Volume1ix

7/24/2019 Volume1ix

1/8

IndexVolume 1 Index 1-13

Acclimatization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50

ADS-IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25Air sampling

CSS services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8purpose of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

Air supply

air source sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6Alveolar sacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6Alveoli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2, 3-6Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3Aqua-Lung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10Archimedes Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

Armored diving suitsdevelopment of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

Arterial gas embolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29Arterioles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2Asphyxia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16Atmospheric air

components of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14Atrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

Bacon, Roger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3Barotrauma

body squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25conditions leading to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21external ear squeeze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24, 3-25face squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25general symptoms of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21inner ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26intestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26middle ear squeeze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21reverse middle ear squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25reverse sinus squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26round or oval window rupture. . . . . . . . 3-27, 3-28sinus squeeze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26thoracic squeeze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25

tooth squeeze

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24Bendsorigin of name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

Blood

corpuscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3hemoglobin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3platelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5white blood cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

Body squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25Boyles law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17

Breathhold diving

hazards of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19

Breathing bagsdiving with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

Breathing gas

compressed air

purity standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4helium

purity standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5nitrogen

purity standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5oxygen

purity standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4procured from commercial source

purity standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4Breathing resistance

causes of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17static lung load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

Breathing tubes

diving with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2Browne, Jack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18Buoyancy

Archimedes Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13changing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14water density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

Caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5caisson disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

Capillaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2Carbon dioxide

production of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

Carbon monoxide

poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18preventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19symptoms of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18treating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19

properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16Central nervous system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

effects of decompression sicknesson . . . . . . 3-44

high pressure nervous syndrome

. . . . . . . . . . 3-45Charles/Gay-Lussacs law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19Chokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13, 3-43Circulatory system

anatomy of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2function of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2pulmonary circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2systemic circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

Closed-circuit scuba
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7/24/2019 Volume1ix

2/8

Index 1-14 U.S. Navy Diving ManualVolume 1

history of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10CNS oxygen toxicity

causes of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36convulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36symptoms of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36

Coastal SystemsStation

fax number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

Cochlea

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26Color visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6Combat swimming

U.S. Navy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14World War II . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13

Command Smooth DivingLog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2minimum data items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2, 5-9

Compressed air

purity standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4Compression pains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45

symptoms of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45Compressors

air filtration system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10certification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

lubrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

Conshelf One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22Conshelf Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22Convulsions

clonicphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37CNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36postictal phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37tonic phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37

Corpuscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3Cousteau, Jacques-Yves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-10, 1-22Cylinders

handling andstorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13transporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

Daltons law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25Davis Submersible Decompression Chamber . . . . 1-20Deane, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4Deane, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4Decompression sickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42

direct bubble effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43

indirect bubble effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43musculoskeletal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43preventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44pulmonary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43spinal cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42symptoms of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43treatment of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44

Deep diving systems

ADS-IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25components

deck decompression chamber . . . . . . . . 1-24personnel transfer capsule . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24

development of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24

MK 1 MOD 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25MK 2 MOD 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25MK 2 MOD 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26

Dehydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-51preventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-52

Desaturation

of tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41

Diffusiongas mixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27of light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

Dive Reporting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10Divers Personal Dive Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9Diving bell

Davis Submersible Decompression Chamber 1-20development of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

Diving dress

armored diving suits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7Deanes Patent Diving Dress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4development of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3MK V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8Siebes Improved Diving Dress . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

Dry deck sheltertechnical program manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Dyspnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17preventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18

Ear

external ear

preventing squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24

inner ear

cochlea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26dysfunction and vertigo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26vestibular apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26

middle ear

eardrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-21, 3-27incus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-22, 3-27malleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-22, 3-27preventing squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23reverse squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21stapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22, 3-27, 3-28treating squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23

Eardrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21Emergency operating procedures

approval process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3format for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3non-standardized equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3proposed changes or updates to

submitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3standardized equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Emphysema

mediastinal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30subcutaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30

Energy

classifications
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7/24/2019 Volume1ix

3/8


kinetic energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5potential energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

Law of Conservation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

light

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6sound

effects of water depth on . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7effects of water temperature on . . . . . . . . 2-7transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

types of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4Equipment

alteration of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2authorized for Navy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1planned maintenance system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2system certification authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

EX 14

technical program manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Explosions. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8External ear squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24, 3-25

Face squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25Failure Analysis Report

MK 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10MK 20 MOD 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10MK 21 MOD 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10MK 25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10open-circuit scuba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10

Fleuss, Henry A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10Formulas

calculating partial pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27equivalent air depth for N2O2 diving

measured in fsw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31equivalent air depth for N2O2 diving

measured in meters. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31estimating explosion pressure on a diver . . . . . 2-9partial pressure measured in ata . . . . . . . . . . 2-31partial pressure measured in fsw . . . . . . . . . . 2-31partial pressure measured in psi . . . . . . . . . . 2-31surface equivalent value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27T formula for measuring partial pressure . . . . 2-31

Gagnan, Emile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10Gas laws

Boyles law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17Charles/Gay-Lussacs law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19Daltons law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25general gas law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21Henrys law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28

Gas mixtures

calculating partial pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27

calculating surface equivalent value. . . . . . . . 2-27diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27gases in liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28humidity in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28partial pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28

Gases

in divingatmospheric air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14carbon dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16carbon monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15oxygen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

kinetic theory of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Gauges

calibrating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11helical Bourdon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12

maintaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11selecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

General gas law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21

Haldane, J.S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7Halley, Edmund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3Heart

anatomy of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2aorta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3atrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2inferior vena cava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2superior vena cava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

Heat

conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10, 3-47convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10, 3-47excessive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49excessive loss of. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47loss through conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11protectinga diver from loss of . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11, 3-47

Helium

properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15purity standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

Helium-oxygendiving

origins of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16Helmets

protection from sonar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A-2Hemoglobin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3Henrys law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28High pressure nervous syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45Hoods

protection from sonar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A-2Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28Hydrogen
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properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16Hydrogen-oxygen diving

origins of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18Hypercapnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

causes of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15symptoms of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15treating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16

Hyperthermia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49preventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-50, 3-51symptoms of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50

Hyperventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13effects of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20unintentional. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20voluntary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20

Hypoglycemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-52causes of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-52preventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-52

Hypothermia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47effects of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-48signs and symptoms of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49

Hypoxia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

causes of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13preventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14symptoms of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13treating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14

Incus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-22, 3-27Inert gases

absorption of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-38Inferior vena cava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2Intestinal gas expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26

Kelvin temperature scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Lambertsen, C. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12Lethbridge, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3Light

color visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6effects of turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

Lungs

alveolar sacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6alveoli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2, 3-6thoracic squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25

Malleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-22, 3-27Man-in-the-Sea Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22Matter

atoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1molecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1states of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

Maximal breathing capacity

definition of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9Maximum expiratory flow rate

definition of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

Maximum inspiratory flow ratedefinition of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

Maximum ventilatory volume

definition of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9Measurement

absolute pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13atmospheric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12barometric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12gas measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3gauge pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12hydrostatic pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13measuring small quantities of pressure . . . . . 2-27pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12Temperature

Celsius scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Fahrenheit scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Kelvin scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Rankine scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Measurement systems

English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2International System of Units (SI) . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

Mechanical energy

underwater explosions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8Mediastinal emphysema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30Middle ear

overpressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21

preventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23

treating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23Mixed-gas diving

evolution of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16helium-oxygen

origins of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16hydrogen-oxygen diving

origins of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18MK 1 MOD 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25MK 16

emergency operating procedures . . . . . . . . . . 4-2Failure Analysis Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10operating procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2static lung loading in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17technical program manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

MK 2 MOD 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25MK 2 MOD 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26MK 20 MOD 0

Failure Analysis Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10technical program manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

MK 21 MOD 1

Failure Analysis Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10technical program manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

MK 25

emergency operating procedures . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
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Failure Analysis Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10operating procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2static lung loading in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17technical program manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Narcosisnitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32

Neon

properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16Nervous system

central nervous system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1peripheral nervous system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

Nitrogen

properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15purity standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

Nitrogen narcosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32signs of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33

Nohl, Max Gene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18

Open-circuit scuba

Failure Analysis Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10history of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9

Operating procedures

approval process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3format for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3non-standardized equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3proposed changes or updates to

submitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3standardized equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Operational hazards

explosions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8Oxygenconsumption of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10deficiency . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14purity standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

Pasley, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5Peripheral nervous system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1Permissible Exposure Limit (sonar) . . . . . . . . . . . 1A-1Platelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5Pneumothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30

simple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31treating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32

Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12absolute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13atmospheric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12barometric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12expressing small quantities of . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12hydrostatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

indirect effects on the human body . . . . . . . . 3-32terms used to describe . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 2-12

Pulmonary overinflation syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28arterial gas embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29mediastinal emphysema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30pneumothorax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30subcutaneous emphysema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30

Pulmonary oxygen toxicity

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35Purity standards

compressed air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

Rankine temperature scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Record keeping

documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1Command Smooth Diving Log . . . . . . . . . 5-2Dive Reporting System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10divers personal dive log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9Failure Analysis Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10

objectives of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5effect on distant objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5effect on size and shape of objects . . . . . . . . . 2-5

Reporting

accidents

criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11required actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11

equipment failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10incidents

criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11required actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11

mishaps/casualty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9objectives of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Respiration

alveolar/capilary gas exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9breathing control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10oxygen consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10phases of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5respiratory apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6respiratory problems in diving . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11respiratory tract ventilation definitions . . . . . . . 3-7upper respiratory tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

Respiratory apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6Respiratory cycle

definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7Respiratory deadspace

definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9Respiratory minute volume

definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8Respiratory quotient

definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9Respiratory rate

definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
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Respiratory system

respiratory tract ventilationdefinitions . . . . . . . 3-7the respiratory apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6upper respiratory tract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

Reverse squeeze

middleear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25sinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26

Salvage diving

Vietnam era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30World War II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-29

Saturation

of tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-38Saturation diving

Conshelf One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22Conshelf Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22deep diving systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24evolution of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-21Genesis Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22Man-in-the-Sea Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22Sealab Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22

Sealab Program

Sealab I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-23Sealab II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-23Sealab III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-23

Semiclosed-circuit scuba

history of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12Siebe, Augustus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4Sinus

anatomy of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23overpressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26preventing squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24reverse squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23

Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28effects of temperature on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29

Sonar

low frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A-16safe divingdistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A-1ultrasonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A-16worksheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A-2

Sound

effects of water depth on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7effects of water temperature on . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Sound pressure level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A-1Squeeze

body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25external ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-24, 3-25face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25middleear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21sinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23thoracic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24

Stapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-22, 3-27, 3-28Stillson, George D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26

Subcutaneous emphysema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30Submarine salvage and rescue

Deep Submergence Systems Project . . . . . . 1-29USS F-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26USS S-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27USS S-51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27USS Squalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28

USS Thresher

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28Suits

protection from sonar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A-2Superior vena cava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2Surface-supplied diving

origins of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Technical program managers

diving apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2shore based systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Temperature

Celsius scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3converting Celsius to Kelvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3converting Fahrenheit to Rankine . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Fahrenheit scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Kelvin scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3regulating body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47

Thermal problems in diving

excessive heat (hyperthermia) . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49excessive heat loss (hypothermia) . . . . . . . . 3-47regulating body temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47

Thomson, Elihu . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16Thoracic squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25Tidal volume

definition of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8Tinnitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-26, 3-36Tissues

desaturation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41saturation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-38

Tooth squeeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24Total lung capacity

definition of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

Underwater explosions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8effect of water depth on . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8, 3-46effects of location of explosive charge . . . . . . . 2-8

effects of the seabed on

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8effects on submerged divers . . . . . . . . . .2-9, 3-46formula for estimating explosion pressure on a diver

2-9physiological hazardsfrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45protecting diver from .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7, 2-10protecting divers from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-46type of explosive and size of the charge . . . . . 2-8

Upper respiratory tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6USS F-4
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salvage of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26USS S-4

salvage of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27USS S-51

salvage of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27USS Squalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28USS Thresher

salvage of

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28

Valsalva maneuver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23, 3-26VENTIDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36Ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

Venules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2Vertigo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22

and inner ear dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26symptoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26transient

alternobaric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26, 3-27caloric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22

Vestibular apparatus

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26Vital capacity

definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
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