant statusdominant statusNot psychoanalyticNot psychoanalytic

ConsistencyConsistencyNeed fulfillmentNeed fulfillmentAffinityAffinitySequential specificitySequential specificity IncompletionIncompletion

5151

ResourcesResources Volunteering competenceVolunteering competence

Volunteering commitmentVolunteering commitment Empowerment for upgradingEmpowerment for upgrading

Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance Social capital from other volunteersSocial capital from other volunteers

Volunteering commitment, qualified commitmentVolunteering commitment, qualified commitment Non-studentNon-student

Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance Self-esteemSelf-esteem

Volunteering commitmentVolunteering commitment CadreCadre Volunteering commitment, qualified commitment, Volunteering commitment, qualified commitment,

competencecompetence TeacherTeacher Volunteering competenceVolunteering competence

5252

ConsistencyConsistency

Volunteering duration this timeVolunteering duration this time Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance

Volunteering commitment beforeVolunteering commitment before Volunteering performanceVolunteering performance

5353

Need fulfillmentNeed fulfillment

Volunteering performance × Protection Volunteering performance × Protection motivemotive Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance

Empowerment for managing × Non-Empowerment for managing × Non-managermanager Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance

Empowerment for managing × Social Empowerment for managing × Social motivemotive Qualified volunteering commitmentQualified volunteering commitment

Empowerment for decision making × Empowerment for decision making × Protection motiveProtection motive Volunteering competenceVolunteering competence

5454

Affinity/fitnessAffinity/fitness

Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance Volunteering commitment beforeVolunteering commitment before

× Teacher× Teacher × Volunteering variety× Volunteering variety

Local volunteering × Low incomeLocal volunteering × Low income Volunteering commitment before × Volunteering varietyVolunteering commitment before × Volunteering variety

Qualified volunteering commitmentQualified volunteering commitment Volunteering commitment before × low self-Volunteering commitment before × low self-

determinationdetermination Volunteering performanceVolunteering performance

Volunteering competence × Social capital from other Volunteering competence × Social capital from other volunteersvolunteers

Volunteering competenceVolunteering competence Empowering for management × ManagerEmpowering for management × Manager

5555

Sequential specificitySequential specificity

Volunteering history × Understanding Volunteering history × Understanding motivemotive low Volunteering endurancelow Volunteering endurance

5656

ReferencesReferences Ascoli, Ugo, and Ram A. Cnaan. 1997. "Volunteering for Human Service Ascoli, Ugo, and Ram A. Cnaan. 1997. "Volunteering for Human Service

Provisions: Lessons from Italy and the U.S.A." Provisions: Lessons from Italy and the U.S.A." Social Indicators ResearchSocial Indicators Research 40:299- 40:299-327. 327.

Chiricos, Ted, Sarah Eschholz, and Marc Gertz. 1997. "Crime, News, and Fear of Chiricos, Ted, Sarah Eschholz, and Marc Gertz. 1997. "Crime, News, and Fear of Crime: Toward an Identification of Audience Effects." Crime: Toward an Identification of Audience Effects." Social ProblemsSocial Problems 44(3):342- 44(3):342-357. 357.

Clary, E. Gil, Mark Snyder, Robert D. Ridge, John Copeland, Arthur A. Stukas, Clary, E. Gil, Mark Snyder, Robert D. Ridge, John Copeland, Arthur A. Stukas, Julie Haugen, and Peter Miene. 1998. "Understanding and Assessing the Julie Haugen, and Peter Miene. 1998. "Understanding and Assessing the Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach."Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach." Journal of Personality & Journal of Personality & Social PsychologySocial Psychology 74(6):1516-1530. 74(6):1516-1530.

Cnaan, Ram A., and Toni A. Cascio. 1999. "Performance and Commitment: Issues Cnaan, Ram A., and Toni A. Cascio. 1999. "Performance and Commitment: Issues in Management of Volunteers in Human Service Organization." in Management of Volunteers in Human Service Organization." Administration in Administration in Social WorkSocial Work 24(3/4):1-38. 24(3/4):1-38.

Cress, Daniel M., J. Miller McPherson. 1997. "Competition and Commitment in Cress, Daniel M., J. Miller McPherson. 1997. "Competition and Commitment in Voluntary Memberships: The Paradox of Persistence and Participation." Voluntary Memberships: The Paradox of Persistence and Participation." Sociological PerspectivesSociological Perspectives 40(1):61-79. 40(1):61-79.

Dawkins, Casey J. 2006. "Are Social Networks the Ties that Bind Families to Dawkins, Casey J. 2006. "Are Social Networks the Ties that Bind Families to Neighborhoods." Neighborhoods." Housing StudiesHousing Studies 21(6):867-881. 21(6):867-881.

Edwards, Bob, Linda Mooney, and Carl Heald. 2001. "Community Edwards, Bob, Linda Mooney, and Carl Heald. 2001. "Community Organizations." Organizations." Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector QuarterlyNonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly 30(3):444-461. 30(3):444-461.

Hodgkinson, Virginia A. 2003. "Volunteering in Global Perspective." Pp.35-53 in Hodgkinson, Virginia A. 2003. "Volunteering in Global Perspective." Pp.35-53 in The Values of Volunteering: Cross-cultural PerspectivesThe Values of Volunteering: Cross-cultural Perspectives, edited by Paul Dekker , edited by Paul Dekker and Loek Halman. New York: Kluwer. and Loek Halman. New York: Kluwer.

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ReferencesReferences Jones, Keely S. 2006. "Giving and Volunteering as Distinct Forms of Civic Jones, Keely S. 2006. "Giving and Volunteering as Distinct Forms of Civic

Engagement: The Role of Community Integration and Personal Resources in Engagement: The Role of Community Integration and Personal Resources in Formal Helping." Formal Helping." Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly 35(2):249-266. 35(2):249-266.

Liu, Chien. 2000. "A Theory of Marital Sexual Life." Liu, Chien. 2000. "A Theory of Marital Sexual Life." Journal of Marriage & the Journal of Marriage & the FamilyFamily 62(2):363-374. 62(2):363-374.

Midlarsky, Elizabeth, and Eva Kahana. 1994. Midlarsky, Elizabeth, and Eva Kahana. 1994. Altruism in Late LifeAltruism in Late Life. Thousand . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Oaks, CA: Sage.

Oesterle, Sabrina, Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson, and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 2004. Oesterle, Sabrina, Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson, and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 2004. "Volunteerism during the Transition to Adulthood: A Life Course Perspective." "Volunteerism during the Transition to Adulthood: A Life Course Perspective." Social ForcesSocial Forces 82(3):1123-1149. 82(3):1123-1149.

Okun, Morris A. 1994. "The Relation between Motives for Organizational Okun, Morris A. 1994. "The Relation between Motives for Organizational Volunteering and Frequency of Volunteering by Elders." Volunteering and Frequency of Volunteering by Elders." Journal of Applied Journal of Applied GerontologyGerontology 13(2):115-125. 13(2):115-125.

Ozcan, Yasar A., Ramesh K. Shukla, and Laura H. Tyler. 1997. "Organizational Ozcan, Yasar A., Ramesh K. Shukla, and Laura H. Tyler. 1997. "Organizational Performance in the Community Mental Health Care System: The Need Performance in the Community Mental Health Care System: The Need Fulfillment Perspective." Fulfillment Perspective." Organization ScienceOrganization Science 8(2):176-191. 8(2):176-191.

Reed, Paul B., and L. Kevin Selbee. 2000. "Distinguishing Characteristics of Reed, Paul B., and L. Kevin Selbee. 2000. "Distinguishing Characteristics of Active Volunteers in Canada." Active Volunteers in Canada." Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector QuarterlyNonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly 29(4):471- 29(4):471-592. 592.

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ReferencesReferences Smith, David Horton. 1980. Smith, David Horton. 1980. Participation in Social and Political Activities: Participation in Social and Political Activities:

A Comprehensive Analysis of Political Involvement, Expressive Leisure A Comprehensive Analysis of Political Involvement, Expressive Leisure Time, and Helping BehaviorTime, and Helping Behavior. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Tang, Fengyan. 2006. "What Resources Are Needed for Volunteerism? A Tang, Fengyan. 2006. "What Resources Are Needed for Volunteerism? A Life Course Perspective." Life Course Perspective." Journal of Applied GerontologyJournal of Applied Gerontology 25(5):375-390. 25(5):375-390.

Thoits, Peggy A., and Lyndi N. Hewitt. 2001. "Volunteer Work and Well-Thoits, Peggy A., and Lyndi N. Hewitt. 2001. "Volunteer Work and Well-being." being." Journal of Health & Social BehaviorJournal of Health & Social Behavior 42:115-131. 42:115-131.

Wheeler, Judith A., Kevin M. Gorey, and Bernard Greenblatt. 1998. "The Wheeler, Judith A., Kevin M. Gorey, and Bernard Greenblatt. 1998. "The Beneficial Effect of Volunteering for Older Volunteers and the People They Beneficial Effect of Volunteering for Older Volunteers and the People They Serve: A Meta-analysis." Serve: A Meta-analysis." International Journal of Aging and Human International Journal of Aging and Human Development Development 47(1):69-79. 47(1):69-79.

Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1997. "Work and Volunteering: The Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1997. "Work and Volunteering: The Long Arm of the Job." Long Arm of the Job." Social Forces Social Forces 76(1):251-272. 76(1):251-272.

Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1999a. "Attachment to Volunteering." Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1999a. "Attachment to Volunteering." Sociological ForumSociological Forum 14(2):243-272. 14(2):243-272.

Wilson, John. 2000. "Volunteering." Wilson, John. 2000. "Volunteering." Annual Review of SociologyAnnual Review of Sociology 26:215- 26:215-240.240.

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Welcome to further queries Welcome to further queries

Tit-wing Lo: Tit-wing Lo: [email protected] Chau-kiu Cheung: Chau-kiu Cheung: [email protected]

City University of Hong KongCity University of Hong Kong

6060

Completion, resource exhaustion Completion, resource exhaustion (negative impact)(negative impact)

Volunteering competence × Volunteering competence × Volunteering durationVolunteering duration Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance

Volunteering performance × Volunteering performance × Volunteering durationVolunteering duration Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance

Olympic volunteer × Volunteering Olympic volunteer × Volunteering durationduration Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance

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Documents

Volunteering in Shanghai Songxing Su Shanghai Population & Development Research Center Tit-wing Lo Chau-kiu Cheung City University of Hong Kong 1