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Voluntary Participation in Community Economic Development in Canada: An Empirical Analysis . by Laura Lamb (2011). Background . Approximately 1200 CED organizations in Canada (2006) Federal & Provincial governments have come to recognize importance of CED Provide varying levels of support. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Voluntary Participation in Community Economic Development in Canada:
An Empirical Analysis
by Laura Lamb (2011)
Approximately 1200 CED organizations in Canada (2006)
Federal & Provincial governments have come to recognize importance of CED◦ Provide varying levels of support
Background
Research expected to be useful for public policy makers & CED practitioners
Public policy perspective:◦ voluntary participation in CED organizations may
be viewed as a benefit to society by creating output that would otherwise require paid resources.
Background
To analyse volunteer motives for CED from an economic perspective.
4 research questions:1. What are the determinants of an
individual’s decision to voluntarily participate in a CED initiative in Canada?
2. Are the determinants of voluntarily participate in CED unique as compared to those of volunteering in general?
Objective
3. What are the determinants of the amount of time allocated toward voluntary participation in a CED initiative in Canada?
4. Are the determinants of time allocated toward voluntary participation in CED different from those of volunteering in general?
voluntary participation in development and housing organizations including:◦ organizations for community and neighbourhood,
economic development◦ social development◦ housing associations◦ housing assistance◦ job training programs◦ vocation counseling and guidance◦ vocational rehabilitation (International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations)
Definition of participation in CED
Participation is vital to ensure that initiatives respond to the needs and capacities of the community as expressed by the community itself.
CED organizations play an important role in mobilizing citizen engagement and volunteer contributions in communities (2002 survey)
Role of participation in CED
Attaining sufficient levels of participation is often challenging◦ Marginalized communities suffer from a lack of
community cohesiveness, commitment, and transience.
Community organizers play a role in mobilizing people to act for their own interest◦ Community collective action
Participation Challenges
Rational choice theory◦ a rational individual will make the decision to
participate if the net benefits are positive and will continue to volunteer time until the marginal net benefits equal zero.
Volunteer labour supply theory◦ explores, identifies, and categorizes the motives
behind volunteering.
Economic Theory
Benefits◦ Private benefits◦ Public benefits
Costs◦ Opportunity costs (time)
Defining benefits & costs
Consumption benefits◦ satisfaction derived from the “warm glow” feeling
of doing something good, the achievement of a desired degree of social status, satisfaction from the work carried out, or the fulfillment of social or ethical norms
Investment benefits◦ motivated to gain exchangeable benefits such as
increasing job opportunities through the acquisition of skills, experience, and contacts
Private benefits
Motivated to increase the supply of the public good, and thereby obtain an altruistic benefit.
motivated by a sense of moral obligation prescribed by her (his) own set of values.
the common economic view of pure altruism is that it either does not exist at all or at best is very rare
Public benefits (based on public goods model)
age education Income the presence of children immigrant status religious activity donation activity social capital
Socio-economic factors
Pced = F (A, C, I, T, S)
P: participation A: altruistic benefitsC: consumption benefitsI: investment benefitsT: time costs of participationS: socio-economic factors
The empirical model
Hced = F (A, C, I, T, S)
H: # hours of participation
Private Benefits◦ Investment benefit
Student status Self-employment status Company policy to encourage volunteering
◦ Consumption benefit Asked to volunteer
Measurement of variables
Public Benefits◦ Altruism /consumption
Age 55 + Informal volunteering
Measurement of variables
Time cost variables◦ Presence of children◦ # hours of paid employment
Measurement of variables
Table 3Frequency and percentage distribution of voluntary participation in community economic development according to their socioeconomic characteristics (n=1302)
Socioeconomic characteristics Frequency (%)
Age 15-34 316 24.2
35-54 614 47.2
55+ 372 28.6
Total 100.0
Gender Female 703 54.0
Male 599 46.0
Total 100.0
Education Maximum high school diploma 338 26.0
At least some post-secondary 964 74.0
Total 100.0
Household Income <$40,000 131 10.1
$40,000-$100,000 903 40.7
$100,000+ 268 20.6
Total 100.0
Religious attendance At least weekly 287 22.0
Less than weekly/never 1015 78.0
Total 100.0
Time in community Less than 5 years 263 20.0
≥5 years 1039 80.0
Total 100.0
Immigrant status Canadian born 1130 87.0
Immigrant 172 13.0
Total 100.0
Charitable donations Participant 1238 95.0
Non-participant 64 5.0
Total 100.0
Source: 2004 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (CSGVP)
Results – Participation Model Children (+) Hours worked (-) Age (+) Donations (+) Consumption benefit:
◦ asked (+)◦ retired (+)
Altruistic benefit: ◦ informal volunteering (+)
Investment benefit: ◦ student (+)◦ employer policy (+)◦ Self-employed (+)
Significant variables!
Results – Hours Volunteered Model Hours worked (-) Post-sec. educ (-) Consumption benefit:
◦ asked (+) Immigrant status
Significant variables!
Results support economic theory◦ Likelihood of participation is positively affected by
consumption & investment benefits, and may be positively affected by altruistic benefits.
◦ Likelihood of participation is negatively affected by the number of hours spend working for pay.
◦ Likelihood of participating is positively affected by children, an increase in age, & charitable giving.
Results summary
Results show some support for economic theory◦ The likelihood of devoting additional hours to CED
is positively affected by consumption benefits.
◦ The likelihood of devoting additional hours to CED is negatively affected by the number of hours spent working for pay.
Results summary
Different determinants for CED & general volunteering: participation model & hours devoted
Results- summary
Government might develop programs for the purpose of increasing private & public benefits to stimulate more participation in CED activities.
Government policy to improve success rate of CED projects
Tax incentive for volunteer participation.
Public policy implications
Inform strategies to increase participation
◦ Increase private benefits
Providing recognition for contributions Match volunteer to task providing private benefit
Consumption benefit Investment benefit
CED policy implications
Better data ◦ CED participation ◦ Measurement of altruistic benefit & consumption
benefit
Additional variables◦ leadership◦ Probability of success of participation
Future research