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Volunteer Marine Rescue
TDM MF1007B
Volunteer Marine Rescue
TDM MF10 07B
Apply First Aid
Introduction Emergencies Legal Obligations Managing the Scene Patient Care Air Way Management Respiratory Care C.P.R. Unconsciousness
Session 1
Please Note
“This is a Hands on Course”
During this first aid course you will be required to perform first aid techniques and procedures on other students.
These procedures will also be practiced on you by other course participants. Eg: bandaging, recovery position etc.
If you are concerned with these, please take this opportunity to discuss your concerns with your course facilitator now.
Obtaining Consent
• You should obtain consent from the individual before assistance is provided.
• It is assault to touch or interfere in any way if consent is not given.
• Consent is deemed not necessary if an individual is unconscious.
• In the case of a minor, obtain consent from parent or guardian.
Duty of care
Australian Law does not impose a duty on all persons to stop and render assistance
If you do stop, then you assume a duty of care to act carefully and competently
Queensland State Law does impose a duty to those involved in a road traffic crash to stop, render assistance as able and call for medical assistance
The VMR Worksite.
VMR Bases and Vessels are considered under the law to be workplaces and therefore workplace health and safety regulations apply.
Mariners and volunteers working on a commercial vessel have a legal obligation and responsibility to comply with workplace health and safety instructions from Unit Management and the Master of the vessel.
Legislation requires that VMR workers do not recklessly use or misuse anything provided for their use, and do not willfully risk the health and safety of themselves or others.
The volunteer rescuer is there to assist and must protect those being assisted.
Clause 39 provides an indemnity to individual
volunteers, either engaged in community work for
community organisations or as an office holder of
such an organisation, from liability in negligence for
their own actions. The conduct of the volunteer
must be in good faith, and without reckless
disregard for the safety of any other person.
Civil Liabilities Act
AQTF AND ARC GUIDELINES
All first aid and resuscitation techniques and
assessment processes meet AQTF (Australian
Quality Training Framework) and ARC
(Australian Resuscitation Council) guidelines.
Emergency Contact Numbers
000 Call this number for:• Ambulance• Fire• Police
112 From a mobile or call 000
131261 Call Poisons information centre call
What is first aid?
First Aid is emergency care
given to an injured or ill
patient before medical
assistance arrives.
Aims of First AID
PFO
UR
‘sPRESERVE LIFE
PROTECT THE UNCONSCIOUS
PREVENT DETERIORATION
PROMOTE RECOVERY
IMPORTANCE OF REASSURANCE
By easing anxiety and pain levels you help promote
recovery of the injured patient by:
• Decreasing the pulse rate
• By decreasing the pulse rate you slow blood loss
• By slowing blood loss you slow the shock process
LEGAL ISSUES
DUTY OF CARE CODE OF PRACTICE
NEGLIGENCE CONSENT
RECORDING CONFIDENTIALITY
NOTE
Any first aider is not expected to be an expert and a court would
consider: •the first aider's level of training,•what a prudent and reasonable
person could be expected to do with the same level of training and in the
same or similar circumstances
BARRIERS TO ACTION
• Presence of bystanders
• Uncertainty about the victim
• Nature of injury/illness
Are we competent to take over?
Friend v stranger, First Aid means First Aid
Some injuries are very unpleasant to see
BARRIERS TO ACTION
• Fear of Disease transmission
• Fear of doing something wrong
• know
• Can I catch something here?
• (some of us feel we will do the wrong thing
• some of us feel we may go too far)
• The worst we can do is nothing.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER
• COMMUNICATION
•Needs to be culturally
aware, sensitive, respectful
(Verbal and non verbal communication is
important when handling a casualty)
…..More Responsibilities
• Reporting
• Record Keeping
• Must be timely, Clear, concise, accurate
• Do’s: Use pen not pencil, sign and date, maintain confidentiality
• Don'ts: No correction fluid- cross out and initial changes
…SELF CARE AS a FIRST-AIDER
Debriefing is important
Working as a first aider in traumatic affects people differently
Seeking feedback from medical personnel about your experience can promote self-improvement and prepare you
better for future events
RECOGNISING EMERGENCIES
UNUSUAL NOISES
Screams, yells, moans, calls for help, breaking glass ,crashing metal, screeching tyres
UNUSUAL SIGHTS
Stalled vehicle with door open, overturned saucepan spilled medicine container, broken glass, fallen high-voltage lines
UNUSUAL SMELLS
Unusual strong smells, unrecognisable smells, obnoxious smells
UNUSUAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF BEHAVIOUR
Unconscious, difficult breathing, clutching chest or throat, slurred speech, confused, irritability, drowsiness, sweating usually, uncharacteristic colour of skin.
Survey the Scene
Are there any Dangers?
Traffic
Fire
Electricity (fallen power lines)
Fuel or Chemical spillage
Gas
Bad Weather
Unstable Structures
ASSESSING THE SITUATION – Safety Management
DETERMINE PRIORITIESD.R.A.B.C.D.Multiple Casualties
UTILISE BY-STANDERS
CALL FOR HELP Dial 000
GENERAL MANAGEMENT
D.R.S.A.B.C.D.
HAEMORAGE CONTROL
EMOTIONAL SUPPORT
PAIN RELIEF
CLIMATE PROTECTION
Risks to the Rescuer
• Environmental Dangers
• Cross Infection:Take precautions if necessary.
Use ‘barrier devices’ if possible.
• Manual HandlingFollow principles of safe moving and handling. Get assistance if necessary
ACTION AT AN EMERGENCY
AC
T Quickly
Calmly
Correctly
CASUALTY EXAMINATION
Response - C.O.W.S
• Can you hear me?• Open your eyes• What’s your name• Shake (give them a shake)
MOVING A CASUALTY
• Before moving the casualty consider • Whether you can handle the size and weight, without
injury to yourself or the casualty• What other help is available• Type and seriousness of injuries• Terrain to be crossed• Distance casualty has to be moved• If travel or motion sickness may make casualty worse
When lifting, remember to:
• Bend at the knees
• Keep your back straight and head up
• Keep in a balanced position
• Keep your centre of gravity low
• Hold the weight close to your body for stability
• Take small steps
• Work as a team - someone must take role of leader
Moving People ON YOUR OWN Follow principles of safe handling and get help if needed
The Arm Drag
The Ankle Drag
The Clothes Drag
Lifting a Casualty - General Management
Follow DRABCD.Manage all injuries and immobilise fractures.Tell casualty what you are intending to do.Seek casualty’s help and cooperation.Make sure casualty feels secure.Always use help to lift if it is available. Hold casualty firmly.Avoid risks where possible.
Gathering Patient Information
HISTORY
SIGNS
SYMPTOMS
EXTERNAL CLUES
CHECK:Handbag
Pockets
Briefcase
Hospital Cards
Medic Alert
Sig
ns Sight
Touch
Smell
Hearing
Sym
pto
ms
SensationsPAINTENDERNESSLOSS OF MOVEMENTLOSS OF SENSATIONCOLDHEATNAUSEAWEAKNESSDIZZINESSFAINTNESSLOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESSLOSS OF MEMORY
Check for INJURIES
TOP TO BOTTOM
HEAD
NECK & SPINE
TRUNK
ARMS
LEGS
Vital signs
• Pulse
• Breathing
• Conscious state
• Skin state
Normal Pulse
• Adults (60-80 BPM)
• Children (80-100 BPM)
• Infants (100-160 BPM)
Normal Breathing
• Adults 16-20 breaths per minute• Children (1-5 YO) 25-40 breaths per
minute• Children (6-12 YO) 16-25 breaths per
minute• Infants (1-12 mths) 25-40 breaths per
minute
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
An unconscious patient is one who does not respond to the spoken word.
There are three levels:
•Fully conscious (alert).
•semiconscious (can be roused).
•fully unconscious (no response).
UNCONSCIOUSNESSCauses:
• Trauma- Head/spinal
• Stroke
• Infections (meningitis)
• Epilepsy / Seizures
• Diabetic attack - Insulin
• Infant Convulsions
• Alcohol / Drugs
• Pretending
• Uraemia ( renal failure)
Combinations of different causes maybe present in an unconscious casualty
CARE FOR AN UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT
• Place in recovery position (See below).• Stop bleeding.• Loosen all tight clothing.• Leave in recovery position. Check for injuries.• Keep patient’s temperature normal.• Continue to monitor their A.B.C.• DO NOT attempt to give fluids.• DO NOT leave your patient. Send someone else for help.
Document for your own information and medical aid when it comes all history, signs and symptoms you find.
Be prepared to perform CPR if the patient goes into cardiac arrest (that is not breathing and heart stops beating).
Recovery Position
All unconscious patients must be placed in the recovery position irrespective of their injuries.
This is to ensure their airway is open so oxygen can get to their lungs.
Recovery Position
The first step is to raise the knee nearest to you.
Recovery Position
Place the patients arm nearest to you across their chest.
Extend their other arm away from their body.
Recovery Position
Carefully roll the patient on to their side, bring the head back so that the airway is clear.
Recovery Position
If a patient is pregnant and CPR has to be performed, place a pillow under her right buttock.
Recovery Position
All unconscious women in the late stages of pregnancy must be placed in the recovery position on their left side.
Airway Management
Obstructed Airway
Open Airway
Maximum Head Tilt & Jaw Support.
(except for Babies).
(Note tongue obstructing the airway)
Opening the Airway
Use Pistol Grip
Jaw Thrust Jaw Support
Noisy Breathing Always Means a
Partially Obstructed Airway.
Opening the Airway
Pul
se B
reat
hing Rate per Minute
Effort Sounds
Rate per minute Rhythm Volume
Airway Obstructions
Anatomical• Blocked by Anatomic
Structure.
• Tongue
• Swelling of the Throat
• Laryngeal Spasm
• Blocked by Foreign Material.
• Food or Vomit
• Toy
• Fluid
• Blood
Mechanical
Choking
Airway ObstructionsChoking
Choking occurs when the airway is totally or partially blocked by swollen tissues or a foreign body, or when food or other
material enters the windpipe instead of the gullet.
Symptoms and signs of choking• Inability to breath, speak, cry or cough.• Noisy breathing or wheezing.• Clutching at the throat.• Red or congested face with bulging neck veins.• Anxiety, restlessness.• Cyanosis (Bluish colouration of the skin).• Collapse and unconsciousness.
Choking
Airway ObstructionsIf a person cannot breath or cough, urgent care is required.
Quickly assist the victim to lie down.
Use the heel of your hand to give up to five sharp back blows between the shoulder blades.
Airway Obstructions
If the person is still unable to breathe, give up to four recovery chest thrusts in an attempt to expel the object.
Do not apply pressure below the ribs or the abdomen.
Choking
Airway Obstructions
An alternative way is to place the person on a chair, their chest resting on the back of the chair.
Give up to five back thrusts to dislodge the object.
Is no improvement commence CPR.
Choking
Do Not
Choking - Finger Probes
Finger probes are used only to remove visible foreign matter
Probe for matter that cannot be seen.
Probing may:
• Force the matter further into the airway, or
• Cause damage to the inside of the mouth and thus causing severe bleeding.
Oxygen Emergencies
SuffocationStrangulationFumes InhalationDrowningChokingElectrical injuriesAsthmaWinding
Breathing Emergencies
May be caused by:ChokingAsthmaElectrocutionShockNear drowningHeart attackInjury to the chest or lungsAllergic reactionDrugsPoisoning
Asthma Assist with prescribed medication
and management plan.
Rest and reassure the person.
Place the person in a comfortable position.
Observe the person constantly.
If medication is not working call an ambulance.
Care for Hyperventilation
• Remain calm.
• Reassure the person.
• Count each breath aloud.
• Encouraged the person to breathe slower.
• The person should visit a doctor or hospital to rule out any underlying problems.
SeizuresWhen to call an ambulance.
• If it lasts more than a few minutes• Repeated seizures• Injury• The person is pregnant• Person is diabetic• The person is an infant or child• Has no previous history of seizures• Occurs in water• person remains unconscious
DiabetesGlycaemia
Hypo Hyper
Onset: Rapid Slow
Respiration: Normal Laboured
Pulse: Normal Rapid
Skin: Pale /Sweaty Hot / Dry
Behaviour: Altered Normal
Care for respiratory distressGeneral care:
Emergency action principles
Specific care:• Calm the person and reassure • Assist casually into a comfortable position
• Assist with relevant medication
• Maintain the casualties normal body temperature
• Monitor the casualties of vital signs.
Respiratory arrest
The condition in which there is cessation of breathing
Key points of respiratory arrest
As a consequence of respiratory distress the following may occur:
• Unconsciousness
• Breathing stops
• Heart stops beating
• Body systems fail
Cardiac arrest
The condition in which the heart has stopped or is too weak to pump effectively enough to
provide a palpable pulse.
No response
No breathing
No pulse
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
EAR(Expired Air Resuscitation)
Methods:
Mouth to mouth Mouth to nose Mouth to mouth and nose Mouth to mask Mouth to Stoma
Check:
Clear airway Pistol grip Head tilted (not babies) Tight seal Chest rise
ECC(External Cardiac Compression)
Check:
Kneeling position Shoulders over Sternum Elbows straight 50-50 rhythm No jabs No rocking no interruptions
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
Mouth to Stoma
A person who has had a Laryngectomy must breathe through an opening in the front of their neck called a ‘Stoma’.
They are referred to as total or partial neck breathers.
Stoma
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
For a total neck breather support the jaw with the head tilted back to make it easier to seal your mouth over the stoma as shown and in the accompanying illustration.
Mouth to Stoma
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
Mouth to Stoma
For a partial neck breather seal the mouth and that nose to stop air escaping from the mouth or nose as shown in the accompanying illustration.
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
Adult
One operator
Over 8 years of age
Site Lower half of sternum
How Two hands
Depth Third of chest depth
Ratio 2 inflations 30 compressions
Cycle time Five cycles in two minutes
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
Adult
One operator
Over 8 years of age
Site Lower half of sternum
How Two hands
Depth Third of chest depth
Ratio 2 inflations 30 compressions
Cycle time Five cycles in two minutes
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
Child
One operator
1 to 8 years of age
Site Lower half of sternum
How One hand
Depth Third of chest depth
Ratio 2 inflations 30 compressions
Cycle time Five cycles in two minutes
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
Baby
One operator
Under 1 year of age
Site Lower half of sternum
How Two fingers
Depth Third of chest depth
Ratio 2 inflations 30 compressions
Cycle time Five cycles in two minutes
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
Regurgitation
If patient vomits during CPR:
• Stop CPR.
• Turn Patient into recovery position.
• Clear Airway of vomit.
• Return to supine position
• Continue CPR.
Head Injury(Unconscious Not Breathing)
Removal of Headgear
If the firstaider is the only one present and the person with headgear is UNCONSCIOUS and NOT BREATHING, the
airway takes precedence over ALL other injuries.
To enable CPR to be carried out, remove the headgear exercising great care not to move the neck unduly.
If a second person is available, one person supports the neck while the headgear is being removed.
DURATION OF C.P.R.
Once commenced, C.P.R. should continue until:
•Spontaneous circulation returns (E.A.R. continues)
•The patient recovers
•Trained help relieves you
•A Medical Officer pronounces life extinct
•It is physically impossible to continue
Time to Practice
recovery Position
Choking
CPR